Apertium: Maschinenübersetzung Toolbox [R61351] /Inkubator/Apertium-Eng-Kaz/Texte/Corpus Lab IIS (5925) .en. (2024)

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Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent picture in a book, called True Stories from Nature, about the primeval forest.It was a picture of a boa constrictor in the act of swallowing an animal.Here is a copy of the drawing.In the book it said: "Boa constrictors swallow their prey whole, without chewing it.After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months that they need for digestion."I pondered deeply, then, over the adventures of the jungle.And after some work with a coloured pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing.My Drawing Number One.It looked something like this:I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened them.But they answered: "Frighten? Why should any one be frightened by a hat?"My drawing was not a picture of a hat.It was a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant.But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it, I made another drawing: I drew the inside of a boa constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly.They always need to have things explained.My Drawing Number Two looked like this:The grown-ups' response, this time, was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic, and grammar.That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter.I had been disheartened by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two.Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.So then I chose another profession, and learned to pilot airplanes.I have flown a little over all parts of the world;and it is true that geography has been very useful to me.At a glance I can distinguish China from Arizona.If one gets lost in the night, such knowledge is valuable.In the course of this life I have had a great many encounters with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence.I have lived a great deal among grown-ups.I have seen them intimately, close at hand.And that hasn't much improved my opinion of them.Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted, I tried the experiment of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have always kept.I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding.But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say:"That is a hat."Then I would never talk to that person about boa constrictors, or primeval forests, or stars.I would bring myself down to his level.I would talk to him about bridge, and golf, and politics, and neckties.And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.So I lived my life alone, without anyone that I could really talk to, until I had an accident with my plane in the Desert of Sahara, six years ago.Something was broken in my engine.And as I had with me neither a mechanic nor any passengers, I set myself to attempt the difficult repairs all alone.It was a question of life or death for me: I had scarcely enough drinking water to last a week.The first night, then, I went to sleep on the sand, a thousand miles from any human habitation.I was more isolated than a shipwrecked sailor on a raft in the middle of the ocean.Thus you can imagine my amazement, at sunrise, when I was awakened by an odd little voice.It said:"If you please—draw me a sheep!""What!""Draw me a sheep!"I jumped to my feet, completely thunderstruck.I blinked my eyes hard.I looked carefully all around me.And I saw a most extraordinary small person, who stood there examining me with great seriousness.Here you may see the best portrait that, later, I was able to make of him.But my drawing is certainly very much less charming than its model.That, however, is not my fault.The grown-ups discouraged me in my painter's career when I was six years old, and I never learned to draw anything, except boas from the outside and boas from the inside.Now I stared at this sudden apparition with my eyes fairly starting out of my head in astonishment.Remember, I had crashed in the desert a thousand miles from any inhabited region.And yet my little man seemed neither to be straying uncertainly among the sands, nor to be fainting from fatigue or hunger or thirst or fear.Nothing about him gave any suggestion of a child lost in the middle of the desert, a thousand miles from any human habitation.When at last I was able to speak, I said to him:"But—what are you doing here?"And in answer he repeated, very slowly, as if he were speaking of a matter of great consequence:"If you please—draw me a sheep..."When a mystery is too overpowering, one dare not disobey.Absurd as it might seem to me, a thousand miles from any human habitation and in danger of death, I took out of my pocket a sheet of paper and my fountain-pen.But then I remembered how my studies had been concentrated on geography, history, arithmetic and grammar, and I told the little chap (a little crossly, too) that I did not know how to draw.He answered me:"That doesn't matter. Draw me a sheep..."But I had never drawn a sheep, so I drew for him one of the two pictures I had drawn so often.It was that of the boa constrictor from the outside.And I was astounded to hear the little fellow greet it with,"No, no, no! I do not want an elephant inside a boa constrictor.A boa constrictor is a very dangerous creature, and an elephant is very cumbersome.Where I live, everything is very small.What I need is a sheep.Draw me a sheep."So then I made a drawing.He looked at it carefully, then he said:"No. This sheep is already very sickly.So I made another drawing.My friend smiled gently and indulgently."You see yourself," he said, "that this is not a sheep.This is a ram.It has horns."So then I did my drawing over once more.But it was rejected too, just like the others."This one is too old.I want a sheep that will live a long time."By this time my patience was exhausted, because I was in a hurry to start taking my engine apart, so I tossed off this drawing."This is only his box.The sheep you asked for is inside."I was very surprised to see a light break over the face of my young judge:"That is exactly the way I wanted it!Do you think that this sheep will have to have a great deal of grass?""Why?""Because where I live everything is very small...""There will surely be enough grass for him," I said."It is a very small sheep that I have given you."He bent his head over the drawing."Not so small that—Look!He has gone to sleep..."And that is how I made the acquaintance of the little prince.It took me a long time to learn where he came from.The little prince, who asked me so many questions, never seemed to hear the ones I asked him.It was from words dropped by chance that, little by little, everything was revealed to me.The first time he saw my airplane, for instance (I shall not draw my airplane; that would be much too complicated for me),he asked me:"What is that object?""That is not an object.It flies.It is an airplane.It is my airplane."And I was proud to have him learn that I could fly.He cried out, then:"What!You dropped down from the sky?""Yes," I answered, modestly."Oh! That is funny!"And the little prince broke into a lovely peal of laughter, which irritated me very much.I like my misfortunes to be taken seriously.Then he added:"So you, too, come from the sky!Which is your planet?"At that moment I caught a gleam of light in the impenetrable mystery of his presence; and I demanded, abruptly:"Do you come from another planet?"But he did not reply.He tossed his head gently, without taking his eyes from my plane:"It is true that on that you can't have come from very far away..."And he sank into a reverie, which lasted a long time.Then, taking my sheep out of his pocket, he buried himself in the contemplation of his treasure.You can imagine how my curiosity was aroused by this half-confidence about the "other planets."I made a great effort, therefore, to find out more on this subject."My little man, where do you come from?What is this 'where I live,' of which you speak?Where do you want to take your sheep?"After a reflective silence he answered:"The thing that is so good about the box you have given me is thatat night he can use it as his house.""That is so.And if you are good I will give you a string, too, so that you can tie him during the day, and a post to tie him to."But the little prince seemed shocked by this offer:"Tie him!What a queer idea!""But if you don't tie him," I said, "he will wander off somewhere, and get lost."My friend broke into another peal of laughter:"But where do you think he would go?""Anywhere.Straight ahead of him."Then the little prince said, earnestly:"That doesn't matter.Where I live, everything is so small!"And, with perhaps a hint of sadness, he added:"Straight ahead of him, nobody can go very far..."I had thus learned a second fact of great importance: this was that the planet the little prince came from was scarcely any larger than a house!But that did not really surprise me much.I knew very well that in addition to the great planets—such as the Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Venus—to which we have given names, there are also hundreds of others, some of which are so small that one has a hard time seeing them through the telescope.When an astronomer discovers one of these he does not give it a name, but only a number.He might call it, for example, "Asteroid 3251."I have serious reason to believe that the planet from which the little prince came is the asteroid known as B-612.This asteroid has only once been seen through the telescope. That was by a Turkish astronomer, in 1909.On making his discovery, the astronomer had presented it to the International Astronomical Congress, in a great demonstration.But he was in Turkish costume, and so nobody would believe what he said.Grown-ups are like that...Fortunately, however, for the reputation of Asteroid B-612, a Turkish dictator made a law that his subjects, under pain of death, should change to European costume.So in 1920 the astronomer gave his demonstration all over again, dressed with impressive style and elegance.And this time everybody accepted his report.If I have told you these details about the asteroid, and made a note of its number for you,it is on account of the grown-ups and their ways.When you tell them that you have made a new friend, they never ask you any questions about essential matters.They never say to you,"What does his voice sound like?What games does he love best?Does he collect butterflies?"Instead, they demand: "How old is he? How many brothers has he? How much does he weigh? How much money does his father make?"Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him.If you were to say to the grown-ups: "I saw a beautiful house made of rosy brick, with geraniums in the windows and doves on the roof," they would not be able to get any idea of that house at all.You would have to say to them: "I saw a house that cost $20,000."Then they would exclaim: "Oh, what a pretty house that is!"Just so, you might say to them: "The proof that the little prince existed is that he was charming, that he laughed, and that he was looking for a sheep.If anybody wants a sheep, that is a proof that he exists." And what good would it do to tell them that?They would shrug their shoulders, and treat you like a child.But if you said to them: "The planet he came from is Asteroid B-612," then they would be convinced, and leave you in peace from their questions.They are like that.One must not hold it against them.Children should always show great forbearance toward grown-up people.But certainly, for us who understand life, figures are a matter of indifference.I should have liked to begin this story in the fashion of the fairy-tales.I should have like to say: "Once upon a time there was a little princewho lived on a planet that was scarcely any bigger than himself, and who had need of a friend..."To those who understand life, that would have given a much greater air of truth to my story.For I do not want any one to read my book carelessly.I have suffered too much grief in setting down these memories.Six years have already passed since my friend went away from me, with his sheep.If I try to describe him here, it is to make sure that I shall not forget him.To forget a friend is sad.Not every one has had a friend.And if I forget him, I may become like the grown-ups who are no longer interested in anything but figures...It is for that purpose, again, that I have bought a box of paints and some pencils.It is hard to take up drawing again at my age,when I have never made any pictures except those of the boa constrictor from the outside and the boa constrictor from the inside, since I was six.I shall certainly try to make my portraits as true to life as possible.But I am not at all sure of success.One drawing goes along all right, and another has no resemblance to its subject.I make some errors, too, in the little prince's height:in one place he is too tall and in another too short.And I feel some doubts about the colour of his costume.So I fumble along as best I can, now good, now bad, and I hope generally fair-to-middlingIn certain more important details I shall make mistakes, alsoBut that is something that will not be my fault.My friend never explained anything to me.He thought, perhaps, that I was like himself. But I, alas, do not know how to see sheep through the walls of boxes. Perhaps I am a little like the grown-ups. I have had to grow old.But I, alas, do not know how to see sheep through the walls of boxes.Perhaps I am a little like the grown-ups.I have had to grow old.As each day passed I would learn, in our talk, something about the little prince's planet, his departure from it, his journey.The information would come very slowly, as it might chance to fall from his thoughts.It was in this way that I heard, on the third day, about the catastrophe of the baobabs.This time, once more, I had the sheep to thank for it.For the little prince asked me abruptly—as if seized by a grave doubt—"It is true, isn't it, that sheep eat little bushes?""Yes, that is true.""Ah! I am glad!"I did not understand why it was so important that sheep should eat little bushes.But the little prince added:"Then it follows that they also eat baobabs?"I pointed out to the little prince that baobabs were not little bushes, but, on the contrary, trees as big as castles;and that even if he took a whole herd of elephants away with him, the herd would not eat up one single baobab.The idea of the herd of elephants made the little prince laugh."We would have to put them one on top of the other," he said.But he made a wise comment:"Before they grow so big, the baobabs start out by being little.""That is strictly correct," I said."But why do you want the sheep to eat the little baobabs?"He answered me at once, "Oh, come, come!", as if he were speaking of something that was self-evident.And I was obliged to make a great mental effort to solve this problem, without any assistance.Indeed, as I learned, there were on the planet where the little prince lived—as on all planets—good plants and bad plants.In consequence, there were good seeds from good plants, and bad seeds from bad plants.But seeds are invisible.They sleep deep in the heart of the earth's darkness, until some one among them is seized with the desire to awaken.Then this little seed will stretch itself and begin—timidly at first—to push a charming little sprig inoffensively upward toward the sun..If it is only a sprout of radish or the sprig of a rose-bush, one would let it grow wherever it might wishBut when it is a bad plant, one must destroy it as soon as possible, the very first instant that one recognizes it.Now there were some terrible seeds on the planet that was the home of the little prince;and these were the seeds of the baobab.The soil of that planet was infested with them.A baobab is something you will never, never be able to get rid of if you attend to it too late.It spreads over the entire planet.It bores clear through it with its roots.And if the planet is too small, and the baobabs are too many, they split it in pieces..."It is a question of discipline," the little prince said to me later on."When you've finished your own toilet in the morning, then it is time to attend to the toilet of your planet, just so, with the greatest care.You must see to it that you pull up regularly all the baobabs, at the very first moment when they can be distinguished from the rosebushes which they resemble so closely in their earliest youth.It is very tedious work," the little prince added, "but very easy."And one day he said to me: "You ought to make a beautiful drawing, so that the children where you live can see exactly how all this is.That would be very useful to them if they were to travel some day.Sometimes," he added, "there is no harm in putting off a piece of work until another day.But when it is a matter of baobabs, that always means a catastrophe.I knew a planet that was inhabited by a lazy man.He neglected three little bushes..."So, as the little prince described it to me, I have made a drawing of that planet.I do not much like to take the tone of a moralist. But the danger of the baobabs is so little understood, and such considerable risks would be run by anyone who might get lost on an asteroid, that for once I am breaking through my reserve."Children," I say plainly, "watch out for the baobabs!"My friends, like myself, have been skirting this danger for a long time, without ever knowing it; and so it is for them that I have worked so hard over this drawing.The lesson which I pass on by this means is worth all the trouble it has cost me.Perhaps you will ask me, "Why are there no other drawing in this book as magnificent and impressive as this drawing of the baobabs?"The reply is simple. I have tried. But with the others I have not been successful.When I made the drawing of the baobabs I was carried beyond myself by the inspiring force of urgent necessity.Er Tostik meets Bapy, the Snake King in the underground kingdomWhen it did, the earth cracked under horse.Er Tostik and his horse fell down under the ground.Shalkuyryk spoke as a human.Now we are in the Underground Kingdom of bapy, the Snake King.His palace should be somewhere nearby.When you see him, please leave me and go alone inside the palace.Two black snakes guard the entrance.They will rattle and attack you, but you should not let them scare you.They are slaves of king Bapy.When you pass the entrance and come into the room, two grey snakes will come to you.They will crawl to your chest and leave trough your high boots.These snakes are the son and daughter of king Bapy.Do not let them scare you, either.When you sit down on the floor, two giant yellow snakes will come up to you, rattling.They are king Bapy and his Wife.You should behave bravely, otherwise they will have no respect for you, and we will never be able to find a way back to the surface.Three Dzhigits at a Magic StoneThe eldest brother threw the golden eagle high in the sky.The eagle climbed to the top of the sky and dropped like lightning to a fox.Quickly, the dzhigits rode their horses to where the golden eagle landed. They were surprised to see that there was no fox. Instead, the golden eagle sat upon a stone.It was not a regular stone.A skilled crafts-image was an inscription.The one who finds this stone and brings it to me will be my master and my husband.The dzhigits stood silent and motionless before the wonderful stone.They immediately fell in love with the girl who looked at them from the stone, and their love for her grew with each passing moment.The eldest brother said, “What should we do?”All the three of us discovered this wonderful stone at the same time.The middle brother saidLet us cast lots.Let fate decide which of us should receive her beauty.The youngest brother saidDear brothers, we found this wonderful stone together.Let us look for the beauty together, too.If we have luck, and we manage to see her in reality, let her choose husband on her own.Once there was a Prince. He wanted to marry a real Princess.So he traveled through all the world to find her, and everywhere things went wrong. There were Princesses aplenty.But how was he to know whether they were real PrincessesSo he came home again and was unhappy.One evening a terrible storm blew up. It lightened and thundered and rained. It was really frightful!In the midst of it all came a knocking at the town gate. The old King went to open it.Before him stood a girl.She was in all that rain and wind. Water streamed from her hair down her clothes into her shoes, and ran out at the heels.Yet she claimed to be a real Princess."We'll soon find that out," the old Queen thought to herself. She stripped back the bedclothes, and put just one pea in the bottom of the bed. Then she took twenty mattresses and piled them on the pea.Then she took twenty eiderdown feather beds and piled them on the mattresses. Up on top of all these the Princess was to spend the night.In the morning they asked her, "Did you sleep well?"" Oh!" said the Princess. No. I scarcely slept at all. Heaven knows what's in that bed. I lay on something so hard that I'm black and blue all over. It was simply terrible.They could see she was a real Princess.She had felt one pea all the way through twenty mattresses and twenty more feather beds.Such sensitivity, tenderness characteristic of only a true princess.So the Prince made haste to marry her, because he knew he had found a real Princess.As for the pea, they put it in the museum. There it's still to be seen, unless somebody has taken it.There, that's a true story.Once upon a time there lived a pretty girl.Her mother was excessively fond of her.Her grandmother doted on her still more.Once her grandmother gave for her little red riding hood for her birthday.It suited the girl so extremely well that everybody called her Little Red Riding Hood. One day her mother, having made some cakes, said to her: “Go, my dear, and see how your grandmother is doing”.I hear she has been very ill.Take her a cake, and this little pot of butter.Little Red Riding Hood set out immediately to go to her grandmother. As she was going through the wood, she met with a wolf, who had a very great mind to eat her upBut he dared not, because of some woodcutters working nearby in the forest.Little Red Riding Hood did not know that it was dangerous to stay and talk to a wolf.When she is going through wood, the wolf pops up front of her.He asked her where she was going.I am going to see my grandmother and carry her a cake and a little pot of butter from my mother. "Does she live far off?” said the wolf. My grandmother?It is beyond that mill you see there, at the first house in the village. At that time nearby there loggers cut down trees.The wolf hear the voice of loggers and do not touch the girl.Well, and I’ll go and see her too.I’ll go this way and go you that.We shall see who will be there first. The wolf ran as fast as he could, taking the shortest path.The little girl took a roundabout way,Along the way, she gathering bouquets of flowers.It was not long before the wolf arrived at the old woman’s house.He knocked at the door.Tap, tap. Who’s there? Your grandchild, Little Red Riding Hood, who has brought you a cake and a little pot of butter sent you by mother. The good grandmother, who was in bed, because she was somewhat ill, cried out, "Pull the string, and the latch will go up. The wolf pulled the string , and the door opened.Then he immediately fell upon the grandmother and ate her up in a moment, for it been more than three days since he had eaten.He then shut the door and got into the grandmother’s bed, expecting Little Red Riding Hood.Some time afterwards Little Red Riding Hood came and knocked at the door.Tap, tap. Who’s there?Little Red Riding Hood, hearing the big voice of the wolf, was at first afraid.Then, she mind that “grandmother had a cold and her voice might have been changed". It is your grandchild Little Red Riding Hood, who has brought you a cake and a little pot of butter mother sends you. The wolf cried out to her, softening his voice as much as he could:"Pull the string, and the latch will go up.”Little Red Riding Hood pulled the string, and the door opened.The wolf said to her, "Put the cake and the little pot of butter upon the stool, and come sit on the bed with me.” Little Red Riding Hood sat on the bed.She was greatly amazed to see how her grandmother looked in her nightclothes, and said to her: "Grandmother, what big arms you have!” "All the better to hug you with, my dear.” "Grandmother, what big legs you have!” "All the better to run with, my child.” "Grandmother, what big ears you have!” "All the better to hear with, my child.” "Grandmother, what big eyes you have!” "All the better to see with, my child.” "Grandmother, what big teeth you have got!” "All the better to eat you up with.” And, saying these words, this wicked wolf fell upon Little Red Riding Hood, and ate her all up. At that moment the woodcutters were passing by the house.They heard the voice of wolf, rushed to the house and killed the wolf.And out came Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother.They were safe and sound and very happy!Mamai in the village of nomadic periI mounted Zhai-Dakker, my fastest horse, and set off to Kubazhon.When I arrived there and came to certain hill, I saw something very strange.Around a well sat round, white nomad huts. Playing next to the huts were girls as white as diamonds.“This is magic,” I thought.“There used to be nothing here before.Where has all this come from?’’I stood motionless and bewildered.If I go right there, I might get killed.I will call on my people, and then I will go there.Then I thought, “But I am a mighty man, and it is a shame to be scared to go there alone.”As soon as I came among them, they surrounded me and began to shout, “A fiancé has come! A fiancé has come!”. Some of them held my horse , others pilled at my beard and still others pushed my sides.And all the time they continued to shout , “A fiancé! A fiancé!”How Aldar Kose exchanged his worn-out coat for a new fur coatPilgrims stopped their horses and greeted each other.The rich man shivered with cold in his fox-fur coat.Aldar Kose put on his hat at a jaunty angle because he was in direct sunshine on a hot summer day.“Aren’t you cold?” “You are cold in your fur coat, and I am hot in mine,”“How can you feel hot in your coat?” the rich man asked.“Can’t you see that?”Did not you see?“That’s right. Cold wind comes in one hole and successfully leaves trough the other, while I remain warm.”I would be real warm if I could wear the rich man’s fur coat, thought the cunning fellow Aldar Kose.“Please sell me your coat,” the rich man asked Aldar Kose.“No way! I will freeze immediately without my coat.”No, you will not freeze.I will give you my fox fur coat in exchange for yoursIt is warm, too.Aldar Kose pretended not to listen to such a silly offer.Meanwhile, he admired the rich man’s warm fur.I will give you my fur coat and additionally, some money.”I do not need any money.But if you give me your horse I will consider your offer.The rich man was happy to hear this and he agreed.He took off his warm fur coat and gave Aldar Kose his horse, too.Aldar Kose put on the fox fur coat, mounted the rich man’s fast horse and rode off like the wind.Many years passed. Sarsenbai lived in a village and he followed Altyn kyz like a thread follows the needle.They were happy to share labor and leisure, sorrow and joy.Sarsenbai was the most brave and skillful man on their whole plain, and Altyn kyz was the most tender, beautiful girl in this whole world.When they came of age and grew up, they got married and enjoyed their life even more.Soon they had a first-born child.A son who made his father proud and his mother quite happy.One day Sarsenbai rested upon sweet village weed after the finished his regular work.His son sat on his chest.Sarsenbai was happy and smiling, and he said joyfully to Altyn kyz, who was nearby“See, my wonderful dream I bought for a penny from a peddler in the caravansaryCame true look, I lie on a precious bed made of the holy ground of my Motherland.My beloved Altyn-kyz, the sunshine of my heart, is near me. Our sweet son, golden moonshine, our first-born plays on my chest.No king can happier than me at this moment!A rumor came across the plain that the king wanted the bravest and most skillful man to marry his daughter.Potential fiancées set off for the King’s camp.Two brothers, the eldest and the middle brother, began to prepare for the journey.The youngest brother wanted to go, too, but his two elder brothers did not want to take him.“No way,” they said to their younger brother.So the youngest brother stayed at home.He took a single black hair and burnt it.A black horse appeared immediately.The younger brother quickly changed his clothes for the rich attire attached to the saddle.He mounted the horse, touched it twice with a whip and quickly overtook his brothers.The king ordered seven houses put one upon the other, and his daughter climbed to the top one and sat by a window.The King gave her a ring and declared for everybody to hear, “The Dzhigit who snatches the ring from my daughter will be my son-in-law.”The King’s daughter put the ring on Dzhigit’s finger and told him to cover it with a cloth so that would see it and steal it.The wedding day arrived.Many people came to enjoy the wedding.They began to look for the one who had the ring.All was in vain.Then the King’s daughter called on the youngest brother.He appeared in rags that covered one of his fingers.When he removed the rag from his finger, the King and everybody there saw the ring.Thus, the King married his daughter to the youngest brother.Old wolf and another old she-wolf came up to man with fangs glittering.‘This is a fiancé of your daughter,” explained the yellow she-wolf.“You ate the meat of his horses throughout the entire winter.”The old wolves backed up and took their regular places.The yellow she-wolf showed the Dzhigit to a third den.A meal was being served there.“Help yourself,” said the she-wolf. When night fell, the grey she-wolf made a bed for the Dzhigit and left him alone.Some time passed and she came back with a beautiful white she-wolf.“This is your fiancée,” she said to the Dzhigit, and then left.Immediately, the white she – wolf threw off her wolf skin and the Dzhigit saw a perfect beauty.There came a soldier marching down the high road-one.He had his knapsack on his back and his sword at his side.He came home from the wars.On the road he met a witch.She was ugly and unpleasant."Good evening, soldier!" witch said.The witch pointed to tree nearby them.Climb to the top of the trunk and you'll find a hole.You notice through the hollow that inside of tree than large cave.It has three rooms in a cave.Each room has a huge chest and it was guarded by dogs.I'll give you my apron to seat a dogs in it.You can take money from chest.You shall bring me my remaining tinder-box.I'll tie a rope around your middle.When you call me I can pull you up again."What would I do deep down under that tree?" the soldier wanted to know."Fetch money," the witch said.Listen.When you touch bottom you'll find yourself in a great hall.It is very bright there, because more than a hundred lamps are burningBy the light you will see three doors.Each door has a key in it, so you can open them all.If you walk into the first room, you'll see a large chest in the middle of the floor.On it sits a dog, and his eyes are as big as saucers.But don't worry about that.I'll give you my blue checked apron to spread out on the floor.Snatch up that dog and set him on my apron.Then you can open the chest and take out as many pieces of money as you please.They are all copper.But if silver suits you better, then go into the next room.There sits a dog and his eyes are as big as mill wheels.But don't you care about that.Set the dog on my apron while you change your pockets with silver.Maybe you'd rather have gold.You can, you know.You can have all the gold you can carry if you go into the third room.The only hitch is that there on the money-chest sits a dog.Each of his eyes is as big as the Round Tower of Copenhagen.But never you mind how fierce he looks.Just set him on my apron and he'll do you no harm."That suits me," said the soldier.But what do you get out of all this, you old witch?I suppose that you want your share."No indeed," said the witch.I don't want a penny of it.All I ask is for you to fetch me an old tinderbox.My grandmother forgot the last time she was down there."Good," said the soldier.Tie the rope around me."Here it is," said the witch, "and here's my blue checked apron."The soldier climbed up to the hole in the tree.He run down into the great hall where the hundreds of lamps were burning, as the witch had said.He threw open the first door.Ugh!There sat a dog glaring at him with eyes as big as saucers."You're a nice fellow," the soldier said,He shifted him to the witch's apron and took all the coppers that his pockets would hold.He shut up the chest, set the dog back on it.Alas and alack!There sat the dog with eyes as big as mill wheels.Don't you look at me like that.The soldier set him on the witch's apron.When he saw the chest brimful of silver, he threw away all his coppers and filled both his pockets and knapsack with silver alone.Then he went into the third room.Oh, what a horrible sight to see!The dog in there really did have eyes as big as the Round Tower.He rolled them they spun like wheels."Good evening," the soldier said, and saluted, for such a dog he had never seen before.But on second glance he thought to himself, "This won't do."So he lifted the dog down to the floor, and threw open the chest.What a sight!Here was gold and to spare.He could buy out all Copenhagen with it.He could buy all the cakes, all the tin soldiers, whips and rocking horses there are in the world.Yes, there was really money!In short order the soldier got rid of all the silver coins he had stuffed in his pockets and knapsack, to put gold in their place.Yes sir, he crammed all his pockets, his knapsack, his cap, and his boots so full.Now he was made of money.Putting the dog back on the chest he banged out the door and called up through the hollow tree.Pull me up now, you old witch."Have you got the tinderbox?" asked the witch."Confound the tinderbox," the soldier shouted.I clean forgot it.When he fetched it, the witch hauled him up.There he stood on the highroad again, with his pockets, boots, knapsack and cap full of gold."What do you want with the tinderbox?" he asked the old witch."None of your business," she told him."You've had your money, so hand over my tinder box.""Nonsense," said the soldier.I'll take out my sword and I'll cut your head off if you don't tell me at once what you want with it."I won't," the witch screamed at him.So he cut her head off.There she lay!But he tied all his money in her apron, slung it over his shoulder, stuck the tinderbox in his pocket, and struck out for town.It was a splendid town.He took the best rooms at the best inn.He ordered all the good things he liked to eat.Next morning he bought boots worthy of him, and the best clothes.Now that he had turned out to be such a fashionable gentleman.People told him all about the splendors of their town, all about their King, and what a pretty Princess he had for a daughter."Where can I see her?" the soldier inquired."You can't see her at all," everyone said.She lives in a great copper castle inside all sorts of walls and towers.Only the King can come in or go out of it, for it's been foretold that the Princess will marry a common soldier."I'd like to see her just the same," the soldier thought.But there was no way to manage it.Now he lived a merry life.But he spent money every day.He had to quit his fine quarters to live in a garret.None of his friends came to see him.One evening he sat in the dark without even enough money to buy a candle.He suddenly remembered the tinder box.He got out the tinder box, and the moment he struck sparks from the flint of it his door burst open and there stood a dog from down under the tree.It was the one with eyes as big as saucers."What is my lord's command?" said the dog."What's this?" said the soldier.Have I got the sort of tinder box that will get me whatever I want?“Go get me some money" he ordered the dog.The dog was gone.He was back again with a bag full of money in his mouth.Now the soldier knew what a remarkable tinder box he had.Strike it once and there was the dog from the chest of copper coins.Strike it twice and here came the dog who had the silver.Three times brought the dog who guarded gold.Back went the soldier to his comfortable quarters.The soldier strode in fashionable clothes.Immediately his friends knew him again, because they liked him so much.Then the thought occurred to him, "Isn't it odd that no one ever gets to see the Princess?They say she's very pretty, but what's the good of it as long as she stays locked up in that large copper castle with so many towers?Why can't I see her?Where's my tinder box?He struck the tinderbox and came the dog with eyes as big as saucers."It certainly is late," said the soldier.Practically midnight.But I do want a glimpse of the Princess, if only for a moment.Out the door went the dog and the dog came with the Princess on his back.She was sound asleep, and so pretty that everyone could see she was a Princess.The soldier couldn't keep from kissing her, because he was every inch a soldier.Then the dog took the Princess home.Next morning when the King and Queen were drinking their tea, the Princess told them about the strange dream.She'd ridden on the dog's back, and the soldier had kissed her."Now that was a fine story," said the Queen.The next night one of the old ladies of the court was under orders to sit by the Princess's bed, and see whether this was a dream or something else altogether.The soldier was longing to see the pretty Princess again, so the dog came by night to take her up and away as fast as he could run.But the old lady pulled on her storm boots and ran right after them.When she saw them disappear into a large house she thought, "Now I know where it is," and drew a big cross on the door with a piece of chalk.Then she went home to bed, and before long the dog brought the Princess home too.But when the dog saw that cross marked on the soldier's front door.He got himself a piece of chalk and cross-marked every door in the town.This was a clever thing to do, because now the old lady couldn't tell the right door from all the wrong doors he had marked.Early in the morning along came the King and the Queen, the old lady, and all the officers, to see where the Princess had been."Here it is," said the King when he saw the first cross mark.No, my dear.“There it is," said the Queen who was looking next door."Here's one, there's one, and another one!" said they all.Wherever they looked they saw chalk marks, so they gave up searching.She took her big gold scissors, cut out a piece of silk, and made a neat little bag.She filled it with fine buckwheat flour and tied it on to the Princess's back.Again the dog came in the night, took the Princess on his back, and ran with her to the soldier, who loved her so much that he would have been glad to be a Prince just so he could make his wife.The dog didn't notice how the flour made a trail from the castle right up to the soldier's window, where he ran up the wall with the Princess.So in the morning it was all too plain to the King and Queen just where their daughter had been.They took the soldier and they put him in prison.It was dark, and it was dismal, and they told him,"Tomorrow is the day for you to hang."In the morning he could see through his narrow little window how the people all hurried out of town to see him hanged.He heard the drums beat and he saw the soldiers march.In the crowd of running people he saw a shoemaker's boy in a leather apron and slippers.The boy galloped so fast that off flew one slipper, which hit the wall right where the soldier pressed his face to the iron bars.Nothing can happen till I get there.But if you run to where I live and bring me my tinder box, I'll give you four coppers.The shoemaker's boy rushed the tinder box to the soldier.Outside the town a high gallows had been built.Around it stood soldiers and many hundred thousand people.The King and Queen sat on a splendid throne, opposite the judge and the whole council.His last words before execution of penalties of a criminal violation of the tradition!He wanted to smoke a pipe of tobacco.The King couldn't refuse him, so the soldier struck fire from his tinder box, once-twice-and a third time.There stood all the dogs, one with eyes as big as saucers, one with eyes as big as mill wheels, one with eyes as big as the Round Tower of Copenhagen.Help me.“Save me from hanging!" said the soldier.Those dogs took the judges and all the council, some by the leg and some by the nose, and tossed them so high that they came down broken to bits."Don't!" cried the King, but the biggest dog took him and the Queen too, and tossed them up after the others.The people shouted, "Soldier, be our King and marry the pretty Princess."So they put the soldier in the King's carriage.All three of his dogs danced in front of it.The boys whistled through their fingers, and the soldiers saluted.The Princess came out of the copper castle to be Queen.The wedding lasted all of a week, and the three dogs sat at the table, with their eyes opened wider than ever before.The studio was filled with the rich odour of roses,and when the light summer wind stirred amidst the trees of the garden, there came through the open door the heavy scent of the lilac, or the more delicate perfume of the pink-flowering thorn.From the corner of the divan of Persian saddle-bags on which he was lying, smoking, as was his custom,innumerable cigarettes, Lord Henry Wotton could just catch the gleam of the honey-sweet and honey-coloured blossoms of a laburnum, whose tremulous branches seemed hardly able to bear the burden of a beauty so flame-like as theirs; and now and then the fantastic shadows of birds in flight flitted across the long tussore-silk curtains that were stretched in front of the huge window, producing a kind of momentary Japanese effect, and making him think of those pallid jade-faced painters of Tonio who,through the medium of an art that is necessarily immobile, seek to convey the sense of swiftness and motion.The sullen murmur of the bees shouldering their way through the long unmown grass, or circling with monotonous insistence round the dusty gilt horns of the straggling woodbine, seemed to make the stillness more oppressive.The dim roar of London was like the bourdon note of a distant organ.In the centre of the room, clamped to an upright easel, stood the full-length portrait of a young man of extraordinary personal beauty, and in front of it,some little distance away, was sitting the artist himself, Basil Hallward, whose sudden disappearance some years ago caused, at the time,such public excitement, and gave rise to so many strange conjectures.As the painter looked at the gracious and comely form he had so skilfully mirrored in his art, a smile of pleasure passed across his face, and seemed about to linger there.But he suddenly started up, and, closing his eyes,placed his fingers upon the lids, as though he sought to imprison within his brain some curious dream from which he feared he might awake."It is your best work, Basil, the best thing you have ever done," said Lord Henry, languidly."You must certainly send it next year to the Grosvenor.The Academy is too large and too vulgar.Whenever I have gone there, there have been either so many people that I have not been able to see the pictures, which was dreadful, or so many pictures that I have not been able to see the people, which was worse.The Grosvenor is really the only place."I don't think I shall send it anywhere," he answered,tossing his head back in that odd way that used to make his friends laugh at him at Oxford. "No: I won't send it anywhere."Lord Henry elevated his eyebrows, and looked at him in amazement through the thin blue wreaths of smoke that curled up in such fanciful whorls from his heavy opium-tainted cigarette."Not send it anywhere?My dear fellow, why?Have you any reason?What odd chaps you painters are!You do anything in the world to gain a reputation. As soon as you have one, you seem to want to throw it away.It is silly of you, for there is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.A portrait like this would set you far above all the young men in England, and make the old men quite jealous, if old men are ever capable of any emotion.""I know you will laugh at me," he replied, "but I really can't exhibit it.I have put too much of myself into it.Lord Henry stretched himself out on the divan and laughed."Yes, I knew you would; but it is quite true, all the same."Too much of yourself in it!Upon my word, Basil, I didn't know you were so vain;and I really can't see any resemblance between you,with your rugged strong face and your coal-black hair, and this young Adonis, who looks as if he was made out of ivory and rose-leaves.Why, my dear Basil, he is a Narcissus, and you—well,of course you have an intellectual expression, and all that.But beauty, real beauty, ends where an intellectual expression begins.Intellect is in itself a mode of exaggeration, and destroys the harmony of any face.The moment one sits down to think, one becomes all nose, or all forehead, or something horrid.Look at the successful men in any of the learned professions. How perfectly hideous they are!Except, of course, in the Church. But then in the Church they don't think.Abishop keeps on saying at the age of eighty what he was told to say when he was a boy of eighteen,and as a natural consequence he always looks absolutely delightful.Your mysterious young friend, whose name you have never told me, but whose picture really fascinates me, never thinks.I feel quite sure of that.He is some brainless, beautiful creature, who should be always here in winter when we have no flowers to look at, and always here in summer when we want something to chill our intelligence.Don't flatter yourself, Basil: you are not in the least like him."You don't understand me, Harry," answered the artist. "Of course I am not like him.I know that perfectly well.Indeed, I should be sorry to look like him.You shrug your shoulders?I am telling you the truth.There is a fatality about all physical and intellectual distinction, the sort of fatality that seems to dog through history the faltering steps of kings.It is better not to be different from one's fellows.The ugly and the stupid have the best of it in this world.They can sit at their ease and gape at the play.If they know nothing of victory, they are at least spared the knowledge of defeat.They live as we all should live, undisturbed,indifferent, and without disquiet.They neither bring ruin upon others, nor ever receive it from alien hands.Your rank and wealth, Harry; my brains, such as they are—my art, whatever it may be worth; Dorian Gray's good looks—we shall all suffer for what the gods have given us, suffer terribly."Dorian Gray?Is that his name?" asked Lord Henry, walking across the studio towards Basil Hallward."Yes, that is his name.I didn't intend to tell it to you.""But why not?""Oh, I can't explain.When I like people immensely I never tell their names to anyone.It is like surrendering a part of them.I have grown to love secrecy.It seems to be the one thing that can make modern life mysterious or marvellous to us.The commonest thing is delightful if one only hide sit.When I leave town now I never tell my people where I am going.If I did, I would lose all my pleasure.It is a silly habit, I dare say, but somehow it seems touring a great deal of romance into one's life.I suppose you think me awfully foolish about it?""Not at all," answered Lord Henry, "not at all, my dear Basil.You seem to forget that I am married, and the one charm of marriage is that it makes a life of deception absolutely necessary for both parties.I never know where my wife is, and my wife never knows what I am doing.When we meet—we do meet occasionally, when we dine out together, or go down to the Duke's—we tell each other the most absurd stories with the most serious faces.My wife is very good at it—much better, in fact, than I am.She never gets confused over her dates, and I always do.But when she does find me out, she makes no row at all.I sometimes wish she would; but she merely laughs at me.""I hate the way you talk about your married life,Harry," said Basil Hallward, strolling towards the door that led into the garden. "I believe that you are really a very good husband,but that you are thoroughly ashamed of your own virtues.You are an extraordinary fellow.You never say a moral thing, and you never do a wrong thing.Your cynicism is simply a pose.""Being natural is simply a pose, and the most irritating pose I know," cried Lord Henry, laughing;and the two young men went out into the garden together, and ensconced themselves on a long bamboo seat that stood in the shade of a tall laurel bush.The sunlight slipped over the polished leaves.In the grass, white daisies were tremulous.After a pause, Lord Henry pulled out his watch."I am afraid I must be going, Basil," he murmured, "and before I go, I insist on your answering a question I put to you some time ago.""What is that?" said the painter, keeping his eyes fixed on the ground."You know quite well.""I do not, Harry.""Well, I will tell you what it is.I want you to explain to me why you won't exhibit Dorian Gray's picture.I want the real reason.""I told you the real reason.""No, you did not.You said it was because there was too much of yourself in it.Now, that is childish.""Harry," said Basil Hallward, looking him straight in the face, "every portrait that is painted with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not of the sitter. The sitter is merely the accident, the occasion.It is not he who is revealed by the painter; it is rather the painter who, on the coloured canvas,reveals himself.The reason I will not exhibit this picture is that I am afraid that I have shown in it the secret of my own soul."Lord Henry laughed."And what is that?" he asked."I will tell you," said Hallward; but an expression of perplexity came over his face."I am all expectation, Basil," continued his companion, glancing at him."Oh, there is really very little to tell, Harry,"answered the painter; "and I am afraid you will hardly understand it.Perhaps you will hardly believe it."Lord Henry smiled, and, leaning down, plucked a pink-petalled daisy from the grass, and examined it."I am quite sure I shall understand it," he replied,gazing intently at the little golden white-feathered disk, "and as for believing things, I can believe anything, provided that it is quite incredible."The wind shook some blossoms from the trees, and the heavy lilac-blooms, with their clustering stars,moved to and fro in the languid air.A grasshopper began to chirrup by the wall, and like a blue thread a long thin dragon-fly floated past on its brown gauze wings.Lord Henry felt as if he could hear Basil Hallward's heart beating, and wondered what was coming."The story is simply this," said the painter after some time. "Two months ago I went to a crush at Lady Brandon's.You know we poor artists have to show ourselves in society from time to time, just to remind the public that we are not savages.With an evening coat and a white tie, as you told me once, anybody, even a stockbroker, can gain a reputation for being civilised.Well, after I had been in the room about ten minutes, talking to huge over dressed dowagers and tedious Academicians, I suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at me.I turned halfway round, and saw Dorian Gray for the first time.When our eyes met, I felt that I was growing pale.A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature,my whole soul, my very art itself.I did not want any external influence in my life.You know yourself, Harry, how independent I am by nature.I have always been my own master; had at least always been so, till I met Dorian Gray.Then—— but I don't know how to explain it to you.Something seemed to tell me that I was on the verge of a terrible crisis in my life.I had a strange feeling that Fate had in store for me exquisite joys and exquisite sorrows.I grew afraid, and turned to quit the room.It was not conscience that made me do so; it was a sort of cowardice.I take no credit to myself for trying to escape.""Conscience and cowardice are really the same things, Basil.Conscience is the trade-name of the firm. That is all.""I don't believe that, Harry, and I don't believe you do either.However, whatever was my motive—and it may have been pride, for I used to be very proud—I certainly struggled to the door.There, of course, I stumbled against Lady Brandon.'You are not going to run away so soon, Mr. Hallward?' she screamed out.You know her curiously shrill voice?""Yes; she is a peaco*ck in everything but beauty,"said Lord Henry, pulling the daisy to bits with his long, nervous fingers."I could not get rid of her.She brought me up to Royalties, and people with Stars and Garters, and elderly ladles with gigantic tiaras and parrot noses.She spoke of me as her dearest friend. I had only met her once before, but she took it into her head to lionise me.I believe some picture of mine had made a great success at the time, at least had been chattered about in the penny newspapers, which is the nineteenth-century standard of immortality.Suddenly I found myself face to face with the young man whose personality had so strangely stirred me.We were quite close, almost touching.Our eyes met again.It was reckless of me, but I asked Lady Brandon to introduce me to him.Perhaps it was not so reckless, after all. It was simply inevitable. We would have spoken to each other without any introduction.I am sure of that.Dorian told me so afterwards.He, too, felt that we were destined to know each other.""And how did Lady Brandon describe this wonderful young man?" asked his companion. "I know she goes in for giving a rapid précis of all her guests.I remember her bringing me up to a truculent and red-faced old gentleman covered all over with orders and ribbons, and hissing into my ear, in a tragic whisper which must have been perfectly audible to everybody in the room, the most astounding details.I simply fled.I like to find out people for myself.But Lady Brandon treats her guests exactly as an auctioneer treats his goods. She either explains them entirely away, or tells one everything about them except what one wants to know.""Poor Lady Brandon!You are hard on her, Harry!" said Hall ward, listlessly."My dear fellow, she tried to found a salon, and only succeeded in opening a restaurant.How could I admire her?But tell me, what did she say about Mr. Dorian Gray?""Oh, something like, 'Charming boy—poor dear mother and I absolutely inseparable.Quite forget what he does—afraid he—doesn't do anything—oh, yes, plays the piano—or is it the violin,dear Mr. Gray?'Neither of us could help laughing, and we became friends at once.""Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship, and it is far the best ending for one,"said the young lord, plucking another daisy.Hallward shook his head."You don't understand what friendship is, Harry," he murmured—"or what enmity is, for that matter.You like everyone; that is to say, you are indifferent to everyone.""How horribly unjust of you!" cried Lord Henry,tilting his hat back, and looking up at the little clouds that, like ravelled skeins of glossy white silk,were drifting across the hollowed turquoise of the summer sky. "Yes; horribly unjust of you.I make a great difference between people.I choose my friends for their good looks, my acquaintances for their good characters, and my enemies for their good intellects.A man cannot be too careful in the choice of his enemies. I have not got one who is a fool.They are all men of some intellectual power, and consequently they all appreciate me.Is that very vain of me?I think it is rather vain.""I should think it was, Harry.But according to your category I must be merely an acquaintance.""My dear old Basil, you are much more than an acquaintance.""And much less than a friend.A sort of brother, I suppose?""Oh, brothers!I don't care for brothers.My elder brother won't die, and my younger brothers seem never to do anything else.""Harry!" exclaimed Hallward, frowning."My dear fellow, I am not quite serious.But I can't help detesting my relations.I suppose it comes from the fact that none of us can stand other people having the same faults as ourselves.I quite sympathise with the rage of the English democracy against what they call the vices of the upper orders.The masses feel that drunkenness, stupidity, and immorality should be their own special property,and that if anyone of us makes an ass of himself he is poaching on their preserves.When poor Southwark got into the Divorce Court,their indignation was quite magnificent.And yet I don't suppose that ten per cent. of the proletariat live correctly.""I don't agree with a single word that you have said,and, what is more, Harry, I feel sure you don't either."Lord Henry stroked his pointed brown beard, and tapped the toe of his patent-leather boot with a tasselled ebony cane."How English you are, Basil!That is the second time you have made that observation.If one puts forward an idea to a true Englishman—always a rash thing to do—he never dreams of considering whether the idea is right or wrong.The only thing he considers of any importance is whether one believes it oneself.Now, the value of an idea has nothing whatsoever to do with the sincerity of the man who expresses it.Indeed, the probabilities are that the more insincere the man is, the more purely intellectual will the idea be, as in that case it will not be coloured by either his wants, his desires, or his prejudices.However, I don't propose to discuss politics,sociology, or metaphysics with you.I like persons better than principles, and I like persons with no principles better than anything else in the world.Tell me more about Mr. Dorian Gray.How often do you see him?""Every day.I couldn't be happy if I didn't see him every day.He is absolutely necessary to me.""How extraordinary!I thought you would never care for anything but your art.""He is all my art to me now," said the painter, gravely. "I sometimes think, Harry, that there are only two eras of any importance in the world's history.The first is the appearance of a new medium for art,and the second is the appearance of a new personality for art also.What the invention of oil-painting was to the Venetians, the face of Antinoüs was to late Greek sculpture, and the face of Dorian Gray will some day be to me.It is not merely that I paint from him, draw from him,sketch from him.Of course I have done all that.But he is much more to me than a model or a sitter.I won't tell you that I am dissatisfied with what I have done of him, or that his beauty is such that Art cannot express it.There is nothing that Art cannot express, and I know that the work I have done, since I met Dorian Gray, is good work, is the best work of my life.But in some curious way—I wonder will you understand me?—his personality has suggested tome an entirely new manner in art, an entirely new mode of style.I see things differently, I think of them differently.I can now recreate life in a way that was hidden from me, before.'A dream of form in days of thought:'—who is it who says that?I forget; but it is what Dorian Gray has been to me.The merely visible presence of this lad—for he seems to me little more than a lad, though he is really over twenty—his merely visible presence—ah! I wonder can you realise all that that means?Unconsciously he defines for me the lines of a fresh school, a school that is to have in it all the passion of the romantic spirit, all the perfection of the spirit that is Greek.The harmony of soul and body—how much that is!We in our madness have separated the two, and have invented a realism that is vulgar, an ideality that is void.Harry! if you only knew what Dorian Gray is to me!You remember that landscape of mine, for which Agnew offered me such a huge price, but which I would not part with?It is one of the best things I have ever done.And why is it so?Because, while I was painting it, Dorian Gray sat beside me.Some subtle influence passed from him to me, and for the first time in my life I saw in the plain woodland the wonder I had always looked for, and always missed.""Basil, this is extraordinary!I must see Dorian Gray."Hallward got up from the seat, and walked up and down the garden.After some time he came back."Harry," he said, "Dorian Gray is to me simply a motive in art.You might see nothing in him. I see everything in him.He is never more present in my work than when no image of him is there.He is a suggestion, as I have said, of a new manner.I find him in the curves of certain lines, in the loveliness and subtleties of certain colours.That is all.""Then why won't you exhibit his portrait?" asked Lord Henry."Because, without intending it, I have put into it some expression of all this curious artistic idolatry,of which, of course, I have never cared to speak to him. He knows nothing about it.He shall never know anything about it.But the world might guess it; and I will not bare my soul to their shallow prying eyes.My heart shall never be put under their microscope.There is too much of myself in the thing, Harry—too much of myself!""Poets are not so scrupulous as you are.They know how useful passion is for publication.Nowadays a broken heart will run to many editions.""I hate them for it," cried Hallward. "An artist should create beautiful things, but should put nothing of his own life into them.We live in an age when men treat art as if it were meant to be a form of autobiography.We have lost the abstract sense of beauty.Some day I will show the world what it is; and for that reason the world shall never see my portrait of Dorian Gray.""I think you are wrong, Basil, but I won't argue with you.It is only the intellectually lost who ever argue.Tell me, is Dorian Gray very fond of you?"The painter considered for a few moments."He likes me," he answered, after a pause; "I know he likes me.Of course I flatter him dreadfully.I find a strange pleasure in saying things to him that I know I shall be sorry for having said.As a rule, he is charming to me, and we sit in the studio and talk of a thousand things.Now and then, however, he is horribly thoughtless,and seems to take a real delight in giving me pain.Then I feel, Harry, that I have given away my whole soul to someone who treats it as if it were a flower to put in his coat, a bit of decoration to charm his vanity, an ornament for a summer's day.""Days in summer, Basil, are apt to linger," murmured Lord Henry. "Perhaps you will tire sooner than he will.It is a sad thing to think of, but there is no doubt that Genius lasts longer than Beauty.That accounts for the fact that we all take such pains to over-educate ourselves.In the wild struggle for existence, we want to have something that endures, and so we fill our minds with rubbish and facts, in the silly hope of keeping our place.The thoroughly well-informed man—that is the modern ideal.And the mind of the thoroughly well-informed man is a dreadful thing.It is like a bric-à-brac shop, all monsters and dust,with everything priced above its proper value.I think you will tire first, all the same.Some day you will look at your friend, and he will seem to you to be a little out of drawing, or you won't like his tone of colour, or something.You will bitterly reproach him in your own heart,and seriously think that he has behaved very badly to you.The next time he calls, you will be perfectly cold and indifferent.It will be a great pity, for it will alter you.What you have told me is quite a romance, a romance of art one might call it, and the worst of having a romance of any kind is that it leaves one so unromantic.""Harry, don't talk like that.As long as I live, the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me.You can't feel what I feel. You change too often.""Ah, my dear Basil, that is exactly why I can feel it.Those who are faithful know only the trivial side of love: it is the faithless who know love's tragedies."And Lord Henry struck a light on a dainty silver case,and began to smoke a cigarette with a self-conscious and satisfied air, as if he had summed up the world in a phrase.There was a rustle of chirruping sparrows in the green lacquer leaves of the ivy, and the blue cloud-shadows chased themselves across the grass like swallows.How pleasant it was in the garden!And how delightful other people's emotions were!—much more delightful than their ideas, it seemed to him. One's own soul, and the passions of one's friends—those were the fascinating things in life.He pictured to himself with silent amusem*nt the tedious luncheon that he had missed by staying so long with Basil Hallward.Had he gone to his aunt's he would have been sure to have met Lord Goodbody there, and the whole conversation would have been about the feeding of the poor, and the necessity for model lodging-houses.Each class would have preached the importance of those virtues, for whose exercise there was no necessity in their own lives. The rich would have spoken on the value of thrift,and the idle grown eloquent over the dignity of labour.It was charming to have escaped all that!As he thought of his aunt, an idea seemed to strike him.He turned to Hallward, and said,"My dear fellow, I have just remembered.""Remembered what, Harry?""Where I heard the name of Dorian Gray.""Where was it?" asked Hallward, with a slight frown."Don't look so angry, Basil.It was at my aunt, Lady Agatha's.She told me she had discovered a wonderful young man, who was going to help her in the East End, and that his name was Dorian Gray.I am bound to state that she never told me he was good-looking.Women have no appreciation of good looks; at least,good women have not.She said that he was very earnest, and had a beautiful nature. I at once pictured to myself a creature with spectacles and lank hair, horribly freckled, and tramping about on huge feet.I wish I had known it was your friend.""I am very glad you didn't, Harry.""Why?""I don't want you to meet him.""You don't want me to meet him?""No.""Mr. Dorian Gray is in the studio, sir," said the butler, coming into the garden."You must introduce me now," cried Lord Henry, laughing.The painter turned to his servant, who stood blinking in the sunlight."Ask Mr. Gray to wait, Parker: I shall be in in a few moments."The man bowed, and went up the walk.Then he looked at Lord Henry."Dorian Gray is my dearest friend," he said. "He has a simple and a beautiful nature. Your aunt was quite right in what she said of him.Don't spoil him.Don't try to influence him.Your influence would be bad.The world is wide, and has many marvel lo us people in it.Don't take away from me the one person who gives to my art whatever charm it possesses; my life as an artist depends on him.Mind, Harry, I trust you."He spoke very slowly, and the words seemed wrung out of him almost against his will."What nonsense you talk!" said Lord Henry, smiling,and, taking Hallward by the arm, he almost led him into the house.Of the inhabitants of Lilliput; their learning, laws, and customs; the manner of educating their children.The author’s way of living in that country.His vindication of a great lady.ALTHOUGH I INTEND to leave the description of this empire to a particular treatise, yet, in the mean time, I am content to gratify the curious reader with some general ideas.As the common size of the natives is somewhat under six inches high, so there is an exact proportion in all other animals, as well as plants and trees: for instance, the tallest horses and oxen are between four and five inches in height, the sheep an inch and half, more or less: their geese about the bigness of a sparrow, and so the several gradations downwards till you come to the smallest, which to my sight, were almost invisible; but nature has adapted the eyes of the Lilliputians to all objects proper for their view: they see with great exactness, but at no great distance.And, to show the sharpness of their sight towards objects that are near, I have been much pleased with observing a cook pulling a lark, which was not so large as a common fly; and a young girl threading an invisible needle with invisible silk.Their tallest trees are about seven feet high: I mean some of those in the great royal park, the tops whereof I could but just reach with my fist clenched.The other vegetables are in the same proportion; but this I leave to the reader’s imagination.I shall say but little at present of their learning, which, for many ages, has flourished in all its branches among them: but their manner of writing is very peculiar, being neither from the left to the right, like the Europeans, nor from the right to the left, like the Arabians, nor from up to down, like the Chinese, but aslant, from one corner of the paper to the other, like ladies in England.They bury their dead with their heads directly downward, because they hold an opinion, that in eleven thousand moons they are all to rise again; in which period the earth (which they conceive to be flat) will turn upside down, and by this means they shall, at their resurrection, be found ready standing on their feet.The learned among them confess the absurdity of this doctrine; but the practice still continues, in compliance to the vulgar.There are some laws and customs in this empire very peculiar; and if they were not so directly contrary to those of my own dear country, I should be tempted to say a little in their justification.It is only to be wished they were as well executed.The first I shall mention, relates to informers.All crimes against the state, are punished here with the utmost severity; but, if the person accused makes his innocence plainly to appear upon his trial, the accuser is immediately put to an ignominious death; and out of his goods or lands the innocent person is quadruply recompensed for the loss of his time, for the danger he underwent, for the hardship of his imprisonment, and for all the charges he has been at in making his defence; or, if that fund be deficient, it is largely supplied by the crown.The emperor also confers on him some public mark of his favour, and proclamation is made of his innocence through the whole city.They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft, and therefore seldom fail to punish it with death; for they allege, that care and vigilance, with a very common understanding, may preserve a man’s goods from thieves, but honesty has no defence against superior cunning; and, since it is necessary that there should be a perpetual intercourse of buying and selling, and dealing upon credit, where fraud is permitted and connived at, or has no law to punish it, the honest dealer is always undone, and the knave gets the advantage.I remember, when I was once interceding with the emperor for a criminal who had wronged his master of a great sum of money, which he had received by order and ran away with; and happening to tell his majesty, by way of extenuation, that it was only a breach of trust, the emperor thought it monstrous in me to offer as a defence the greatest aggravation of the crime; and truly I had little to say in return, farther than the common answer, that different nations had different customs; for, I confess, I was heartily ashamed.* *An act of parliament has been since passed by which some breaches of trust have been made capital.Although we usually call reward and punishment the two hinges upon which all government turns, yet I could never observe this maxim to be put in practice by any nation except that of Lilliput.Whoever can there bring sufficient proof, that he has strictly observed the laws of his country for seventy three moons, has a claim to certain privileges, according to his quality or condition of life, with a proportion able sum of money out of a fund appropriated for that use: he likewise acquires the title of Snilpall, or legal, which is added to his name, but does not descend to his posterity.And these people thought it a prodigious defect of policy among us, when I told them that our laws were enforced only by penalties, without any mention of reward.It is upon this account that the image of Just ice, in their courts of judicature, is formed with six eyes, two before, as many behind, and on each side one, to signify circ*mspection; with a bag of gold open in her right hand, and a sword sheathed in her left, to show she is more disposed to reward than to punish.In choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities; for, since government is necessary to mankind, they believe, that the common size of human understanding is fitted to some station or other; and that Providence never intended to make the management of public affairs a mystery to be comprehended only by a few persons of sublime genius, of which there seldom are three born in an age: but they suppose truth, justice, temperance, and the like, to be in every man’s power; the practice of which virtues, assisted by experience and a good intention, would qualify any man for the service of his country, except where a course of study is required.But they thought the want of moral virtues was so far from being supplied by superior endowments of the mind, that employments could never be put into such dangerous hands as those of persons so qualified; and, at least, that the mistakes committed by ignorance, in a virtuous disposition, would never be of such fatal consequence to the public weal, as the practices of a man, whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and who had great abilities to manage, to multiply, and defend his corruptions.In like manner, the disbelief of a Divine Providence renders a man incapable of holding any public station; for, since kings avow themselves to be the deputies of Providence, the Lilliputians think nothing can be more absurd than for a prince to employ such men as disown the authority under which he acts.In relating these and the following laws, I would only be understood to mean the original institutions, and not the most scandalous corruptions, into which these people are fallen by the degenerate nature of man.For, as to that infamous practice of acquiring great employments by dancing on the ropes, or badges of favour and distinction by leaping over sticks and creeping under them, the reader is to observe, that they were first introduced by the grandfather of the emperor now reigning, and grew to the present height by the gradual increase of party and faction.Ingratitude is among them a capital crime, as we read it to have been in some other countries: for they reason thus; that whoever makes ill returns to his benefactor, must needs be a common enemy to the rest of mankind, from whom he has received no obligation, and therefore such a man is not fit to live.Their notions relating to the duties of parents and children differ extremely from ours.For, since the conjunction of male and female is founded upon the great law of nature, in order to propagate and continue the species, the Lilliputians will needs have it, that men and women are joined together, like other animals, by the motives of concupiscence; and that their tenderness towards their young proceeds from the like natural principle: for which reason they will never allow that a child is under any obligation to his father for begetting him, or to his mother for bringing him into the world; which, considering the miseries of human life, was neither a benefit in itself, nor intended so by his parents, whose thoughts, in their love encounters, were otherwise employed.Upon these, and the like reasonings, their opinion is, that parents are the last of all others to be trusted with the education of their own children; and therefore they have in every town public nurseries, where all parents, except cottagers and labourers, are obliged to send their infants of both sexes to be reared and educated, when they come to the age of twenty moons, at which time they are supposed to have some rudiments of docility.These schools are of several kinds, suited to different qualities, and both sexes.They have certain professors well skilled in preparing children for such a condition of life as befits the rank of their parents, and their own capacities, as well as inclinations.I shall first say something of the male nurseries, and then of the female.The nurseries for males of noble or eminent birth, are provided with grave and learned professors, and their several deputies.The clothes and food of the children are plain and simple.They are bred up in the principles of honour, justice, courage, modesty, clemency, religion, and love of their country; they are always employed in some business, except in the times of eating and sleeping, which are very short, and two hours for diversions consisting of bodily exercises.They are dressed by men till four years of age, and then are obliged to dress themselves, although their quality be ever so great; and the women attendant, who are aged proportionably to ours at fifty, perform only the most menial offices.They are never suffered to converse with servants, but go together in smaller or greater numbers to take their diversions, and always in the presence of a professor, or one of his deputies; whereby they avoid those early bad impressions of folly and vice, to which our children are subject.Their parents are suffered to see them only twice a year; the visit is to last but an hour; they are allowed to kiss the child at meeting and parting; but a professor, who always stands by on those occasions, will not suffer them to whisper, or use any fondling expressions, or bring any presents of toys, sweetmeats, and the like.The pension from each family for the education and entertainment of a child, upon failure of due payment, is levied by the emperor’s officers.The nurseries for children of ordinary gentlemen, merchants, traders, and handicrafts, are managed proportionably after the same manner; only those designed for trades are put out apprentices at eleven years old, whereas those of persons of quality continue in their exercises till fifteen, which answers to twenty-one with us: but the confinement is gradually lessened for the last three years.In the female nurseries, the young girls of quality are educated much like the males, only they are dressed by orderly servants of their own sex; but always in the presence of a professor or deputy, till they come to dress themselves, which is at five years old.And if it be found that these nurses ever presume to entertain the girls with frightful or foolish stories, or the common follies practised by chambermaids among us, they are publicly whipped thrice about the city, imprisoned for a year, and banished for life to the most desolate part of the country.Thus the young ladies are as much ashamed of being cowards and fools as the men, and despise all personal ornaments, beyond decency and cleanliness: neither did I perceive any difference in their education made by their difference of sex, only that the exercises of the females were not altogether so robust; and that some rules were given them relating to domestic life, and a smaller compass of learning was enjoined them: for their maxim is, that among peoples of quality, a wife should be always a reasonable and agreeable companion, because she cannot always be young.When the girls are twelve years old, which among them is the marriageable age, their parents or guardians take them home, with great expressions of gratitude to the professors, and seldom without tears of the young lady and her companions.In the nurseries of females of the meaner sort, the children are instructed in all kinds of works proper for their sex, and their several degrees: those intended for apprentices are dismissed at seven years old, the rest are kept to eleven.The meaner families who have children at these nurseries, are obliged, besides their annual pension, which is as low as possible, to return to the steward of the nursery a small monthly share of their gettings, to be a portion for the child; and therefore all parents are limited in their expenses by the law.For the Lilliputians think nothing can be more unjust, than for people, in subservience to their own appetites, to bring children into the world, and leave the burthen of supporting them on the public.As to persons of quality, they give security to appropriate a certain sum for each child, suitable to their condition; and these funds are always managed with good husbandry and the most exact justice.The cottagers and labourers keep their children at home, their business being only to till and cultivate the earth, and therefore their education is of little consequence to the public: but the old and diseased among them, are supported by hospitals; for begging is a trade unknown in this empire.And here it may, perhaps, divert the curious reader, to give some account of my domestics, and my manner of living in this country, during a residence of nine months, and thirteen days.Having a head mechanically turned, and being likewise forced by necessity, I had made for myself a table and chair convenient enough, out of the largest trees in the royal park.Two hundred sempstresses were employed to make me shirts, and linen for my bed and table, all of the strongest and coarsest kind they could get; which, however, they were forced to quilt together in several folds, for the thickest was some degrees finer than lawn.Their linen is usually three inches wide, and three feet make a piece.The sempstresses took my measure as I lay on the ground, one standing at my neck, and another at my mid-leg, with a strong cord extended, that each held by the end, while a third measured the length of the cord with a rule of an inch long.Then they measured my right thumb, and desired no more; for by a mathematical computation, that twice round the thumb is once round the wrist, and so on to the neck and the waist, and by the help of my old shirt, which I displayed on the ground before them for a pattern, they fitted me exactly.Three hundred tailors were employed in the same manner to make me clothes; but they had another contrivance for taking my measure.I kneeled down, and they raised a ladder from the ground to my neck; upon this ladder one of them mounted, and let fall a plumb-line from my collar to the floor, which just answered the length of my coat: but my waist and arms I measured myself.When my clothes were finished, which was done in my house (for the largest of theirs would not have been able to hold them), they looked like the patch-work made by the ladies in England, only that mine were all of a colour.I had three hundred cooks to dress my victuals, in little convenient huts built about my house, where they and their families lived, and prepared me two dishes a-piece.I took up twenty waiters in my hand, and placed them on the table: a hundred more attended below on the ground, some with dishes of meat, and some with barrels of wine and other liquors slung on their shoulders; all which the waiters above drew up, as I wanted, in a very ingenious manner, by certain cords, as we draw the bucket up a well in Europe.A dish of their meat was a good mouthful, and a barrel of their liquor a reasonable draught.Their mutton yields to ours, but their beef is excellent.I have had a sirloin so large, that I have been forced to make three bites of it; but this is rare.My servants were astonished to see me eat it, bones and all, as in our country we do the leg of a lark.Their geese and turkeys I usually ate at a mouthful, and I confess they far exceed ours.Of their smaller fowl I could take up twenty or thirty at the end of my knife.One day his imperial majesty, being informed of my way of living, desired “that himself and his royal consort, with the young princes of the blood of both sexes, might have the happiness,” as he was pleased to call it, “of dining with me.”They came accordingly, and I placed them in chairs of state, upon my table, just over against me, with their guards about them.Flimnap, the lord high treasurer, attended there likewise with his white staff; and I observed he often looked on me with a sour countenance, which I would not seem to regard, but ate more than usual, in honour to my dear country, as well as to fill the court with admiration.Flimnap, the lord high treasurer, attended there likewise with his white staff; and I observed he often looked on me with a sour countenance, which I would not seem to regard, but ate more than usual, in honour to my dear country, as well as to fill the court with admiration.That minister had always been my secret enemy, though he outwardly caressed me more than was usual to the moroseness of his nature.He represented to the emperor “the low condition of his treasury; that he was forced to take up money at a great discount; that exchequer bills would not circulate under nine per cent. below par; that I had cost his majesty above a million and a half of sprugs” (their greatest gold coin, about the bigness of a spangle) “and, upon the whole, that it would be advisable in the emperor to take the first fair occasion of dismissing me.”I am here obliged to vindicate the reputation of an excellent lady, who was an innocent sufferer upon my account.The treasurer took a fancy to be jealous of his wife, from the malice of some evil tongues, who informed him that her grace had taken a violent affection for my person; and the court scandal ran for some time, that she once came privately to my lodging.This I solemnly declare to be a most infamous falsehood, without any grounds, further than that her grace was pleased to treat me with all innocent marks of freedom and friendship.I own she came often to my house, but always publicly, nor ever without three more in the coach, who were usually her sister and young daughter, and some particular acquaintance; but this was common to many other ladies of the court.And I still appeal to my servants round, whether they at any time saw a coach at my door, without knowing what persons were in it.On those occasions, when a servant had given me notice, my custom was to go immediately to the door, and, after paying my respects, to take up the coach and two horses very carefully in my hands (for, if there were six horses, the postillion always unharnessed four,) and place them on a table, where I had fixed a movable rim quite round, of five inches high, to prevent accidents.And I have often had four coaches and horses at once on my table, full of company, while I sat in my chair, leaning my face towards them; and when I was engaged with one set, the coachmen would gently drive the others round my table.I have passed many an afternoon very agreeably in these conversations.But I defy the treasurer, or his two informers (I will name them, and let them make the best of it) Clustril and Drunlo, to prove that any person ever came to me incognito, except the secretary Reldresal, who was sent by express command of his imperial majesty, as I have before related.I should not have dwelt so long upon this particular, if it had not been a point wherein the reputation of a great lady is so nearly concerned, to say nothing of my own; though I then had the honour to be a nardac, which the treasurer himself is not; for all the world knows, that he is only a glumglum, a title inferior by one degree, as that of a marquis is to a duke in England; yet I allow he preceded me in right of his post.These false informations, which I afterwards came to the knowledge of by an accident not proper to mention, made the treasurer show his lady for some time an ill countenance, and me a worse; and although he was at last undeceived and reconciled to her, yet I lost all credit with him, and found my interest decline very fast with the emperor himself, who was, indeed, too much governed by that favourite.The author, being informed of a design to accuse him of high-treason, makes his escape to Blefuscu. His reception there.BEFORE I PROCEED to give an account of my leaving this kingdom, it may be proper to inform the reader of a private intrigue which had been for two months forming against me.I had been hitherto, all my life, a stranger to courts, for which I was unqualified by the meanness of my condition.I had indeed heard and read enough of the dispositions of great princes and ministers, but never expected to have found such terrible effects of them, in so remote a country, governed, as I thought, by very different maxims from those in Europe.When I was just preparing to pay my attendance on the emperor of Blefuscu, a considerable person at court (to whom I had been very serviceable, at a time when he lay under the highest displeasure of his imperial majesty) came to my house very privately at night, in a close chair, and, without sending his name, desired admittance.The chairmen were dismissed; I put the chair, with his lordship in it, into my coat-pocket: and, giving orders to a trusty servant, to say I was indisposed and gone to sleep, I fastened the door of my house, placed the chair on the table, according to my usual custom, and sat down by it.After the common salutations were over, observing his lordship’s countenance full of concern, and inquiring into the reason, he desired “I would hear him with patience, in a matter that highly concerned my honour and my life.”His speech was to the following effect, for I took notes of it as soon as he left me:–“You are to know,” said he, “that several committees of council have been lately called, in the most private manner, on your account; and it is but two days since his majesty came to a full resolution.“You are very sensible that Skyresh Bolgolam” (Galbet, or high-admiral) “has been your mortal enemy, almost ever since your arrival.His original reasons I know not; but his hatred is increased since your great success against Blefuscu, by which his glory as admiral is much obscured.This lord, in conjunction with Flimnap the high-treasurer, whose enmity against you is notorious on account of his lady, Limtoc the general, Lalcon the chamberlain, and Balmuff the grand justiciary, have prepared articles of impeachment against you, for treason and other capital crimes.”This preface made me so impatient, being conscious of my own merits and innocence, that I was going to interrupt him; when he entreated me to be silent, and thus proceeded: –“Out of gratitude for the favours you have done me, I procured information of the whole proceedings, and a copy of the articles; wherein I venture my head for your service.“‘Articles of Impeachment against Quinbus Flestrin, (the Man-Mountain.)ARTICLE I.“‘Whereas, by a statute made in the reign of his imperial majesty Calin Deffar Plune, it is enacted, that, whoever shall make water within the precincts of the royal palace, shall be liable to the pains and penalties of hightreason; notwithstanding, the said Quinbus Flestrin, in open breach of the said law, under colour of extinguishing the fire kindled in the apartment of his majesty’s most dear imperial consort, did maliciously, traitorously, and devilishly, by discharge of his urine, put out the said fire kindled in the said apartment, lying and being within the precincts of the said royal palace, against the statute in that case provided, etc. against the duty, etc.ARTICLE II. “‘That the said Quinbus Flestrin, having brought the imperial fleet of Blefuscu into the royal port, and being afterwards commanded by his imperial majesty to seize all the other ships of the said empire of Blefuscu, and reduce that empire to a province, to be governed by a viceroy from hence, and to destroy and put to death, not only all the Big-endian exiles, but likewise all the people of that empire who would not immediately forsake the Big-endian heresy, he, the said Flestrin, like a false traitor against his most auspicious, serene, imperial majesty, did petition to be excused from the said service, upon pretence of unwillingness to force the consciences, or destroy the liberties and lives of an innocent people.ARTICLE III. “‘That, whereas certain ambassadors arrived from the Court of Blefuscu, to sue for peace in his majesty’s court, he, the said Flestrin, did, like a false traitor, aid, abet, comfort, and divert, the said ambassadors, although he knew them to be servants to a prince who was lately an open enemy to his imperial majesty, and in an open war against his said majesty.ARTICLE IV. “‘That the said Quinbus Flestrin, contrary to the duty of a faithful subject, is now preparing to make a voyage to the court and empire of Blefuscu, for which he has received only verbal license from his imperial majesty; and, under colour of the said license, does falsely and traitorously intend to take the said voyage, and thereby to aid, comfort, and abet the emperor of Blefuscu, so lately an enemy, and in open war with his imperial majesty aforesaid.’“There are some other articles; but these are the most important, of which I have read you an abstract.“In the several debates upon this impeachment, it must be confessed that his majesty gave many marks of his great lenity; often urging the services you had done him, and endeavouring to extenuate your crimes.The treasurer and admiral insisted that you should be put to the most painful and ignominious death, by setting fire to your house at night, and the general was to attend with twenty thousand men, armed with poisoned arrows, to shoot you on the face and hands.Some of your servants were to have private orders to strew a poisonous juice on your shirts and sheets, which would soon make you tear your own flesh, and die in the utmost torture.The general came into the same opinion; so that for a long time there was a majority against you; but his majesty resolving, if possible, to spare your life, at last brought off the chamberlain.“Upon this incident, Reldresal, principal secretary for private affairs, who always approved himself your true friend, was commanded by the emperor to deliver his opinion, which he accordingly did; and therein justified the good thoughts you have of him.He allowed your crimes to be great, but that still there was room for mercy, the most commendable virtue in a prince, and for which his majesty was so justly celebrated.He said, the friendship between you and him was so well known to the world, that perhaps the most honourable board might think him partial; however, in obedience to the command he had received, he would freely offer his sentiments. That if his majesty, in consideration of your services, and pursuant to his own merciful disposition, would please to spare your life, and only give orders to put out both your eyes, he humbly conceived, that by this expedient justice might in some measure be satisfied, and all the world would applaud the lenity of the emperor, as well as the fair and generous proceedings of those who have the honour to be his counsellors. That the loss of your eyes would be no impediment to your bodily strength, by which you might still be useful to his majesty; that blindness is an addition to courage, by concealing dangers from us; that the fear you had for your eyes, was the greatest difficulty in bringing over the enemy’s fleet, and it would be sufficient for you to see by the eyes of the ministers, since the greatest princes do no more.“This proposal was received with the utmost disapprobation by the whole board.Bolgolam, the admiral, could not preserve his temper, but, rising up in fury, said, he wondered how the secretary durst presume to give his opinion for preserving the life of a traitor; that the services you had performed were, by all true reasons of state, the great aggravation of your crimes; that you, who were able to extinguish the fire by discharge of urine in her majesty’s apartment (which he mentioned with horror), might, at another time, raise an inundation by the same means, to drown the whole palace; and the same strength which enabled you to bring over the enemy’s fleet, might serve, upon the first discontent, to carry it back; that he had good reasons to think you were a Big-endian in your heart; and, as treason begins in the heart, before it appears in overt-acts, so he accused you as a traitor on that account, and therefore insisted you should be put to death.“The treasurer was of the same opinion: he showed to what straits his majesty’s revenue was reduced, by the charge of maintaining you, which would soon grow insupportable; that the secretary’s expedient of putting out your eyes, was so far from being a remedy against this evil, that it would probably increase it, as is manifest from the common practice of blinding some kind of fowls, after which they fed the faster, and grew sooner fat; that his sacred majesty and the council, who are your judges, were, in their own consciences, fully convinced of your guilt, which was a sufficient argument to condemn you to death, without the formal proofs required by the strict letter of the law.“But his imperial majesty, fully determined against capital punishment, was graciously pleased to say, that since the council thought the loss of your eyes too easy a censure, some other way may be inflicted hereafter.And your friend the secretary, humbly desiring to be heard again, in answer to what the treasurer had objected, concerning the great charge his majesty was at in maintaining you, said, that his excellency, who had the sole disposal of the emperor’s revenue, might easily provide against that evil, by gradually lessening your establishment; by which, for want of sufficient for you would grow weak and faint, and lose your appetite, and consequently, decay, and consume in a few months; neither would the stench of your carcass be then so dangerous, when it should become more than half diminished; and immediately upon your death five or six thousand of his majesty’s subjects might, in two or three days, cut your flesh from your bones, take it away by cart-loads, and bury it in distant parts, to prevent infection, leaving the skeleton as a monument of admiration to posterity.Be healthy!The next day Dauren came to the playground without his little brother.Sauran is ill, - explained the boy.Yesterday he ate too much ice-cream.He should drink hot tea raspberries, - Vitalik’s advice.And Sauran will recover fast.Raspberries in our garden haven’t ripened yet,-Dauren sighed sadly.Our raspberries are mellow already! – exclaimed Lilian.It is wonderful!Kuzya flew up to Vitalik’s shoulder.Let’s pick some mellow raspberries in Lilian and Nick’s garden and go to see Sauran.Hello and good-bye!Dauren asked the children: What do you need to do to make friends with a stranger bird?Catch it!-said Sauran.Feed it!-advised VitalikNo, it is wrong! – objected Dauren.First, you should say hello to the bird.Friendship starts with a greeting.When two birds meet in the sky, they wave to each other, twitter something cheerful and there will be no quarrel.When they fly apart, they always say good-bye.The same is with humans.Every people has their language, but all peoples in the world have greeting and farewell words.Greet according to your clothesWhen the children came to their next lesson, Kuzya took them to a small shop.The shop was selling dresses, sweaters, coats, hats, shoes and carnival costumes.The saleswoman allowed the kids to try on costumes of fairy tales heroes.Lilian chose a pretty hat with flowers and turned to a fairy.Dauren liked knight armors.Even Sauran didn’t recognize him.Sauran was unrecognizable too in a costume of an Anglo sax warrior.Vitalik became a pirate, Nick chose to be a prince.When the kids played enough, Kuzya said:We, birds, do not need clothing.But for people clothes play an important role.It is about clothing that we will talk about.Red, orange and blue…, Let’s play the rainbow with youOn the eve of their next lesson Kuzya asked Vitalik to buy a box of watercolours.Why do you need colours?- Vitalik wondered.You decided to become a painter?Why not?!-answered the parrot.Even dolphins make paintings, a parrots forbidden to do the same?Vitalik didn’t want to argue and bought watercolours and painting paper.The next day Kuzya woke up at dawn and made seven painting’s while Vitalik was still asleep.When the boy saw the paintings, he was very surprised: Kuzya, why did you draw the same toy car at all the paintings but in different colours?Because today we are going to talk about seven colours of the rainbow.Then there was a bell ring.Go to welcome your friends!- the parrot hurried Vitalik up.As soon as the painting get dry I will start our lesson.I am this, you are thatLilian and Nick were late for the lesson.It was for the first time.What happened?-the kids asked LilianShe looked very angry.Nick has a terrible character,-complained Lilian.My brother found a carnival costume of a wizard in our wardrobe.He put on a wizard hat and went for a walk.Everybody is laughing at him.Nick is very stubbornThe friends looked at Nick and started laughing.The kid looked really funny.This hat becomes him very much!-said SauranWith this hat Nick and looks like a real wizard indeed, only like a very little one, -Vitalik tried to support his friend.It is you who are stubborn,-grumbled Nick from under the hat.I am not.I have a good character!I also have a good character!-got into the conversation Dauren who missed the beginning of the dispute.I am very cheerful and kind, just like me brother.This is what we are going to talk about-a person’s character,-Kuzya finally could enter his word in the kids chat, we will talk about what kind of persons we are.A friend makes a long way shorterKuzya, do you have friends?-Lilian asked the parrot.Sure, I do!-exclaimed Kuzya.I have many friends:Sparrow: Chik-chirik, pigeons Fiou and Fiyu, magpie Chichika…Do you quarrel with each other often?-specified Dauren.Yes, it happens,-confessed Kuzya. But fortunately not very often and on small matters only.My friends are the most reliable and faithful birds in the wordThey are ready to risk their lives for a friend.If it were not my friends, we would have to close our school.The birds made such a noise that the cat got scared and ran away.Chichika even tore out a flock out of its tail.I never thought that birds could be so brave!-amazed SauranAnd that birds can be such good friends!-added Vitalik.I do have wonderful friends, -Kuzya said proudly.Father, mother, brother and me- we are a happy familyKuzya suggested having their next lesson at the meadow by a large oak.The oak has roots, a trunk, branches and leaves.Tell me if there is anything in common between this tree and your family – said KuzyaThe kids started thinking.Then Lilian cried out:I know the answer!The oak reminds of our family tree.Our great-grandparents are roots.Grandparents are a trunk.Branches are our parents.Nick and I are leaves on those branches.Our great-grandmother is 95 years old.We go to see her very often.And I have never seen my great-grandfather.We only have his letters.He died at war, -complained Vitalik.People say that everybody must know his predecessors till the seventh generation!-said SauranRecently my father and I went to the aoul to see my grandpa.Grandpa had a birthday.The whole family gathered for the celebration.What is your name?The next day the children met again at the playground.Vitalik and Kuzya were the first to comeThen Lilian and Nick came.They greeted the boy and his parrot: Hello!And Vitalik answered: Zdravstvuite!Sauran and Dauren were a little late.The brothers greeted cheerfully their friends: SalemKuzya waited till everyone took a seat at the carrousel and began: The topic of our lesson is…And than a puppy jumped out of bushes.What a cute puppy!-gasped the children and crowded around the puppy.What is his name and who is his owner?-asked SauranI have never seen this puppy before, - answered Kuzya.But we will get acquainted right now.Kuzya nodded to the puppy and asked him somethingThe puppy ran away but soon came back with a girl.The girl greeted the kids.I am MilaMy puppy’s name is Sharik.He is two months old.When he grows up, he will be a big dog.Now, we got acquainted.Friends from sunny streetA boy named Sauran lives in our town.He is sex years old.He likes playing football and drawing.Sauran has a younger brother Dauren.Sauran and Dauren live in a green two-storey house in Sunny street.There is a children playground near by their house.The brothers have many friends.These are Gabit, Rita, Ospan and Lisa.The boys are also friends with Pasha and Petya.But not a long time ago Sauran and Dauren found new friends who moved in neighbor houses.A little yellow house with lilac by the window belongs to Grandma Natalia.She bakes delicious pies and makes jam.She has a grandson.His name is VitalikHe lives in MoscowHe came to spend summer at his Grandma’s place.Vitalik has a parrot Kuzya that can talk.Kuzya likes to tumble at his perch and give advice to his friend.A girl and a boy moved into the pink house with a white porch.They came from London.The girl’s name is Lilian.She can read, count and tailor dresses for her dolls.Her brother’s name is Nick.He is four years old.He is learning to pronounce the letter ROnce all the children met at the playground.They wanted to play with each other very much but they were not able to, because Sauran and Dauren spoke only Kazakh, Vitaly spoke Russian, Lilian and Nick – only EnglishAnd then parrot Kuzya decided to help the children.He spoke to them in has Parrot language that all the children in the world understand.If you want to become friends, you must understand and speak three languages: Kazakh, Russian and English.It was never fitting, brothers, for us to begin the story of Igor’s campaign, Igor Sviatoslavich, Using the ardent words of vexing tales.This song should begin in accordance with the events of our own time and not as a fantasy of Boian.For Boian was a wizard; when he wished to create a song, He would move in all directions through the tree as a squirrel– as a grey wolf along the ground, as a dusky eagle beneath the clouds.He remembered, he said, the wars of the first times. He would free ten falcons to attack a flock of swans; The first swan seized sang the first song to old Iaroslav, to brave Mstislav who slew Rededia as Cherkess troops looked on, to fair Roman Sviatoslavich.But Boian’s ten falcons, brothers, attacked no flock of swans. His own magic fingers struck, and strings alive pulsed glory to the princes.We shall begin then, brothers, this tale from old Vladimir down to the present Igor, Who tensed his mind with battle-strength, quickened his heartwith valor, and, swollen with the spirit of war, Led out his brave troops into the Polovtsian steppe for the land of Rus.Then Igor looked up at the bright sun and saw all his warriors darkened from it by a shadow.And Igor said to his retinue:“Brothers and companions! It is better to be slain than taken captive.Mount, brothers, your swift horses that we may glimpse the Blue Don.”In his fervor, the Prince’s foresight ebbed from him, and his zeal to taste the great Don veiled the omen from him.“I wish,” he said, “to break my lance at the end of the Polovtsian steppe with you, men of Rus; I wish to lay down my head, or drink with my helmet from the Don.”O Boian! Nightingale of a former time! If you were to chirr the glory of these campaigns, Flitting as a nightingale through the thought-tree, flying in the mind beneath clouds, Weaving glories together at both ends of this time, loping along the path of Troian through the steppes toward the mountains,You would have sung this song to Igor, the grandson of Oleg:“No storm has carried the falcons across the wide steppe. Flocks of daws race toward the great Don.”Or would you sing, wizard Boian, grandson of Veles:“Horses neigh beyond the Sula; glory rings in Kiev; Trumpets blare in Novgorod; banners stand in Putivl!” Igor awaits his beloved brother,and Fierce Bull Vsevolod speaks:“You are my one brother, Igor, my one shining light; we are both sons of Sviatoslav.Saddle, brother, your swift horses,for mine are ready, saddled ahead at Kursk.And these, my men of Kursk, are hardened fighters, swaddled to the blare of trumpets, cradled under war helmets, fed with the tip of the lance.The paths are known to them, and they know the ravines. Their bows are strung taut; their quivers are opened; their sabres are honed.They leap like gray wolves in the steppe, seeking honor for themselves and for their prince–glory!”Then Prince Igor stepped into the golden stirrup, set out through the open steppe.The sun barred his way with darkness.Night groaning at him awoke birds with the threat; the howling of beasts rose up.Div is aroused, he shrieks a command to the unknown land, to the Volga, Pomorie, Posulie, Surozh and Korsun; from the treetops he bids them take heed. “And to you too, O idol of Tmutorokan!”The Polovtsians, by uncharted routes, raced toward the great Don. Their carts screech at midnight, a sound like startled swans. Igor is leading his warriors to the Don.In the oak groves birds foretell his misfortunes, and in the ravines wolves stir up a storm; eagles call beasts to the bones; foxes bark at scarlet shields.O land of Rus! You are already behind the hill!The night darkens long and is suddenly black;the morning star has shed its light; mist has covered the steppe;the nightingale’s trill is stilled; the chatter of daws begins.The Men of Rus with scarlet shields, have barred the great steppe, seeking honor for themselves and for their prince–glory.Past dawn on that day they trampled pagan Polovtsian troops. Scattering like arrows over the land, they seized beautiful Polovtsian maidens, And with them gold, brocades, and patterned velvets.Across the swamps and marshes they began to lay bridges with cloaks, mantles, furs, and all kinds of fine Polovtsian raiments.The scarlet banner, the white pennon, the scarlet fringe, the silver lance, All to the brave son of Sviatoslav!Oleg’s bold brood slumbers in the steppe. Far has it flown!It was not born for the affront of falcon or gerfalcon, or you, black raven, pagan Polovtsian!Gzak runs as a gray wolf; Konchak shows him the way to the great Don.Early the second day blood in the sky heralds the light;black clouds come from the sea with blue lightning flashing within; They will cover the four suns;there shall be great thunder; there shall he rain with arrows from the great Don;Here shall the lances be broken; here shall the sabre be dulled on Polovtsian helmets; on the River Kaiala, near the Great Don.O land of Rus! You are already behind the hill!These winds, the grandsons of Stribog, blow as arrows, from the sea onto the brave warriors of Igor.The earth rumbles; rivers flow murkily; dust covers the steppe;banners speak! Polovtsians come from the Don, from the seaand from all sides; they have encircled the warriors of Rus.The devil’s children have barred the steppe with shouting, but the brave Rus have barred their way with scarlet shields.Fierce Bull Vsevolod! You stand at bay! You dart at the enemy like arrows! You smash helmets with your Frankish sword!Wherever the Bull leaps, his golden helmet flashing, there lie pagan Polovtsian heads,their Avar helmets split by tempered sabres, by you, Fierce Bull Vsevolod!He cursed his wounds, dear brothers, having forgotten honor and life, the city of Chernigov, his father’s golden throne, And the beautiful daughter of Gleb, his beloved’s love and affection.The times of Troian have passed; the years of Iaroslav are gone; and the campaigns of Oleg, Oleg Sviatoslavich.With his sword that prince forged discord throughout the land and sowed the earth with arrows.He steps into the golden stirrup in the city of Tmutorokan!Distant great Iaroslav had heard that same discord,but Vsevolod’s son, Vladimir, in Chernigov stopped his ears each morning.Pride brought Boris Viacheslavich to judgment on the River Kanina. Pride spread a green shroud for the brave and young prince, to the disgrace of Oleg.From that same Kanina, Sviatopolk cradled his father between Hungarian amblers to Saint Sophia, to Kiev.Then in the time of Oleg, Son of Woe, the land was sown and it sprouted with discord. The living of Dazhbog’s grandson was ruined; the ages of mankind were cut short by the feuds of the princes;Throughout the land of Rus the plowman seldom called out, but the ravens often cawed, portioning the corpses among themselves, and grackles called in their tongue, waiting to fly to the feast.So it was with those wars and those campaigns of the past, but no one has heard such a battle as this. From early morning until evening, from evening until daybreak, tempered arrows fly, sabres crash on helmets, Frankish lances crack like thunderin the unknown steppe on the Polovtsian land. Bones were sown and watered with blood in the black earth beneath the hooves; they sprouted up with grief throughout the land of Rus.What sounds do I hear? What rings to mejust before daybreak? Because he pities his dear brother, Vsevolod, Igor turns back his warriors.They battled through the day; they fought for another; on the third day at noon, Igor’s banners fell.There the brothers were parted on the banks of the swift Kaiala.There the blood-wine ran out;there the brave sons of Rus completed the feast, gave drink to the matchmakers, they themselves lay down for the land of Rus.The grass droops with anguish, and the tree with sorrow is bent toward the earth.For already, brothers, a sorrowful time has begun; emptiness has covered the warriors.Bitter insult has come among the forces of Dazhbog’s grandson; she has stepped like a maiden onto the land of Trojan; she has splashed her swan’s wings upon the blue sea; ruffling near the Don, she has awakened baneful times.Warfare of the princes against the pagans has ceased, for now brother says to brother: “This is mine, and that too!” Princes have begun to say of trifles, “This is a great thing.” One against the other they have begun to forge discordbut the pagans from every land have come for victories.Too far has the falcon flown, striking birds toward the sea,and Igor’s brave warriors are not to be resurrected.Following them, Karna shrieked and Zhelia leapt over the land of Rus,scattering embers in a flaming horn. The women of Rus lament:“No longer shall we hold in mind our dear loved ones, or counsel them with our counsel, or see them with our eyes, or touch gold or silver.”Kiev, brothers, groaned with sorrow, and Chernigov, with constant attacks.Anguish poured over the land of Rus; thick sadness flowed throughout the Rus land,but the princes themselves forged discord each against the other.And the pagans riding victoriously throughout the land of Rus seized from every household a tribute of one squirrel skin.These two brave sons of Sviatoslav, Igor and Vsevolod, awakened treachery with their strife, Treachery which their father, Sviatoslav, dread great prince of Kiev, had all but stilled–He who once ruled by threat alone. For he had struck with strong troops and Frankish swords, attacked the Polovtsian land, trampled down the hills and ravines, muddied rivers and lakes, dried up streams and swamps, and like a whirlwind, he snatched up the pagan Kobiak from the curved edge of the sea, from the ironclad Polovtsian troops. And Kobiak came tumbling down in the city of Kiev in the stronghold of Sviatoslav.Now Germans and Venetians, Greeks and Morava sing glory to Sviatoslav. They reproach Prince Igor who sank his wealth to the bottom of the Kaiala, the Polovtsian river. He filled it with the gold of Rus.Now Prince Igor dismounted from his saddle of gold into a slave’s saddle.The ramparts of the cities drooped and joy has ebbed.On the hills in Kiev, Sviatoslav has seen a murky dream:“Last night after eventide,” he said, “they were clothing me in a black shroud on a bed of yew.They laded me blue wine mingled with sorrow,piled over me empty quivers of the pagan invaders and a great pearl onto my chest;they comfort me. The beams of my gold-domed palace lack the cross-brace,and all night from eventide blue ravens caw.In the thickets at Plesensk there were four brother princes, and they were carrying me toward the dark blue sea.”The Boyars counseled Sviatoslav:“O Prince, anguish has seized your mind.Here are two falcons flown from their father’s golden throne, to seek the city of Tmutorokan, or else to drink with their helmets from the Don. Now the falcons’ wings are clipped by the sabres of the pagans; they are both fettered in iron bands.”For it was dark on the third day; two suns had darkened; both purple pillars burned out and with them the young moons, Oleg and Sviatoslav. They were veiled in darkness and sank into the sea.On the River Kaiala they had shown great boldness to the Khin. Darkness has covered the light.The Polovtsians pour out across the land of Rus like a pride of cheetahs.Now shame has smothered glory;force has struck against freedom;Div has thrown himself to the earth.Fair Gothic maidens have sung out on the bank of the deep blue sea. Jangling the gold of Rus they sing the time of Booz; they sway with Sharokhan’s vengeance!And we, O retinue, are thirsty for joy!Then great Sviatoslav let drop this golden word mingled with tears:“O, my cousins, Igor and Vsevolod! Too soon you began to harry the Polovtsian land with your swords, Seeking glory for yourselves. Dishonorably you have been vanquished, for you spilt pagan blood dishonorably.Your brave hearts were forged in hard steel and tempered in boldness.But why did you do this to my silvery gray head?I no longer see the power of my strong and wealthy brother, Iaroslav, so mighty in warriors, with his Chernigov nobles, with his knights, his Tatrans, his Shelbirs, his Topchaks, Revugs, and Olbers. For these, without their shields, with only their daggers, routed their foes with a cry, ringing glory to their forefathers.But you said, “Let us ourselves be valorous. We shall steal the coining glory for ourselves, and for ourselves divide the glory of the past.”Is it such a wonder, brothers, that an old man springs to life?If the falcon is fully mature it strikes birds in flight, allows no harm to its nest.But here is a prince’s woe: I have no aid;the times have been turned about.Now in Rimov they call out beneath Polovtsian sabres, and Vladimir cries out beneath his wounds.Anguish and sorrow to the son of Gleb!Great Prince Vsevolod! Will you not fly in thought from afar to watch your father’s golden throne?For you can empty the Volga with oars; You pour out the Don with your helmetIf only you were here, a slave girl would sell for a pittance and a captive for less,For you can shoot across dry land with your living fire, your brave sons of Gleb.And you, Wild Riurik, and David! Were you not the ones who swam with golden helmets in blood?Is it not your brave retinue that roars like wild bulls Wounded by tempered sabres on the unknown steppe?My lords, step into golden stirrups for the offense of this time, for the land of Rus, for the wounds of Igor, fierce son of Sviatoslav!O Osmomysl, Iaroslav of Galich! High do you sit on your gold-wrought throne! You have braced the Hunnish mountains with your iron troops. Having barred the king’s path, you have locked the gates of the Danube. Flinging missiles through the clouds, you rule to the Danube;your threats stream throughout these lands. You open the gates to Kiev, and from your father’s golden throne, you shoot at the Sultan beyond.My lord, shoot Konchak, the pagan slave, for the land of Rus, for Igor’s wounds, fierce son of Sviatoslav.And you fierce Roman, and Mstislav! A brave thought carries your mind to the deed.You glide high in your ferocity, like a falcon soaring on the winds, fiercely seeking to overcome a bird.For you have iron lads beneath Latin helmets. Because of them the earth trembles and many countries have trembled: Khinova, Lithuania, the Iatviagy, and the Deremela; The Polovtsians as well have thrown down their lances and bowed their heads beneath these Frankish swords.But already, Prince, the sun’s light has dimmed for Igor, and the tree has shed its leaves in an ill wind.Along the Ros and the Sula pagans are portioning the cities and Igor’s brave warriors will not be resurrected!The Don, O Prince, summons you, and calls the princes to victory.And all the brave sons of Oleg prepare to join the fray.Ingvar and Vsevolod! And all three sons of Mstislav, six-winged falcons of no mean nest! You have not earned power for yourselves by the right of victories.Where then are your golden helmets, your Polish lances and shields?Close the gates to the steppe with your sharp arrows for the land of Rus, for Igor’s wounds, fierce son of Sviatoslav!Now the silvery current of the Sula no longer flows to the city of Pereiaslavl; The Dvina flows like a swamp for those awesome men of Polotsk.To the shouts of pagans Iziaslav, Vasilko’s son, Rang out alone with his sharp swords against Lithuanian helmets. He brought down the glory of his grandfather, Vseslav: Iziaslav himself was struck down beneath crimson shields by Lithuanian swords on the bloody turf. And his beloved at the bedsaid,“The wings of birds, O Prince, cast shadows upon your retinue and beasts have been licking their blood.”His brothers, Briacheslav and Vsevolod, were not there. Alone he dripped out his pearly soul from his brave body through a golden necklace.Voices have ceased; joy has waned. The trumpets of Gorodets blare,fiercely praising all the grandsons of Vseslav! Lower your banners; sheathe your dull, damaged swords;already you have leapt away from your grandfather’s glory!For with your discords you have begun to welcome the pagans into the land of Rus. What violence from the Polovtsians ever threatened the living of Vseslav?In the seventh age of Troian,Vseslav cast lots for a girl, a maiden he desired for himself.Sustained by cunning, he mounted a horse and galloped to Kiev, touched the shaft of his spear on the gold Kievan throne.He leapt away from them at Belgorod like a wild beast at midnight wrapped in a blue mist.Three times he grasped good fortune, opened the gates of Novgorod, smashed the glory of Iaroslav,and as a wolf leapt to the Nemiga. He blew clean the threshing floor. On the Nemiga sheaves are spread like heads; they thresh them with damask flails. On the threshing floor they lay down life and winnow souls from bodies.The Nemiga’s bloody banks were sown with evil, sown with the bones of the sons of Rus.Prince Vseslav judged the people; he ruled the cities for the princes, but at night he roamed as a wolf. From Kiev, before the co*ck’s crow, he could lope to Tmutorokan; as a wolf he crossed the path of great Horus.They rang the bells for him at matins, early at St. Sophia, in Polotsk; he heard the sound in Kiev.And though his wizard’s soul journeyed in another body, still he often suffered misfortune.Of him the wizard Boian first spoke well-devised words:“Neither the skillful one nor the craftiest creature, not even the cleverest bird, will escape the Judgment of God.”O groan, Russian land, recalling the first time and the first princes.It was not possible to nail that old Vladimir to the hills of Kiev.Now some of his banners stand with Riurik and others are with David; the pennons wave disparately.Lances singon the Danube! laroslavna’s voice is heard. As a gull the unrecognized one calls out early:“I shall fly,” she said, “as a gull along the Danube.I shall rinse my beaver sleeve in the River Kaialaand wipe away bloody wounds from my Prince’s sturdy body.”On the ramparts of the city of Putivl, Iaroslavna calls at dawn:“O wind, Great Wind! Why, my Lord, do you blow so strongly?Why do you carry arrows of the Khin upon your own light wings against the warriors of my beloved?Was it too little for you to blow upwards into the clouds, carrying ships on the blue sea?Why, Lord, have you scattered my joy through the feather grass?”At dawn in Putivl, Iaroslavna calls from the ramparts:“O Dniepr, Son of Fame! You have cut through rocky mountains into the Polovtsian land.You have cradled upon yourself the boats of Sviatoslav to meet with Kobiak’s host.My Lord, cradle my loved one to me so that I need not send tears so soon to him upon the sea.At dawn in Putivl, Iaroslavna calls from the ramparts:“Bright and thrice-bright Sun! You are warmth and beauty to all!Why, my Lord, have you spread your hot rays on the warriors of my beloved? There in the waterless steppe they have bent their bows with thirst and closed their quivers in sorrow.”At midnight the sea began to splash; waterspouts approach like mists. God shows Prince Igor the way from the Polovtsian land onto the land of Rus, to his father’s golden throne.The lights of evening have gone out; Igor sleeps; Igor wakes; he measures the steppe in his thought from the great Don to the little Donets.A horse at midnight! Ovlur whistles across the river; he warns the prince that he ought not remain there.Ovlur shouted; the ground rumbled; the grass rustled. The Polovtsian tents stirred,but Prince Igor had dashed like an erinine to the weeds, like a white gold-eye to the water.He leapt onto his swift horse and jumped down from him as a white-footed wolf,and he sped toward the bend of the Donets and flew as a falcon beneath the mists, slaying geese and swans for all his meals.If Igor flew as a falcon, then Ovlur sped as a wolf, shaking the cold dew from himself, for they had worn down their swift horses.The Donets spoke:“O Prince Igor! there is no little greatness for you, but for Konchak there is anger, and joy for the land of Rus. “Igor spoke:“O Donets! there is no little greatness for you, having carried a prince on your waves, spreading green grass for him on your silvery banks, clothing him in warm mists under the shadow of the green tree.You guarded him with a gold-eye on the water, gulls on your currents, and lapwings on high winds.Not such was the River Stugna, having a poor current, devouring other brooks and streams, spreading out at its mouth. At its dark banks as the Dnieper it closed over young prince Rostislav.His mother weeps for the young prince.”The flowers droop in sorrow, and the tree with sadness is bent toward the earth.Yet it was not magpies chattering: on Igor’s trail rides Gzak with Konchak.Now the ravens do not caw; the grackles are silent; no magpies chatter; they only creep through the willows.The woodpeckers with their hammering show the way to the river; nightingales with their joyful songs announce the coming daybreak.Gzak says to Konchak:“If the falcon flies to his nest, we will shoot the falconet with our golden arrows.”Konchak said to Gzak:“If the falcon flies to his nest, then we will snare the falconet with a beautiful maiden.”And Gzak to Konchak:“If we snare him with a beautiful maiden, we will lose both her and the falconet, and birds will start striking us in the Polovtsian steppe.”Boian even told campaigns against [the Greeks] from Sviatoslav’s ancient songmaker, who fiercely praised the favorite of Kagan Oleg.“Woe is the head without the shoulders, the body without a head, the land of Rus without Igor–the sun shines in the heavens, Prince Igor is in the land of Rus.Maidens sing on the Danube; their voices are heard across the sea in Kiev.”Igor rides up the Borichev slope to the Holy Mother of God Pirogoshchaia;The lands and cities rejoice.Having already sung a song to the old princes, then one should sing to the young:Glory to Igor Sviatoslavich, to his brother Vsevolod, and to Vladimir Igorevich!May the princes and retinue prosper, fighting the pagans for God!Glory to the princes, and to the retinue, Amen.The emperor of Lilliput, attended by several of the nobility, comes to see the author in his confinement.The emperor’s person and habit described.Learned men appointed to teach the author their language.He gains favour by his mild disposition.His pockets are searched, and his sword and pistols taken from him.WHEN I FOUND MYSELF on my feet, I looked about me, and must confess I never beheld a more entertaining prospect.The country around appeared like a continued garden, and the enclosed fields, which were generally forty feet square, resembled so many beds of flowers.These fields were intermingled with woods of half a stang,* and the tallest trees, as I could judge, appeared to be seven feet high.I viewed the town on my left hand, which looked like the painted scene of a city in a theatre.I had been for some hours extremely pressed by the necessities of nature; which was no wonder, it being almost two days since I had last disburdened myself.I was under great difficulties between urgency and shame.The best expedient I could think of, was to creep into my house, which I accordingly did; and shutting the gate after me, I went as far as the length of my chain would suffer, and discharged my body of that uneasy load.But this was the only time I was ever guilty of so uncleanly an action; for which I cannot but hope the candid reader will give some allowance, after he has maturely and impartially considered my case, and the distress I was in.From this time my constant practice was, as soon as I rose, to perform that business in open air, at the full extent of my chain; and due care was taken every morning before company came, that the offensive matter should be carried off in wheel-barrows, by two servants appointed for that purpose.I would not have dwelt so long upon a circ*mstance that, perhaps, at first sight, may appear not very momentous, if I had not thought it necessary to justify my character, in point of cleanliness, to the world; which, I am told, some of my maligners have been pleased, upon this and other occasions, to call in question.When this adventure was at an end, I came back out of my house, having occasion for fresh air.The emperor was already descended from the tower, and advancing on horse-back towards me, which had like to have cost him dear; for the beast, though very well trained, yet wholly unused to such a sight, which appeared as if a mountain moved before him, reared up on its hinder feet: but that prince, who is an excellent horseman, kept his seat, till his attendants ran in, and held the bridle, while his majesty had time to dismount.He ordered his cooks and butlers, who were already prepared, to give me victuals and drink, which they pushed forward in a sort of vehicles upon wheels, till I could reach them.I took these vehicles and soon emptied them all; twenty of them were filled with meat, and ten with liquor; each of the former afforded me two or three good mouthfuls; and I emptied the liquor of ten vessels, which was contained in earthen vials, into one vehicle, drinking it off at a draught; and so I did with the rest.The empress, and young princes of the blood of both sexes, attended by many ladies, sat at some distance in their chairs; but upon the accident that happened to the emperor’s horse, they alighted, and came near his person, which I am now going to describe.He is taller by almost the breadth of my nail, than any of his court; which alone is enough to strike an awe into the beholders.His features are strong and masculine, with an Austrian lip and arched nose, his complexion olive, his countenance erect, his body and limbs well proportioned, all his motions graceful, and his deportment majestic.He was then past his prime, being twenty-eight years and three quarters old, of which he had reigned about seven in great felicity, and generally victorious.For the better convenience of beholding him, I lay on my side, so that my face was parallel to his, and he stood but three yards off: however, I have had him since many times in my hand, and therefore cannot be deceived in the description.His dress was very plain and simple, and the fashion of it between the Asiatic and the European; but he had on his head a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels, and a plume on the crest.He held his sword drawn in his hand to defend himself, if I should happen to break loose; it was almost three inches long; the hilt and scabbard were gold enriched with diamonds.His voice was shrill, but very clear and articulate; and I could distinctly hear it when I stood up.The ladies and courtiers were all most magnificently clad; so that the spot they stood upon seemed to resemble a petticoat spread upon the ground, embroidered with figures of gold and silver.His imperial majesty spoke often to me, and I returned answers: but neither of us could understand a syllable.There were several of his priests and lawyers present (as I conjectured by their habits), who were commanded to address themselves to me; and I spoke to them in as many languages as I had the least smattering of, which were High and Low Dutch, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Lingua Franca, but all to no purpose.After about two hours the court retired, and I was left with a strong guard, to prevent the impertinence, and probably the malice of the rabble, who were very impatient to crowd about me as near as they durst; and some of them had the impudence to shoot their arrows at me, as I sat on the ground by the door of my house, whereof one very narrowly missed my left eye.But the colonel ordered six of the ringleaders to be seized, and thought no punishment so proper as to deliver them bound into my hands; which some of his soldiers accordingly did, pushing them forward with the butt-ends of their pikes into my reach.I took them all in my right hand, put five of them into my coat pocket; and as to the sixth, I made a countenance as if I would eat him alive.The poor man squalled terribly, and the colonel and his officers were in much pain, especially when they saw me take out my penknife: but I soon put them out of fear; for, looking mildly, and immediately cutting the strings he was bound with, I set him gently on the ground, and away he ran.I treated the rest in the same manner, taking them one by one out of my pocket; and I observed both the soldiers and people were highly delighted at this mark of my clemency, which was represented very much to my advantage at court.Towards night I got with some difficulty into my house, where I lay on the ground, and continued to do so about a fortnight; during which time, the emperor gave orders to have a bed prepared for me.Six hundred beds of the common measure were brought in carriages, and worked up in my house; a hundred and fifty of their beds, sewn together, made up the breadth and length; and these were four double: which, however, kept me but very indifferently from the hardness of the floor, that was of smooth stone.By the same computation, they provided me with sheets, blankets, and coverlets, tolerable enough for one who had been so long inured to hardships.As the news of my arrival spread through the kingdom, it brought prodigious numbers of rich, idle, and curious people to see me; so that the villages were almost emptied; and great neglect of tillage and household affairs must have ensued, if his imperial majesty had not provided, by several proclamations and orders of state, against this inconveniency.He directed that those who had already beheld me should return home, and not presume to come within fifty yards of my house, without license from the court; whereby the secretaries of state got considerable fees.In the mean time the emperor held frequent councils, to debate what course should be taken with me; and I was afterwards assured by a particular friend, a person of great quality, who was as much in the secret as any, that the court was under many difficulties concerning me.They apprehended my breaking loose; that my diet would be very expensive, and might cause a famine.Sometimes they determined to starve me; or at least to shoot me in the face and hands with poisoned arrows, which would soon despatch me; but again they considered, that the stench of so large a carcass might produce a plague in the metropolis, and probably spread through the whole kingdom.In the midst of these consultations, several officers of the army went to the door of the great council-chamber, and two of them being admitted, gave an account of my behaviour to the six criminals above-mentioned; which made so favourable an impression in the breast of his majesty and the whole board, in my behalf, that an imperial commission was issued out, obliging all the villages, nine hundred yards round the city, to deliver in every morning six beeves, forty sheep, and other victuals for my sustenance; together with a proportionable quantity of bread, and wine, and other liquors; for the due payment of which, his majesty gave assignments upon his treasury: – for this prince lives chiefly upon his own demesnes; seldom, except upon great occasions, raising any subsidies upon his subjects, who are bound to attend him in his wars at their own expense.An establishment was also made of six hundred persons to be my domestics, who had board-wages allowed for their maintenance, and tents built for them very conveniently on each side of my door.It was likewise ordered, that three hundred tailors should make me a suit of clothes, after the fashion of the country; that six of his majesty’s greatest scholars should be employed to instruct me in their language; and lastly, that the emperor’s horses, and those of the nobility and troops of guards, should be frequently exercised in my sight, to accustom themselves to me.All these orders were duly put in execution; and in about three weeks I made a great progress in learning their language; during which time the emperor frequently honoured me with his visits, and was pleased to assist my masters in teaching me.We began already to converse together in some sort; and the first words I learnt, were to express my desire “that he would please give me my liberty;” which I every day repeated on my knees.His answer, as I could comprehend it, was, “that this must be a work of time, not to be thought on without the advice of his council, and that first I must lumos kelmin pesso desmar lon emposo”; that is, swear a peace with him and his kingdom.However, that I should be used with all kindness.«He desired” I would not take it ill, if he gave orders to certain proper officers to search me; for probably I might carry about me several weapons, which must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.” I said, “His majesty should be satisfied; for I was ready to strip myself, and turn up my pockets before him.” This I delivered part in words, and part in signs.” This I delivered part in words, and part in signs.He replied, “that, by the laws of the kingdom, I must be searched by two of his officers; that he knew this could not be done without my consent and assistance; and he had so good an opinion of my generosity and justice, as to trust their persons in my hands; that whatever they took from me, should be returned when I left the country, or paid for at the rate which I would set upon them.” I took up the two officers in my hands, put them first into my coat-pockets, and then into every other pocket about me, except my two fobs, and another secret pocket, which I had no mind should be rearched, wherein I had some little necessaries that were of no consequence to any but myself. In one of my fobs there was a silver watch, and in the other a small quantity of gold in a purse.These gentlemen, having pen, ink, and paper, about them, made an exact inventory of every thing they saw; and when they had done, desired I would set them down, that they might deliver it to the emperor.This inventory I afterwards translated into English, and is, word for word, as follows:“Imprimis, In the right coat-pocket of the great man-mountain” (for so I interpret the words quinbus flestrin,) “after the strictest search, we found only one great piece of coarse-cloth, large enough to be a foot-cloth for your majesty’s chief room of state.In the left pocket we saw a huge silver chest, with a cover of the same metal, which we, the searchers, were not able to lift.We desired it should be opened, and one of us stepping into it, found himself up to the mid leg in a sort of dust, some part whereof flying up to our faces set us both a sneezing for several times together.In his right waistcoat-pocket we found a prodigious bundle of white thin substances, folded one over another, about the bigness of three men, tied with a strong cable, and marked with black figures; which we humbly conceive to be writings, every letter almost half as large as the palm of our hands.In the left there was a sort of engine, from the back of which were extended twenty long poles, resembling the pallisados before your majesty’s court: wherewith we conjecture the man-mountain combs his head; for we did not always trouble him with questions, because we found it a great difficulty to make him understand us.In the large pocket, on the right side of his middle cover” (so I translate the word ranfulo, by which they meant my breeches,) “we saw a hollow pillar of iron, about the length of a man, fastened to a strong piece of timber larger than the pillar; and upon one side of the pillar, were huge pieces of iron sticking out, cut into strange figures, which we know not what to make of.In the left pocket, another engine of the same kind.In the smaller pocket on the right side, were several round flat pieces of white and red metal, of different bulk; some of the white, which seemed to be silver, were so large and heavy, that my comrade and I could hardly lift them.In the left pocket were two black pillars irregularly shaped: we could not, without difficulty, reach the top of them, as we stood at the bottom of his pocket.One of them was covered, and seemed all of a piece: but at the upper end of the other there appeared a white round substance, about twice the bigness of our heads.Within each of these was enclosed a prodigious plate of steel; which, by our orders, we obliged him to show us, because we apprehended they might be dangerous engines.He took them out of their cases, and told us, that in his own country his practice was to shave his beard with one of these, and cut his meat with the other.There were two pockets which we could not enter: these he called his fobs; they were two large slits cut into the top of his middle cover, but squeezed close by the pressure of his belly.Out of the right fob hung a great silver chain, with a wonderful kind of engine at the bottom.We directed him to draw out whatever was at the end of that chain; which appeared to be a globe, half silver, and half of some transparent metal; for, on the transparent side, we saw certain strange figures circularly drawn, and though we could touch them, till we found our fingers stopped by the lucid substance.He put this engine into our ears, which made an incessant noise, like that of a water-mill: and we conjecture it is either some unknown animal, or the god that he worships;but we are more inclined to the latter opinion, because he assured us, (if we understood him right, for he expressed himself very imperfectly) that he seldom did any thing without consulting it.He called it his oracle, and said, it pointed out the time for every action of his life.From the left fob he took out a net almost large enough for a fisherman, but contrived to open and shut like a purse, and served him for the same use: we found therein several massy pieces of yellow metal, which, if they be real gold, must be of immense value.“Having thus, in obedience to your majesty’s commands, diligently searched all his pockets, we observed a girdle about his waist made of the hide of some prodigious animal, from which, on the left side, hung a sword of the length of five men; and on the right, a bag or pouch divided into two cells, each cell capable of holding three of your majesty’s subjects.In one of these cells were several globes, or balls, of a most ponderous metal, about the bigness of our heads, and requiring a strong hand to lift them: the other cell contained a heap of certain black grains, but of no great bulk or weight, for we could hold above fifty of them in the palms of our hands.“This is an exact inventory of what we found about the body of the man-mountain, who used us with great civility, and due respect to your majesty’s commission. Signed and sealed on the fourth day of the eightyninth moon of your majesty’s auspicious reign.Clefrin Frelock, Marsi Frelock.”When this inventory was read over to the emperor, he directed me, although in very gentle terms, to deliver up the several particulars.He first called for my scimitar, which I took out, scabbard and all.In the mean time he ordered three thousand of his choicest troops (who then attended him) to surround me at a distance, with their bows and arrows just ready to discharge; but I did not observe it, for mine eyes were wholly fixed upon his majesty.He then desired me to draw my scimitar, which, although it had got some rust by the sea water, was, in most parts, exceeding bright.I did so, and immediately all the troops gave a shout between terror and surprise; for the sun shone clear, and the reflection dazzled their eyes, as I waved the scimitar to and fro in my hand.His majesty, who is a most magnanimous prince, was less daunted than I could expect:he ordered me to return it into the scabbard, and cast it on the ground as gently as I could, about six feet from the end of my chain.The next thing he demanded was one of the hollow iron pillars; by which he meant my pocket pistols.I drew it out, and at his desire, as well as I could, expressed to him the use of it; and charging it only with powder, which, by the closeness of my pouch, happened to escape wetting in the sea (an inconvenience against which all prudent mariners take special care to provide,) I first cautioned the emperor not to be afraid, and then I let it off in the air.The astonishment here was much greater than at the sight of my scimitar.Hundreds fell down as if they had been struck dead; and even the emperor, although he stood his ground, could not recover himself for some time.I delivered up both my pistols in the same manner as I had done my scimitar, and then my pouch of powder and bullets; begging him that the former might be kept from fire, for it would kindle with the smallest spark, and blow up his imperial palace into the air.I likewise delivered up my watch, which the emperor was very curious to see, and commanded two of his tallest yeomen of the guards to bear it on a pole upon their shoulders, as draymen in England do a barrel of ale.He was amazed at the continual noise it made, and the motion of the minutehand, which he could easily discern; for their sight is much more acute than ours:he asked the opinions of his learned men about it, which were various and remote, as the reader may well imagine without my repeating; although indeed I could not very perfectly understand them.I then gave up my silver and copper money, my purse, with nine large pieces of gold, and some smaller ones; my knife and razor, my comb and silver snuff-box, my handkerchief and journal-book.My scimitar, pistols, and pouch, were conveyed in carriages to his majesty’s stores; but the rest of my goods were returned me.I had as I before observed, one private pocket, which escaped their search, wherein there was a pair of spectacles (which I sometimes use for the weakness of mine eyes,) a pocket perspective, and some other little conveniences;which, being of no consequence to the emperor, I did not think myself bound in honour to discover, and I apprehended they might be lost or spoiled if I ventured them out of my possession. The author gives some account of himself and family. His first inducements to travel. He is shipwrecked, and swims for his life. Gets safe on shore in the country of Lilliput; is made a prisoner, and carried up the country. MY FATHER HAD a small estate in Nottinghamshire: I was the third of five sons. He sent me to Emanuel College in Cambridge at fourteen years old, where I resided three years, and applied myself close to my studies; but the charge of maintaining me, although I had a very scanty allowance, being too great for a narrow fortune, I was bound apprentice to Mr. James Bates, an eminent surgeon in London, with whom I continued four years. My father now and then sending me small sums of money, I laid them out in learning navigation, and other parts of the mathematics, useful to those who intend to travel, as I always believed it would be, some time or other, my fortune to do. When I left Mr. Bates, I went down to my father: where, by the assistance of him and my uncle John, and some other relations, I got forty pounds, and a promise of thirty pounds a year to maintain me at Leyden: there I studied physic two years and seven months, knowing it would be useful in long voyages. Soon after my return from Leyden, I was recommended by my good master, Mr. Bates, to be surgeon to the Swallow, Captain Abraham Pannel, commander; with whom I continued three years and a half, making a voyage or two into the Levant, and some other parts. When I came back I resolved to settle in London; to which Mr. Bates, my master, encouraged me, and by him I was recommended to several patients. I took part of a small house in the Old Jewry; and being advised to alter my condition, I married Mrs. Mary Burton, second daughter to Mr. Edmund Burton, hosier, in Newgate-street, with whom I received four hundred pounds for a portion. But my good master Bates dying in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began to fail; for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many among my brethren. Having therefore consulted with my wife, and some of my acquaintance, I determined to go again to sea. I was surgeon successively in two ships, and made several voyages, for six years, to the East and West Indies, by which I got some addition to my fortune. My hours of leisure I spent in reading the best authors, ancient and modern, being always provided with a good number of books; and when I was ashore, in observing the manners and dispositions of the people, as well as learning their language; wherein I had a great facility, by the strength of my memory. The last of these voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the sea, and intended to stay at home with my wife and family. I removed from the Old Jewry to Fetter Lane, and from thence to Wapping, hoping to get business among the sailors; but it would not turn to account. After three years expectation that things would mend, I accepted an advantageous offer from Captain William Prichard, master of the Antelope, who was making a voyage to the South Sea. We set sail from Bristol, May 4, 1699, and our voyage was at first very prosperous. It would not be proper, for some reasons, to trouble the reader with the particulars of our adventures in those seas; let it suffice to inform him, that in our passage from thence to the East Indies, we were driven by a violent storm to the north-west of Van Diemen’s Land. By an observation, we found ourselves in the latitude of 30 degrees 2 minutes south. Twelve of our crew were dead by immoderate labour and ill food; the rest were in a very weak condition. On the 5th of November, which was the beginning of summer in those parts, the weather being very hazy, the seamen spied a rock within half a cable’s length of the ship; but the wind was so strong, that we were driven directly upon it, and immediately split. Six of the crew, of whom I was one, having let down the boat into the sea, made a shift to get clear of the ship and the rock. We rowed, by my computation, about three leagues, till we were able to work no longer, being already spent with labour while we were in the ship. We therefore trusted ourselves to the mercy of the waves, and in about half an hour the boat was overset by a sudden flurry from the north. What became of my companions in the boat, as well as of those who escaped on the rock, or were left in the vessel, I cannot tell; but conclude they were all lost. For my own part, I swam as fortune directed me, and was pushed forward by wind and tide. I often let my legs drop, and could feel no bottom; but when I was almost gone, and able to struggle no longer, I found myself within my depth; and by this time the storm was much abated. The declivity was so small, that I walked near a mile before I got to the shore, which I conjectured was about eight o’clock in the evening. I then advanced forward near half a mile, but could not discover any sign of houses or inhabitants; at least I was in so weak a condition, that I did not observe them. I was extremely tired, and with that, and the heat of the weather, and about half a pint of brandy that I drank as I left the ship, I found myself much inclined to sleep. I lay down on the grass, which was very short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever I remembered to have done in my life, and, as I reckoned, about nine hours; for when I awaked, it was just daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir: for, as I happened to lie on my back, I found my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each side to the ground; and my hair, which was long and thick, tied down in the same manner. Peg 10 I likewise felt several slender ligatures across my body, from my arm-pits to my thighs. I could only look upwards; the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me; but in the posture I lay, could see nothing except the sky. In a little time I felt something alive moving on my left leg, which advancing gently forward over my breast, came almost up to my chin; when, bending my eyes downwards as much as I could, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and arrow in his hands, and a quiver at his back. In the mean time, I felt at least forty more of the same kind (as I conjectured) following the first. I was in the utmost astonishment, and roared so loud, that they all ran back in a fright; and some of them, as I was afterwards told, were hurt with the falls they got by leaping from my sides upon the ground. However, they soon returned, and one of them, who ventured so far as to get a full sight of my face, lifting up his hands and eyes by way of admiration, cried out in a shrill but distinct voice, hekinah degul: the others repeated the same words several times, but then I knew not what they meant. I lay all this while, as the reader may believe, in great uneasiness. At length, struggling to get loose, I had the fortune to break the strings, and wrench out the pegs that fastened my left arm to the ground; for, by lifting it up to my face, I discovered the methods they had taken to bind me, and at the same time with a violent pull, which gave me excessive pain, I a little loosened the strings that tied down my hair on the left side, so that I was just able to turn my head about two inches. When this shower of arrows was over, I fell a groaning with grief and pain; and then striving again to get loose, they discharged another volley larger than the first, and some of them attempted with spears to stick me in the sides; but by good luck I had on a buff jerkin, which they could not pierce. I thought it the most prudent method to lie still, and my design was to continue so till night, when, my left hand being already loose, I could easily free myself: and as for the inhabitants, I had reason to believe I might be a match for the greatest army they could bring against me, if they were all of the same size with him that I saw. But fortune disposed otherwise of me. When the people observed I was quiet, they discharged no more arrows; but, by the noise I heard, I knew their numbers increased; and about four yards from me, over against my right ear, I heard a knocking for above an hour, like that of people at work; when turning my head that way, as well as the pegs and strings would permit me, I saw a stage erected about a foot and a half from the ground, capable of holding four of the inhabitants, with two or three ladders to mount it: from whence one of them, who seemed to be a person of quality, made me a long speech, whereof I understood not one syllable. But I should have mentioned, that before the principal person began his oration, he cried out three times, Langro dehul san (these words and the former were afterwards repeated and explained to me); whereupon, immediately, about fifty of the inhabitants came and cut the strings that fastened the left side of my head, which gave me the liberty of turning it to the right, and of observing the person and gesture of him that was to speak. He appeared to be of a middle age, and taller than any of the other three who attended him, whereof one was a page that held up his train, and seemed to be somewhat longer than my middle finger; the other two stood one on each side to support him. He acted every part of an orator, and I could observe many periods of threatenings, and others of promises, pity, and kindness. I answered in a few words, but in the most submissive manner, lifting up my left hand, and both my eyes to the sun, as calling him for a witness; and being almost famished with hunger, having not eaten a morsel for some hours before I left the ship, I found the demands of nature so strong upon me, that I could not forbear showing my impatience (perhaps against the strict rules of decency) by putting my finger frequently to my mouth, to signify that I wanted food. The HURGO (for so they call a great lord, as I afterwards learnt) understood me very well. He descended from the stage, and commanded that several ladders should be applied to my sides, on which above a hundred of the inhabitants mounted and walked towards my mouth, laden with baskets full of meat, which had been provided and sent thither by the king’s orders, upon the first intelligence he received of me. I observed there was the flesh of several animals, but could not distinguish them by the taste. There were shoulders, legs, and loins, shaped like those of mutton, and very well dressed, but smaller than the wings of a lark. I ate them by two or three at a mouthful, and took three loaves at a time, about the bigness of musket bullets. They supplied me as fast as they could, showing a thousand marks of wonder and astonishment at my bulk and appetite. I then made another sign, that I wanted drink. They found by my eating that a small quantity would not suffice me; and being a most ingenious people, they slung up, with great dexterity, one of their largest hogsheads, then rolled it towards my hand, and beat out the top; I drank it off at a draught, which I might well do, for it did not hold half a pint, and tasted like a small wine of Burgundy, but much more delicious. They brought me a second hogshead, which I drank in the same manner, and made signs for more; but they had none to give me. When I had performed these wonders, they shouted for joy, and danced upon my breast, repeating several times as they did at first, Hekinah degul. They made me a sign that I should throw down the two hogsheads, but first warning the people below to stand out of the way, crying aloud, Borach mevolah; and when they saw the vessels in the air, there was a universal shout of Hekinah degul. I confess I was often tempted, while they were passing backwards and forwards on my body, to seize forty or fifty of the first that came in my reach, and dash them against the ground. But the remembrance of what I had felt, which probably might not be the worst they could do, and the promise of honour I made them – for so I interpreted my submissive behaviour – soon drove out these imaginations. Besides, I now considered myself as bound by the laws of hospitality, to a people who had treated me with so much expense and magnificence. However, in my thoughts I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these diminutive mortals, who durst venture to mount and walk upon my body, while one of my hands was at liberty, without trembling at the very sight of so prodigious a creature as I must appear to them. After some time, when they observed that I made no more demands for meat, there appeared before me a person of high rank from his imperial majesty. His excellency, having mounted on the small of my right leg, advanced forwards up to my face, with about a dozen of his retinue; and producing his credentials under the signet royal, which he applied close to my eyes, spoke about ten minutes without any signs of anger, but with a kind of determinate resolution, often pointing forwards, which, as I afterwards found, was towards the capital city, about half a mile distant; whither it was agreed by his majesty in council that I must be conveyed. I answered in few words, but to no purpose, and made a sign with my hand that was loose, putting it to the other (but over his excellency’s head for fear of hurting him or his train) and then to my own head and body, to signify that I desired my liberty. It appeared that he understood me well enough, for he shook his head by way of disapprobation, and held his hand in a posture to show that I must be carried as a prisoner. However, he made other signs to let me understand that I should have meat and drink enough, and very good treatment. Whereupon I once more thought of attempting to break my bonds; but again, when I felt the smart of their arrows upon my face and hands, which were all in blisters, and many of the darts still sticking in them, and observing likewise that the number of my enemies increased, I gave tokens to let them know that they might do with me what they pleased. Upon this, the Hurgo and his train withdrew, with much civility and cheerful countenances. Soon after I heard a general shout, with frequent repetitions of the words peplom selan; and I felt great numbers of people on my left side relaxing the cords to such a degree, that I was able to turn upon my right, and to ease myself with making water; which I very plentifully did, to the great astonishment of the people; who, conjecturing by my motion what I was going to do, immediately opened to the right and left on that side, to avoid the torrent, which fell with such noise and violence from me. But before this, they had daubed my face and both my hands with a sort of ointment, very pleasant to the smell, which, in a few minutes, removed all the smart of their arrows. These circ*mstances, added to the refreshment I had received by their victuals and drink, which were very nourishing, disposed me to sleep. I slept about eight hours, as I was afterwards assured; and it was no wonder, for the physicians, by the emperor’s order, had mingled a sleepy potion in the hogsheads of wine. It seems, that upon the first moment I was discovered sleeping on the ground, after my landing, the emperor had early notice of it by an express; and determined in council, that I should be tied in the manner I have related, (which was done in the night while I slept;) that plenty of meat and drink should be sent to me, and a machine prepared to carry me to the capital city. This resolution perhaps may appear very bold and dangerous, and I am confident would not be imitated by any prince in Europe on the like occasion. However, in my opinion, it was extremely prudent, as well as generous: for, supposing these people had endeavoured to kill me with their spears and arrows, while I was asleep, I should certainly have awaked with the first sense of smart, which might so far have roused my rage and strength, as to have enabled me to break the strings wherewith I was tied; after which, as they were not able to make resistance, so they could expect no mercy. These people are most excellent mathematicians, and arrived to a great perfection in mechanics, by the countenance and encouragement of the emperor, who is a renowned patron of learning. This prince has several machines fixed on wheels, for the carriage of trees and other great weights. He often builds his largest men of war, whereof some are nine feet long, in the woods where the timber grows, and has them carried on these engines three or four hundred yards to the sea. Five hundred carpenters and engineers were immediately set at work to prepare the greatest engine they had. It was a frame of wood raised three inches from the ground, about seven feet long, and four wide, moving upon twenty-two wheels. The shout I heard was upon the arrival of this engine, which, it seems, set out in four hours after my landing. It was brought parallel to me, as I lay. But the principal difficulty was to raise and place me in this vehicle. Eighty poles, each of one foot high, were erected for this purpose, and very strong cords, of the bigness of packthread, were fastened by hooks to many bandages, which the workmen had girt round my neck, my hands, my body, and my legs. Nine hundred of the strongest men were employed to draw up these cords, by many pulleys fastened on the poles; and thus, in less than three hours, I was raised and slung into the engine, and there tied fast. All this I was told; for, while the operation was performing, I lay in a profound sleep, by the force of that soporiferous medicine infused into my liquor. Fifteen hundred of the emperor’s largest horses, each about four inches and a half high, were employed to draw me towards the metropolis, which, as I said, was half a mile distant. About four hours after we began our journey, I awaked by a very ridiculous accident; for the carriage being stopped a while, to adjust something that was out of order, two or three of the young natives had the curiosity to see how I looked when I was asleep; they climbed up into the engine, and advancing very softly to my face, one of them, an officer in the guards, put the sharp end of his half-pike a good way up into my left nostril, which tickled my nose like a straw, and made me sneeze violently; where upon they stole off unperceived, and it was three weeks before I knew the cause of my waking so suddenly. We made a long march the remaining part of the day, and, rested at night with five hundred guards on each side of me, half with torches, and half with bows and arrows, ready to shoot me if I should offer to stir. The next morning at sunrise we continued our march, and arrived within two hundred yards of the city gates about noon. The emperor, and all his court, came out to meet us; but his great officers would by no means suffer his majesty to endanger his person by mounting on my body. At the place where the carriage stopped there stood an ancient temple, esteemed to be the largest in the whole kingdom; which, having been polluted some years before by an unnatural murder, was, according to the zeal of those people, looked upon as profane, and therefore had been applied to common use, and all the ornaments and furniture carried away. In this edifice it was determined I should lodge. The great gate fronting to the north was about four feet high, and almost two feet wide, through which I could easily creep. On each side of the gate was a small window, not above six inches from the ground: into that on the left side, the king’s smith conveyed four-score and eleven chains, like those that hang to a lady’s watch in Europe, and almost as large, which were locked to my left leg with six-and-thirty padlocks. Over against this temple, on the other side of the great highway, at twenty feet distance, there was a turret at least five feet high. Here the emperor ascended, with many principal lords of his court, to have an opportunity of viewing me, as I was told, for I could not see them. It was reckoned that above a hundred thousand inhabitants came out of the town upon the same errand; and, in spite of my guards, I believe there could not be fewer than ten thousand at several times, who mounted my body by the help of ladders. But a proclamation was soon issued, to forbid it upon pain of death. When the workmen found it was impossible for me to break loose, they cut all the strings that bound me; whereupon I rose up, with as melancholy a disposition as ever I had in my life. But the noise and astonishment of the people, at seeing me rise and walk, are not to be expressed. The chains that held my left leg were about two yards long, and gave me not only the liberty of walking backwards and forwards in a semicircle, but, being fixed within four inches of the gate, allowed me to creep in, and lie at my full length in the temple. The author diverts the emperor, and his nobility of both sexes, in a very uncommon manner. The diversions of the court of Lilliput described. The author has his liberty granted him upon certain conditions. MY GENTLENESS and good behaviour had gained so far on the emperor and his court, and in deed upon the army and people in general, that I began to conceive hopes of getting my liberty in a short time. I took all possible methods to cultivate this favourable disposition. The natives came, by degrees, to be less apprehensive of any danger from me. I would sometimes lie down, and let five or six of them dance on my hand; and at last the boys and girls would venture to come and play at hide-and-seek in my hair. I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking the language. The emperor had a mind one day to entertain me with several of the country shows, wherein they exceed all nations I have known, both for dexterity and magnificence. I was diverted with none so much as that of the rope-dancers, performed upon a slender white thread, extended about two feet, and twelve inches from the ground. Upon which I shall desire liberty, with the reader’s patience, to enlarge a little. This diversion is only practised by those persons who are candidates for great employments, and high favour at court. They are trained in this art from their youth, and are not always of noble birth, or liberal education. When a great office is vacant, either by death or disgrace (which often happens,) five or six of those candidates petition the emperor to entertain his majesty and the court with a dance on the rope; and whoever jumps the highest, without falling, succeeds in the office. Very often the chief ministers themselves are commanded to show their skill, and to convince the emperor that they have not lost their faculty. Flimnap, the treasurer, is allowed to cut a caper on the straight rope, at least an inch higher than any other lord in the whole empire. I have seen him do the summerset several times together, upon a trencher fixed on a rope which is no thicker than a common pack-thread in England. My friend Reldresal, principal secretary for private affairs, is, in my opinion, if I am not partial, the second after the treasurer; the rest of the great officers are much upon a par. These diversions are often attended with fatal accidents, whereof great numbers are on record. I myself have seen two or three candidates break a limb. But the danger is much greater, when the ministers themselves are commanded to show their dexterity; for, by contending to excel themselves and their fellows, they strain so far that there is hardly one of them who has not received a fall, and some of them two or three. I was assured that, a year or two before my arrival, Flimnap would infallibly have broke his neck, if one of the king’s cushions, that accidentally lay on the ground, had not weakened the force of his fall. There is likewise another diversion, which is only shown before the emperor and empress, and first minister, upon particular occasions. The emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long; one is blue, the other red, and the third green. These threads are proposed as prizes for those persons whom the emperor has a mind to distinguish by a peculiar mark of his favour. The ceremony is performed in his majesty’s great chamber of state, where the candidates are to undergo a trial of dexterity very different from the former, and such as I have not observed the least resemblance of in any other country of the new or old world. The emperor holds a stick in his hands, both ends parallel to the horizon, while the candidates advancing, one by one, sometimes leap over the stick, sometimes creep under it, backward and forward, several times, according as the stick is advanced or depressed. Sometimes the emperor holds one end of the stick, and his first minister the other; sometimes the minister has it entirely to himself. Whoever performs his part with most agility, and holds out the longest in leaping and creeping, is rewarded with the blue-coloured silk; the red is given to the next, and the green to the third, which they all wear girt twice round about the middle; and you see few great persons about this court who are not adorned with one of these girdles. The horses of the army, and those of the royal stables, having been daily led before me, were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting. The riders would leap them over my hand, as I held it on the ground; and one of the emperor’s huntsmen, upon a large courser, took my foot, shoe and all; which was indeed a prodigious leap. I had the good fortune to divert the emperor one day after a very extraordinary manner. I desired he would order several sticks of two feet high, and the thickness of an ordinary cane, to be brought me; whereupon his majesty commanded the master of his woods to give directions accordingly; and the next morning six woodmen arrived with as many carriages, drawn by eight horses to each. took nine of these sticks, and fixing them firmly in the ground in a quadrangular figure, two feet and a half square, I took four other sticks, and tied them parallel at each corner, about two feet from the ground; then I fastened my handkerchief to the nine sticks that stood erect; and extended it on all sides, till it was tight as the top of a drum; and the four parallel sticks, rising about five inches higher than the handkerchief, served as ledges on each side. When I had finished my work, I desired the emperor to let a troop of his best horses twenty-four in number, come and exercise upon this plain. His majesty approved of the proposal, and I took them up, one by one, in my hands, ready mounted and armed, with the proper officers to exercise them. As soon as they got into order they divided into two parties, performed mock skirmishes, discharged blunt arrows, drew their swords, fled and pursued, attacked and retired, and in short discovered the best military discipline I ever beheld. The parallel sticks secured them and their horses from falling over the stage; and the emperor was so much delighted, that he ordered this entertainment to be repeated several days, and once was pleased to be lifted up and give the word of command; and with great difficulty persuaded even the empress herself to let me hold her in her close chair within two yards of the stage, when she was able to take a full view of the whole performance. It was my good fortune, that no ill accident happened in these entertainments; only once a fiery horse, that belonged to one of the captains, pawing with his hoof, struck a hole in my handkerchief, and his foot slipping, he overthrew his rider and himself; but I immediately relieved them both, and covering the hole with one hand, I set down the troop with the other, in the same manner as I took them up. The horse that fell was strained in the left shoulder, but the rider got no hurt; and I repaired my handkerchief as well as I could: however, I would not trust to the strength of it any more, in such dangerous enterprises. About two or three days before I was set at liberty, as I was entertaining the court with this kind of feat, there arrived an express to inform his majesty, that some of his subjects, riding near the place where I was first taken up, had seen a great black substance lying on the around, very oddly shaped, extending its edges round, as wide as his majesty’s bedchamber, and rising up in the middle as high as a man; that it was no living creature, as they at first apprehended, for it lay on the grass without motion; and some of them had walked round it several times; that, by mounting upon each other’s shoulders, they had got to the top, which was flat and even, and, stamping upon it, they found that it was hollow within; that they humbly conceived it might be something belonging to the man-mountain; and if his majesty pleased, they would undertake to bring it with only five horses. I presently knew what they meant, and was glad at heart to receive this intelligence. It seems, upon my first reaching the shore after our shipwreck, I was in such confusion, that before I came to the place where I went to sleep, my hat, which I had fastened with a string to my head while I was rowing, and had stuck on all the time I was swimming, fell off after I came to land; the string, as I conjecture, breaking by some accident, which I never observed, but thought my hat had been lost at sea. I entreated his imperial majesty to give orders it might be brought to me as soon as possible, describing to him the use and the nature of it: and the next day the waggoners arrived with it, but not in a very good condition; they had bored two holes in the brim, within an inch and half of the edge, and fastened two hooks in the holes; these hooks were tied by a long cord to the harness, and thus my hat was dragged along for above half an English mile; but, the ground in that country being extremely smooth and level, it received less damage than I expected. Two days after this adventure, the emperor, having ordered that part of his army which quarters in and about his metropolis, to be in readiness, took a fancy of diverting himself in a very singular manner. He desired I would stand like a Colossus, with my legs as far asunder as I conveniently could. He then commanded his general (who was an old experienced leader, and a great patron of mine) to draw up the troops in close order, and march them under me; the foot by twenty-four abreast, and the horse by sixteen, with drums beating, colours flying, and pikes advanced. This body consisted of three thousand foot, and a thousand horse. His majesty gave orders, upon pain of death, that every soldier in his march should observe the strictest decency with regard to my person; which however could not prevent some of the younger officers from turning up their eyes as they passed under me: and, to confess the truth, my breeches were at that time in so ill a condition, that they afforded some opportunities for laughter and admiration. I had sent so many memorials and petitions for my liberty, that his majesty at length mentioned the matter, first in the cabinet, and then in a full council; where it was opposed by none, except Skyresh Bolgolam, who was pleased, without any provocation, to be my mortal enemy. But it was carried against him by the whole board, and confirmed by the emperor. That minister was Galbet, or admiral of the realm, very much in his master’s confidence, and a person well versed in affairs, but of a morose and sour complexion. However, he was at length persuaded to comply; but prevailed that the articles and conditions upon which I should be set free, and to which I must swear, should be drawn up by himself. These articles were brought to me by Skyresh Bolgolam in person attended by two under-secretaries, and several persons of distinction. After they were read, I was demanded to swear to the performance of them; first in the manner of my own country, and afterwards in the method prescribed by their laws; which was, to hold my right foot in my left hand, and to place the middle finger of my right hand on the crown of my head, and my thumb on the tip of my right ear. But because the reader may be curious to have some idea of the style and manner of expression peculiar to that people, as well as to know the article upon which I recovered my liberty, I have made a translation of the whole instrument, word for word, as near as I was able, which I here offer to the public. “Golbasto Momarem Evlame Gurdilo Shefin Mully Ully Gue, most mighty Emperor of Lilliput, delight and terror of the universe, whose dominions extend five thousand blustrugs (about twelve miles in circumference) to the extremities of the globe; monarch of all monarchs, taller than the sons of men; whose feet press down to the centre, and whose head strikes against the sun; at whose nod the princes of the earth shake their knees; pleasant as the spring, comfortable as the summer, fruitful as autumn, dreadful as winter: his most sublime majesty proposes to the man-mountain, lately arrived at our celestial dominions, the following articles, which, by a solemn oath, he shall be obliged to perform: – “1st, The man-mountain shall not depart from our dominions, without our license under our great seal. “2d, He shall not presume to come into our metropolis, without our express order; at which time, the inhabitants shall have two hours warning to keep within doors. “3d, The said man-mountain shall confine his walks to our principal high roads, and not offer to walk, or lie down, in a meadow or field of corn. “4th, As he walks the said roads, he shall take the utmost care not to trample upon the bodies of any of our loving subjects, their horses, or carriages, nor take any of our subjects into his hands without their own consent. “5th, If an express requires extraordinary despatch, the man-mountain shall be obliged to carry, in his pocket, the messenger and horse a six days journey, once in every moon, and return the said messenger back (if so required) safe to our imperial presence. “6th, He shall be our ally against our enemies in the island of Blefuscu, and do his utmost to destroy their fleet, which is now preparing to invade us. “7th, That the said man-mountain shall, at his times of leisure, be aiding and assisting to our workmen, in helping to raise certain great stones, towards covering the wall of the principal park, and other our royal buildings. “8th, That the said man-mountain shall, in two moons’ time, deliver in an exact survey of the circumference of our dominions, by a computation of his own paces round the coast. “Lastly, That, upon his solemn oath to observe all the above articles, the said man-mountain shall have a daily allowance of meat and drink sufficient for the support of 1724 of our subjects, with free access to our royal person, and other marks of our favour. Given at our palace at Belfaborac, the twelfth day of the ninety-first moon of our reign.” I swore and subscribed to these articles with great cheerfulness and content, although some of them were not so honourable as I could have wished; which proceeded wholly from the malice of Skyresh Bolgolam, the high admiral: whereupon my chains were immediately unlocked, and I was at full liberty. The emperor himself, in person, did me the honour to be by at the whole ceremony. I made my acknowledgements by prostrating myself at his majesty’s feet: but he commanded me to rise; and after many gracious expressions, which, to avoid the censure of vanity, I shall not repeat, he added, “that he hoped I should prove a useful servant, and well deserve all the favours he had already conferred upon me, or might do for the future.” The reader may please to observe, that, in the last article of the recovery of my liberty, the emperor stipulates to allow me a quantity of meat and drink sufficient for the support of 1724 Lilliputians. Some time after, asking a friend at court how they came to fix on that determinate number, he told me that his majesty’s mathematicians, having taken the height of my body by the help of a quadrant, and finding it to exceed theirs in the proportion of twelve to one, they concluded from the similarity of their bodies, that mine must contain at least 1724 of theirs, and consequently would require as much food as was necessary to support that number of Lilliputians. By which the reader may conceive an idea of the ingenuity of that people, as well as the prudent and exact economy of so great a prince. Mildendo, the metropolis of Lilliput, described, together with the emperor’s palace. A conversation between the author and a principal secretary, concerning the affairs of that empire. The author’s offers to serve the emperor in his wars. THE FIRST REQUEST I made, after I had obtained my liberty, was, that I might have license to see Mildendo, the metropolis; which the emperor easily granted me, but with a special charge to do no hurt either to the inhabitants or their houses. The people had notice, by proclamation, of my design to visit the town. The wall which encompassed it is two feet and a half high, and at least eleven inches broad, so that a coach and horses may be driven very safely round it; and it is flanked with strong towers at ten feet distance. I stepped over the great western gate, and passed very gently, and sidling, through the two principal streets, only in my short waistcoat, for fear of damaging the roofs and eaves of the houses with the skirts of my coat. I walked with the utmost circ*mspection, to avoid treading on any stragglers who might remain in the streets, although the orders were very strict, that all people should keep in their houses, at their own peril. The garret windows and tops of houses were so crowded with spectators, that I thought in all my travels I had not seen a more populous place. The city is an exact square, each side of the wall being five hundred feet long. The two great streets, which run across and divide it into four quarters, are five feet wide. The lanes and alleys, which I could not enter, but only view them as I passed, are from twelve to eighteen inches. The town is capable of holding five hundred thousand souls: the houses are from three to five stories: the shops and markets well provided. The emperor’s palace is in the centre of the city where the two great streets meet. It is enclosed by a wall of two feet high, and twenty feet distance from the buildings. I had his majesty’s permission to step over this wall; and, the space being so wide between that and the palace, I could easily view it on every side. The outward court is a square of forty feet, and includes two other courts: in the inmost are the royal apartments, which I was very desirous to see, but found it extremely difficult; for the great gates, from one square into another, were but eighteen inches high, and seven inches wide. Now the buildings of the outer court were at least five feet high, and it was impossible for me to stride over them without infinite damage to the pile, though the walls were strongly built of hewn stone, and four inches thick. At the same time the emperor had a great desire that I should see the magnificence of his palace; but this I was not able to do till three days after, which I spent in cutting down with my knife some of the largest trees in the royal park, about a hundred yards distant from the city. Of these trees I made two stools, each about three feet high, and strong enough to bear my weight. The people having received notice a second time, I went again through the city to the palace with my two stools in my hands. When I came to the side of the outer court, I stood upon one stool, and took the other in my hand; this I lifted over the roof, and gently set it down on the space between the first and second court, which was eight feet wide. I then stept over the building very conveniently from one stool to the other, and drew up the first after me with a hooked stick. By this contrivance I got into the inmost court; and, lying down upon my side, I applied my face to the windows of the middle stories, which were left open on purpose, and discovered the most splendid apartments that can be imagined. There I saw the empress and the young princes, in their several lodgings, with their chief attendants about them. Her imperial majesty was pleased to smile very graciously upon me, and gave me out of the window her hand to kiss. But I shall not anticipate the reader with further descriptions of this kind, because I reserve them for a greater work, which is now almost ready for the press; containing a general description of this empire, from its first erection, through along series of princes; with a particular account of their wars and politics, laws, learning, and religion; their plants and animals; their peculiar manners and customs, with other matters very curious and useful; my chief design at present being only to relate such events and transactions as happened to the public or to myself during a residence of about nine months in that empire. One morning, about a fortnight after I had obtained my liberty, Reldresal, principal secretary (as they style him) for private affairs, came to my house attended only by one servant. He ordered his coach to wait at a distance, and desired I would give him an hours audience; which I readily consented to, on account of his quality and personal merits, as well as of the many good offices he had done me during my solicitations at court. I offered to lie down that he might the more conveniently reach my ear, but he chose rather to let me hold him in my hand during our conversation. He began with compliments on my liberty; said “he might pretend to some merit in it;” but, however, added, “that if it had not been for the present situation of things at court, perhaps I might not have obtained it so soon. For,” said he, “as flourishing a condition as we may appear to be in to foreigners, we labour under two mighty evils: a violent faction at home, and the danger of an invasion, by a most potent enemy, from abroad. As to the first, you are to understand, that for about seventy moons past there have been two struggling parties in this empire, under the names of Tramecksan and Slamecksan, from the high and low heels of their shoes, by which they distinguish themselves. It is alleged, indeed, that the high heels are most agreeable to our ancient constitution; but, however this be, his majesty has determined to make use only of low heels in the administration of the government, and all offices in the gift of the crown, as you cannot but observe; and particularly that his majesty’s imperial heels are lower at least by a drurr than any of his court. (Drurr is a measure about the fourteenth part of an inch.) The animosities between these two parties run so high, that they will neither eat, nor drink, nor talk with each other. We compute the Tramecksan , or high heels, to exceed us in number; but the power is wholly on our side. We apprehend his imperial highness, the heir to the crown, to have some tendency towards the high heels; at least we can plainly discover that one of his heels is higher than the other, which gives him a hobble in his gait. Now, in the midst of these intestine disquiets, we are threatened with an invasion from the island of Blefuscu, which is the other great empire of the universe, almost as large and powerful as this of his majesty. For as to what we have heard you affirm, that there are other kingdoms and states in the world inhabited by human creatures as large as yourself, our philosophers are in much doubt, and would rather conjecture that you dropped from the moon, or one of the stars; because it is certain, that a hundred mortals of your bulk would in a short time destroy all the fruits and cattle of his majesty’s dominions: besides, our histories of six thousand moons make no mention of any other regions than the two great empires of Lilliput and Blefuscu. Which two mighty powers have, as I was going to tell you, been engaged in a most obstinate war for six-and-thirty moons past. It began upon the following occasion. It is allowed on all hands, that the primitive way of breaking eggs, before we eat them, was upon the larger end; but his present majesty’s grandfather, while he was a boy, going to eat an egg, and breaking it according to the ancient practice, happened to cut one of his fingers. Whereupon the emperor his father published an edict, commanding all his subjects, upon great penalties, to break the smaller end of their eggs. The people so highly resented this law, that our histories tell us, there have been six rebellions raised on that account; wherein one emperor lost his life, and another his crown. It is computed that eleven thousand persons have at several times suffered death, rather than submit to break their eggs at the smaller end. Many hundred large volumes have been published upon this controversy: but the books of the Big-endians have been long forbidden, and the whole party rendered incapable by law of holding employments. During the course of these troubles, the emperors of Blefusca did frequently expostulate by their ambassadors, accusing us of making a schism in religion, by offending against a fundamental doctrine of our great prophet Lustrog, in the fifty-fourth chapter of the Blundecral (which is their Alcoran). This, however, is thought to be a mere strain upon the text; for the words are these: ‘that all true believers break their eggs at the convenient end.’ And which is the convenient end, seems, in my humble opinion to be left to every man’s conscience, or at least in the power of the chief magistrate to determine. Now, the Big-endian exiles have found so much credit in the emperor of Blefuscu’s court, and so much private assistance and encouragement from their party here at home, that a bloody war has been carried on between the two empires for six-and-thirty moons, with various success; during which time we have lost forty capital ships, and a much a greater number of smaller vessels, together with thirty thousand of our best seamen and soldiers; and the damage received by the enemy is reckoned to be somewhat greater than ours. However, they have now equipped a numerous fleet, and are just preparing to make a descent upon us; and his imperial majesty, placing great confidence in your valour and strength, has commanded me to lay this account of his affairs before you.” I desired the secretary to present my humble duty to the emperor; and to let him know, “that I thought it would not become me, who was a foreigner, to interfere with parties; but I was ready, with the hazard of my life, to defend his person and state against all invaders.” CHAPTER V The author, by an extraordinary stratagem, prevents an invasion. Ambassadors arrive from the emperor of Blefuscu, and sue for peace. The empress’s apartment on fire by an accident; the author instrumental in saving the rest of the palace. THE EMPIRE OF BLEFUSCU is an island situated to the north-east of Lilliput, from which it is parted only by a channel of eight hundred yards wide. I had not yet seen it, and upon this notice of an intended invasion, I avoided appearing on that side of the coast, for fear of being discovered, by some of the enemy’s ships, who had received no intelligence of me; all intercourse between the two empires having been strictly forbidden during the war, upon pain of death, and an embargo laid by our emperor upon all vessels whatsoever. I communicated to his majesty a project I had formed of seizing the enemy’s whole fleet; which, as our scouts assured us, lay at anchor in the harbour, ready to sail with the first fair wind. I consulted the most experienced seamen upon the depth of the channel, which they had often plumbed; who told me, that in the middle, at high-water, it was seventy glumgluffs deep, which is about six feet of European measure; and the rest of it fifty glumgluffs at most. I walked towards the north-east coast, over against Blefuscu, where, lying down behind a hillock, I took out my small perspective glass, and viewed the enemy’s fleet at anchor, consisting of about fifty men of war, and a great number of transports: I then came back to my house, and gave orders (for which I had a warrant) for a great quantity of the strongest cable and bars of iron. The cable was about as thick as packthread and the bars of the length and size of a knitting-needle. I trebled the cable to make it stronger, and for the same reason I twisted three of the iron bars together, bending the extremities into a hook. Having thus fixed fifty hooks to as many cables, I went back to the north-east coast, and putting off my coat, shoes, and stockings, walked into the sea, in my leathern jerkin, about half an hour before high water. I waded with what haste I could, and swam in the middle about thirty yards, till I felt ground. I arrived at the fleet in less than half an hour. The enemy was so frightened when they saw me, that they leaped out of their ships, and swam to shore, where there could not be fewer than thirty thousand souls. I then took my tackling, and, fastening a hook to the hole at the prow of each, I tied all the cords together at the end. While I was thus employed, the enemy discharged several thousand arrows, many of which stuck in my hands and face, and, beside the excessive smart, gave me much disturbance in my work. My greatest apprehension was for mine eyes, which I should have infallibly lost, if I had not suddenly thought of an expedient. I kept, among other little necessaries, a pair of spectacles in a private pocket, which, as I observed before, had escaped the emperor’s searchers. These I took out and fastened as strongly as I could upon my nose, and thus armed, went on boldly with my work, in spite of the enemy’s arrows, many of which struck against the glasses of my spectacles, but without any other effect, further than a little to discompose them. I had now fastened all the hooks, and, taking the knot in my hand, began to pull; but not a ship would stir, for they were all too fast held by their anchors, so that the boldest part of my enterprise remained. I therefore let go the cord, and leaving the looks fixed to the ships, I resolutely cut with my knife the cables that fastened the anchors, receiving about two hundred shots in my face and hands; then I took up the knotted end of the cables, to which my hooks were tied, and with great ease drew fifty of the enemy’s largest men of war after me. The Blefuscudians, who had not the least imagination of what I intended, were at first confounded with astonishment. They had seen me cut the cables, and thought my design was only to let the ships run adrift or fall foul on each other: but when they perceived the whole fleet moving in order, and saw me pulling at the end, they set up such a scream of grief and despair as it is almost impossible to describe or conceive. When I had got out of danger, I stopped awhile to pick out the arrows that stuck in my hands and face; and rubbed on some of the same ointment that was given me at my first arrival, as I have formerly mentioned. I then took off my spectacles, and waiting about an hour, till the tide was a little fallen, I waded through the middle with my cargo, and arrived safe at the royal port of Lilliput. The emperor and his whole court stood on the shore, expecting the issue of this great adventure. They saw the ships move forward in a large half-moon, but could not discern me, who was up to my breast in water. When I advanced to the middle of the channel, they were yet more in pain, because I was under water to my neck. The emperor concluded me to be drowned, and that the enemy’s fleet was approaching in a hostile manner: but he was soon eased of his fears; for the channel growing shallower every step I made, I came in a short time within hearing, and holding up the end of the cable, by which the fleet was fastened, I cried in a loud voice, “Long live the most puissant king of Lilliput!” This great prince received me at my landing with all possible encomiums, and created me a nardac upon the spot, which is the highest title of honour among them. His majesty desired I would take some other opportunity of bringing all the rest of his enemy’s ships into his ports. And so unmeasureable is the ambition of princes, that he seemed to think of nothing less than reducing the whole empire of Blefuscu into a province, and governing it, by a viceroy; of destroying the Big-endian exiles, and compelling that people to break the smaller end of their eggs, by which he would remain the sole monarch of the whole world. But I endeavoured to divert him from this design, by many arguments drawn from the topics of policy as well as justice; and I plainly protested, “that I would never be an instrument of bringing a free and brave people into slavery. ” And, when the matter was debated in council, the wisest part of the ministry were of my opinion. This open bold declaration of mine was so opposite to the schemes and politics of his imperial majesty, that he could never forgive me. He mentioned it in a very artful manner at council, where I was told that some of the wisest appeared, at least by their silence, to be of my opinion; but others, who were my secret enemies, could not forbear some expressions which, by a side-wind, reflected on me. And from this time began an intrigue between his majesty and a junto of ministers, maliciously bent against me, which broke out in less than two months, and had like to have ended in my utter destruction. Of so little weight are the greatest services to princes, when put into the balance with a refusal to gratify their passions. About three weeks after this exploit, there arrived a solemn embassy from Blefuscu, with humble offers of a peace, which was soon concluded, upon conditions very advantageous to our emperor, wherewith I shall not trouble the reader. There were six ambassadors, with a train of about five hundred persons, and their entry was very magnificent, suitable to the grandeur of their master, and the importance of their business. When their treaty was finished, wherein I did them several good offices by the credit I now had, or at least appeared to have, at court, their excellencies, who were privately told how much I had been their friend, made me a visit in form. They began with many compliments upon my valour and generosity, invited me to that kingdom in the emperor their master’s name, and desired me to show them some proofs of my prodigious strength, of which they had heard so many wonders; wherein I readily obliged them, but shall not trouble the reader with the particulars. When I had for some time entertained their excellencies, to their infinite satisfaction and surprise, I desired they would do me the honour to present my most humble respects to the emperor their master, the renown of whose virtues had so justly filled the whole world with admiration, and whose royal person I resolved to attend, before I returned to my own country. Accordingly, the next time I had the honour to see our emperor, I desired his general license to wait on the Blefuscudian monarch, which he was pleased to grant me, as I could perceive, in a very cold manner; but could not guess the reason, till I had a whisper from a certain person, “that Flimnap and Bolgolam had represented my intercourse with those ambassadors as a mark of disaffection;” from which I am sure my heart was wholly free. And this was the first time I began to conceive some imperfect idea of courts and ministers. It is to be observed, that these ambassadors spoke to me, by an interpreter, the languages of both empires differing as much from each other as any two in Europe, and each nation priding itself upon the antiquity, beauty, and energy of their own tongue, with an avowed contempt for that of their neighbour; yet our emperor, standing upon the advantage he had got by the seizure of their fleet, obliged them to deliver their credentials, and make their speech, in the Lilliputian tongue. And it must be confessed, that from the great intercourse of trade and commerce between both realms, from the continual reception of exiles which is mutual among them, and from the custom, in each empire, to send their young nobility and richer gentry to the other, in order to polish themselves by seeing the world, and understanding men and manners; there are few persons of distinction, or merchants, or seamen, who dwell in the maritime parts, but what can hold conversation in both tongues; as I found some weeks after, when I went to pay my respects to the emperor of Blefuscu, which, in the midst of great misfortunes, through the malice of my enemies, proved a very happy adventure to me, as I shall relate in its proper place. The reader may remember, that when I signed those articles upon which I recovered my liberty, there were some which I disliked, upon account of their being too servile; neither could anything but an extreme necessity have forced me to submit. But being now a nardac of the highest rank in that empire, such offices were looked upon as below my dignity, and the emperor (to do him justice), never once mentioned them to me. However, it was not long before I had an opportunity of doing his majesty, at least as I then thought, a most signal service. I was alarmed at midnight with the cries of many hundred people at my door; by which, being suddenly awaked, I was in some kind of terror. I heard the word burglum repeated incessantly: several of the emperor’s court, making their way through the crowd, entreated me to come immediately to the palace, where her imperial majesty’s apartment was on fire, by the carelessness of a maid of honour, who fell asleep while she was reading a romance. I got up in an instant; and orders being given to clear the way before me, and it being likewise a moonshine night, I made a shift to get to the palace without trampling on any of the people. I found they had already applied ladders to the walls of the apartment, and were well provided with buckets, but the water was at some distance. These buckets were about the size of large thimbles, and the poor people supplied me with them as fast as they could: but the flame was so violent that they did little good. I might easily have stifled it with my coat, which I unfortunately left behind me for haste, and came away only in my leathern jerkin. The case seemed wholly desperate and deplorable; and this magnificent palace would have infallibly been burnt down to the ground, if, by a presence of mind unusual to me, I had not suddenly thought of an expedient. I had, the evening before, drunk plentifully of a most delicious wine called glimigrim, (the Blefuscudians call it flunec, but ours is esteemed the better sort,) which is very diuretic. By the luckiest chance in the world, I had not discharged myself of any part of it. The heat I had contracted by coming very near the flames, and by labouring to quench them, made the wine begin to operate by urine; which I voided in such a quantity, and applied so well to the proper places, that in three minutes the fire was wholly extinguished, and the rest of that noble pile, which had cost so many ages in erecting, preserved from destruction. It was now day-light, and I returned to my house without waiting to congratulate with the emperor: because, although I had done a very eminent piece of service, yet I could not tell how his majesty might resent the manner by which I had performed it: for, by the fundamental laws of the realm, it is capital in any person, of what quality soever, to make water within the precincts of the palace. But I was a little comforted by a message from his majesty, “that he would give orders to the grand justiciary for passing my pardon in form:” which, however, I could not obtain; and I was privately assured, “that the empress, conceiving the greatest abhorrence of what I had done, removed to the most distant side of the court, firmly resolved that those buildings should never be repaired for her use: and, in the presence of her chief confidents could not forbear vowing revenge.” Of the inhabitants of Lilliput; their learning, laws, and customs; the manner of educating their children.The author’s way of living in that country.His vindication of a great lady.ALTHOUGH I INTEND to leave the description of this empire to a particular treatise, yet, in the mean time, I am content to gratify the curious reader with some general ideas.As the common size of the natives is somewhat under six inches high, so there is an exact proportion in all other animals, as well as plants and trees: for instance, the tallest horses and oxen are between four and five inches in height, the sheep an inch and half, more or less: their geese about the bigness of a sparrow, and so the several gradations downwards till you come to the smallest, which to my sight, were almost invisible; but nature has adapted the eyes of the Lilliputians to all objects proper for their view: they see with great exactness, but at no great distance.And, to show the sharpness of their sight towards objects that are near, I have been much pleased with observing a cook pulling a lark, which was not so large as a common fly; and a young girl threading an invisible needle with invisible silk.Their tallest trees are about seven feet high: I mean some of those in the great royal park, the tops whereof I could but just reach with my fist clenched.The other vegetables are in the same proportion; but this I leave to the reader’s imagination.I shall say but little at present of their learning, which, for many ages, has flourished in all its branches among them: but their manner of writing is very peculiar, being neither from the left to the right, like the Europeans, nor from the right to the left, like the Arabians, nor from up to down, like the Chinese, but aslant, from one corner of the paper to the other, like ladies in England.They bury their dead with their heads directly downward, because they hold an opinion, that in eleven thousand moons they are all to rise again; in which period the earth (which they conceive to be flat) will turn upside down, and by this means they shall, at their resurrection, be found ready standing on their feet.The learned among them confess the absurdity of this doctrine; but the practice still continues, in compliance to the vulgar.There are some laws and customs in this empire very peculiar; and if they were not so directly contrary to those of my own dear country, I should be tempted to say a little in their justification.It is only to be wished they were as well executed.The first I shall mention, relates to informers.All crimes against the state, are punished here with the utmost severity; but, if the person accused makes his innocence plainly to appear upon his trial, the accuser is immediately put to an ignominious death; and out of his goods or lands the innocent person is quadruply recompensed for the loss of his time, for the danger he underwent, for the hardship of his imprisonment, and for all the charges he has been at in making his defence; or, if that fund be deficient, it is largely supplied by the crown.The emperor also confers on him some public mark of his favour, and proclamation is made of his innocence through the whole city.They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft, and therefore seldom fail to punish it with death; for they allege, that care and vigilance, with a very common understanding, may preserve a man’s goods from thieves, but honesty has no defence against superior cunning; and, since it is necessary that there should be a perpetual intercourse of buying and selling, and dealing upon credit, where fraud is permitted and connived at, or has no law to punish it, the honest dealer is always undone, and the knave gets the advantage.I remember, when I was once interceding with the emperor for a criminal who had wronged his master of a great sum of money, which he had received by order and ran away with; and happening to tell his majesty, by way of extenuation, that it was only a breach of trust, the emperor thought it monstrous in me to offer as a defence the greatest aggravation of the crime; and truly I had little to say in return, farther than the common answer, that different nations had different customs; for, I confess, I was heartily ashamed.Although we usually call reward and punishment the two hinges upon which all government turns, yet I could never observe this maxim to be put in practice by any nation except that of Lilliput.Whoever can there bring sufficient proof, that he has strictly observed the laws of his country for seventy-three moons, has a claim to certain privileges, according to his quality or condition of life, with a proportionable sum of money out of a fund appropriated for that use: he likewise acquires the title of Snilpall, or legal, which is added to his name, but does not descend to his posterity.And these people thought it a prodigious defect of policy among us, when I told them that our laws were enforced only by penalties, without any mention of reward.It is upon this account that the image of Just ice, in their courts of judicature, is formed with six eyes, two before, as many behind, and on each side one, to signify circ*mspection; with a bag of gold open in her right hand, and a sword sheathed in her left, to show she is more disposed to reward than to punish.In choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities; for, since government is necessary to mankind, they believe, that the common size of human understanding is fitted to some station or other; and that Providence never intended to make the management of public affairs a mystery to be comprehended only by a few persons of sublime genius, of which there seldom are three born in an age: but they suppose truth, justice, temperance, and the like, to be in every man’s power; the practice of which virtues, assisted by experience and a good intention, would qualify any man for the service of his country, except where a course of study is required.But they thought the want of moral virtues was so far from being supplied by superior endowments of the mind, that employments could never be put into such dangerous hands as those of persons so qualified; and, at least, that the mistakes committed by ignorance, in a virtuous disposition, would never be of such fatal consequence to the public weal, as the practices of a man, whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and who had great abilities to manage, to multiply, and defend his corruptions.In like manner, the disbelief of a Divine Providence renders a man incapable of holding any public station; for, since kings avow themselves to be the deputies of Providence, the Lilliputians think nothing can be more absurd than for a prince to employ such men as disown the authority under which he acts.In relating these and the following laws, I would only be understood to mean the original institutions, and not the most scandalous corruptions, into which these people are fallen by the degenerate nature of man.For, as to that infamous practice of acquiring great employments by dancing on the ropes, or badges of favour and distinction by leaping over sticks and creeping under them, the reader is to observe, that they were first introduced by the grandfather of the emperor now reigning, and grew to the present height by the gradual increase of party and faction.Ingratitude is among them a capital crime, as we read it to have been in some other countries: for they reason thus; that whoever makes ill returns to his benefactor, must needs be a common enemy to the rest of mankind, from whom he has received no obligation, and therefore such a man is not fit to live.Their notions relating to the duties of parents and children differ extremely from ours.For, since the conjunction of male and female is founded upon the great law of nature, in order to propagate and continue the species, the Lilliputians will needs have it, that men and women are joined together, like other animals, by the motives of concupiscence; and that their tenderness towards their young proceeds from the like natural principle: for which reason they will never allow that a child is under any obligation to his father for begetting him, or to his mother for bringing him into the world; which, considering the miseries of human life, was neither a benefit in itself, nor intended so by his parents, whose thoughts, in their love encounters, were otherwise employed.Upon these, and the like reasonings, their opinion is, that parents are the last of all others to be trusted with the education of their own children; and therefore they have in every town public nurseries, where all parents, except cottagers and labourers, are obliged to send their infants of both sexes to be reared and educated, when they come to the age of twenty moons, at which time they are supposed to have some rudiments of docility.These schools are of several kinds, suited to different qualities, and both sexes.They have certain professors well skilled in preparing children for such a condition of life as befits the rank of their parents, and their own capacities, as well as inclinations.I shall first say something of the male nurseries, and then of the female.The nurseries for males of noble or eminent birth, are provided with grave and learned professors, and their several deputies.The clothes and food of the children are plain and simple.They are bred up in the principles of honour, justice, courage, modesty, clemency, religion, and love of their country; they are always employed in some business, except in the times of eating and sleeping, which are very short, and two hours for diversions consisting of bodily exercises.They are dressed by men till four years of age, and then are obliged to dress themselves, although their quality be ever so great; and the women attendant, who are aged proportionably to ours at fifty, perform only the most menial offices.They are never suffered to converse with servants, but go together in smaller or greater numbers to take their diversions, and always in the presence of a professor, or one of his deputies; whereby they avoid those early bad impressions of folly and vice, to which our children are subject.Their parents are suffered to see them only twice a year; the visit is to last but an hour; they are allowed to kiss the child at meeting and parting; but a professor, who always stands by on those occasions, will not suffer them to whisper, or use any fondling expressions, or bring any presents of toys, sweetmeats, and the like.The pension from each family for the education and entertainment of a child, upon failure of due payment, is levied by the emperor’s officers.The nurseries for children of ordinary gentlemen, merchants, traders, and handicrafts, are managed proportionably after the same manner; only those designed for trades are put out apprentices at eleven years old, whereas those of persons of quality continue in their exercises till fifteen, which answers to twenty-one with us: but the confinement is gradually lessened for the last three years.In the female nurseries, the young girls of quality are educated much like the males, only they are dressed by orderly servants of their own sex; but always in the presence of a professor or deputy, till they come to dress themselves, which is at five years old.And if it be found that these nurses ever presume to entertain the girls with frightful or foolish stories, or the common follies practised by chambermaids among us, they are publicly whipped thrice about the city, imprisoned for a year, and banished for life to the most desolate part of the country.Thus the young ladies are as much ashamed of being cowards and fools as the men, and despise all personal ornaments, beyond decency and cleanliness: neither did I perceive any difference in their education made by their difference of sex, only that the exercises of the females were not altogether so robust; and that some rules were given them relating to domestic life, and a smaller compass of learning was enjoined them: for their maxim is, that among peoples of quality, a wife should be always a reasonable and agreeable companion, because she cannot always be young.When the girls are twelve years old, which among them is the marriageable age, their parents or guardians take them home, with great expressions of gratitude to the professors, and seldom without tears of the young lady and her companions.In the nurseries of females of the meaner sort, the children are instructed in all kinds of works proper for their sex, and their several degrees: those intended for apprentices are dismissed at seven years old, the rest are kept to eleven.The meaner families who have children at these nurseries, are obliged, besides their annual pension, which is as low as possible, to return to the steward of the nursery a small monthly share of their gettings, to be a portion for the child; and therefore all parents are limited in their expenses by the law.For the Lilliputians think nothing can be more unjust, than for people, in subservience to their own appetites, to bring children into the world, and leave the burthen of supporting them on the public.As to persons of quality, they give security to appropriate a certain sum for each child, suitable to their condition; and these funds are always managed with good husbandry and the most exact justice.The cottagers and labourers keep their children at home, their business being only to till and cultivate the earth, and therefore their education is of little consequence to the public: but the old and diseased among them, are supported by hospitals; for begging is a trade unknown in this empire.And here it may, perhaps, divert the curious reader, to give some account of my domestics, and my manner of living in this country, during a residence of nine months, and thirteen days.Having a head mechanically turned, and being likewise forced by necessity, I had made for myself a table and chair convenient enough, out of the largest trees in the royal park.Two hundred sempstresses were employed to make me shirts, and linen for my bed and table, all of the strongest and coarsest kind they could get; which, however, they were forced to quilt together in several folds, for the thickest was some degrees finer than lawn.Their linen is usually three inches wide, and three feet make a piece.The sempstresses took my measure as I lay on the ground, one standing at my neck, and another at my mid-leg, with a strong cord extended, that each held by the end, while a third measured the length of the cord with a rule of an inch long.Then they measured my right thumb, and desired no more; for by a mathematical computation, that twice round the thumb is once round the wrist, and so on to the neck and the waist, and by the help of my old shirt, which I displayed on the ground before them for a pattern, they fitted me exactly.Three hundred tailors were employed in the same manner to make me clothes; but they had another contrivance for taking my measure.I kneeled down, and they raised a ladder from the ground to my neck; upon this ladder one of them mounted, and let fall a plumb-line from my collar to the floor, which just answered the length of my coat: but my waist and arms I measured myself.When my clothes were finished, which was done in my house (for the largest of theirs would not have been able to hold them), they looked like the patch-work made by the ladies in England, only that mine were all of a colour.I had three hundred cooks to dress my victuals, in little convenient huts built about my house, where they and their families lived, and prepared me two dishes a-piece.I took up twenty waiters in my hand, and placed them on the table: a hundred more attended below on the ground, some with dishes of meat, and some with barrels of wine and other liquors slung on their shoulders; all which the waiters above drew up, as I wanted, in a very ingenious manner, by certain cords, as we draw the bucket up a well in Europe.A dish of their meat was a good mouthful, and a barrel of their liquor a reasonable draught.Their mutton yields to ours, but their beef is excellent.I have had a sirloin so large, that I have been forced to make three bites of it; but this is rare.My servants were astonished to see me eat it, bones and all, as in our country we do the leg of a lark.Their geese and turkeys I usually ate at a mouthful, and I confess they far exceed ours.Of their smaller fowl I could take up twenty or thirty at the end of my knife.One day his imperial majesty, being informed of my way of living, desired “that himself and his royal consort, with the young princes of the blood of both sexes, might have the happiness,” as he was pleased to call it, “of dining with me.”They came accordingly, and I placed them in chairs of state, upon my table, just over against me, with their guards about them.Flimnap, the lord high treasurer, attended there likewise with his white staff; and I observed he often looked on me with a sour countenance, which I would not seem to regard, but ate more than usual, in honour to my dear country, as well as to fill the court with admiration.Flimnap, the lord high treasurer, attended there likewise with his white staff; and I observed he often looked on me with a sour countenance, which I would not seem to regard, but ate more than usual, in honour to my dear country, as well as to fill the court with admiration.That minister had always been my secret enemy, though he outwardly caressed me more than was usual to the moroseness of his nature.He represented to the emperor “the low condition of his treasury; that he was forced to take up money at a great discount; that exchequer bills would not circulate under nine per cent. below par; that I had cost his majesty above a million and a half of sprugs” (their greatest gold coin, about the bigness of a spangle) “and, upon the whole, that it would be advisable in the emperor to take the first fair occasion of dismissing me.”I am here obliged to vindicate the reputation of an excellent lady, who was an innocent sufferer upon my account.The treasurer took a fancy to be jealous of his wife, from the malice of some evil tongues, who informed him that her grace had taken a violent affection for my person; and the court scandal ran for some time, that she once came privately to my lodging.This I solemnly declare to be a most infamous falsehood, without any grounds, further than that her grace was pleased to treat me with all innocent marks of freedom and friendship.I own she came often to my house, but always publicly, nor ever without three more in the coach, who were usually her sister and young daughter, and some particular acquaintance; but this was common to many other ladies of the court.And I still appeal to my servants round, whether they at any time saw a coach at my door, without knowing what persons were in it.On those occasions, when a servant had given me notice, my custom was to go immediately to the door, and, after paying my respects, to take up the coach and two horses very carefully in my hands (for, if there were six horses, the postillion always unharnessed four,) and place them on a table, where I had fixed a movable rim quite round, of five inches high, to prevent accidents.And I have often had four coaches and horses at once on my table, full of company, while I sat in my chair, leaning my face towards them; and when I was engaged with one set, the coachmen would gently drive the others round my table.I have passed many an afternoon very agreeably in these conversations.But I defy the treasurer, or his two informers (I will name them, and let them make the best of it) Clustril and Drunlo, to prove that any person ever came to me incognito, except the secretary Reldresal, who was sent by express command of his imperial majesty, as I have before related.I should not have dwelt so long upon this particular, if it had not been a point wherein the reputation of a great lady is so nearly concerned, to say nothing of my own; though I then had the honour to be a nardac, which the treasurer himself is not; for all the world knows, that he is only a glumglum, a title inferior by one degree, as that of a marquis is to a duke in England; yet I allow he preceded me in right of his post.These false informations, which I afterwards came to the knowledge of by an accident not proper to mention, made the treasurer show his lady for some time an ill countenance, and me a worse; and although he was at last undeceived and reconciled to her, yet I lost all credit with him, and found my interest decline very fast with the emperor himself, who was, indeed, too much governed by that favourite. The author, being informed of a design to accuse him of high-treason, makes his escape to Blefuscu. His reception there.BEFORE I PROCEED to give an account of my leaving this kingdom, it may be proper to inform the reader of a private intrigue which had been for two months forming against me.I had been hitherto, all my life, a stranger to courts, for which I was unqualified by the meanness of my condition.I had indeed heard and read enough of the dispositions of great princes and ministers, but never expected to have found such terrible effects of them, in so remote a country, governed, as I thought, by very different maxims from those in Europe.When I was just preparing to pay my attendance on the emperor of Blefuscu, a considerable person at court (to whom I had been very serviceable, at a time when he lay under the highest displeasure of his imperial majesty) came to my house very privately at night, in a close chair, and, without sending his name, desired admittance.The chairmen were dismissed; I put the chair, with his lordship in it, into my coat-pocket: and, giving orders to a trusty servant, to say I was indisposed and gone to sleep, I fastened the door of my house, placed the chair on the table, according to my usual custom, and sat down by it.After the common salutations were over, observing his lordship’s countenance full of concern, and inquiring into the reason, he desired “I would hear him with patience, in a matter that highly concerned my honour and my life.”His speech was to the following effect, for I took notes of it as soon as he left me:–“You are to know,” said he, “that several committees of council have been lately called, in the most private manner, on your account; and it is but two days since his majesty came to a full resolution.“You are very sensible that Skyresh Bolgolam” (Galbet, or high-admiral) “has been your mortal enemy, almost ever since your arrival.His original reasons I know not; but his hatred is increased since your great success against Blefuscu, by which his glory as admiral is much obscured.This lord, in conjunction with Flimnap the high-treasurer, whose enmity against you is notorious on account of his lady, Limtoc the general, Lalcon the chamberlain, and Balmuff the grand justiciary, have prepared articles of impeachment against you, for treason and other capital crimes.”This preface made me so impatient, being conscious of my own merits and innocence, that I was going to interrupt him; when he entreated me to be silent, and thus proceeded: –“Out of gratitude for the favours you have done me, I procured information of the whole proceedings, and a copy of the articles; wherein I venture my head for your service.“‘Articles of Impeachment against Quinbus Flestrin, (the Man-Mountain.)ARTICLE I.“‘Whereas, by a statute made in the reign of his imperial majesty Calin Deffar Plune, it is enacted, that, whoever shall make water within the precincts of the royal palace, shall be liable to the pains and penalties of hightreason; notwithstanding, the said Quinbus Flestrin, in open breach of the said law, under colour of extinguishing the fire kindled in the apartment of his majesty’s most dear imperial consort, did maliciously, traitorously, and devilishly, by discharge of his urine, put out the said fire kindled in the said apartment, lying and being within the precincts of the said royal palace, against the statute in that case provided, etc. against the duty, etc.ARTICLE II. “‘That the said Quinbus Flestrin, having brought the imperial fleet of Blefuscu into the royal port, and being afterwards commanded by his imperial majesty to seize all the other ships of the said empire of Blefuscu, and reduce that empire to a province, to be governed by a viceroy from hence, and to destroy and put to death, not only all the Big-endian exiles, but likewise all the people of that empire who would not immediately forsake the Big-endian heresy, he, the said Flestrin, like a false traitor against his most auspicious, serene, imperial majesty, did petition to be excused from the said service, upon pretence of unwillingness to force the consciences, or destroy the liberties and lives of an innocent people.ARTICLE III. “‘That, whereas certain ambassadors arrived from the Court of Blefuscu, to sue for peace in his majesty’s court, he, the said Flestrin, did, like a false traitor, aid, abet, comfort, and divert, the said ambassadors, although he knew them to be servants to a prince who was lately an open enemy to his imperial majesty, and in an open war against his said majesty.ARTICLE IV. “‘That the said Quinbus Flestrin, contrary to the duty of a faithful subject, is now preparing to make a voyage to the court and empire of Blefuscu, for which he has received only verbal license from his imperial majesty; and, under colour of the said license, does falsely and traitorously intend to take the said voyage, and thereby to aid, comfort, and abet the emperor of Blefuscu, so lately an enemy, and in open war with his imperial majesty aforesaid.’“There are some other articles; but these are the most important, of which I have read you an abstract.“In the several debates upon this impeachment, it must be confessed that his majesty gave many marks of his great lenity; often urging the services you had done him, and endeavouring to extenuate your crimes.The treasurer and admiral insisted that you should be put to the most painful and ignominious death, by setting fire to your house at night, and the general was to attend with twenty thousand men, armed with poisoned arrows, to shoot you on the face and hands.Some of your servants were to have private orders to strew a poisonous juice on your shirts and sheets, which would soon make you tear your own flesh, and die in the utmost torture.The general came into the same opinion; so that for a long time there was a majority against you; but his majesty resolving, if possible, to spare your life, at last brought off the chamberlain.“Upon this incident, Reldresal, principal secretary for private affairs, who always approved himself your true friend, was commanded by the emperor to deliver his opinion, which he accordingly did; and therein justified the good thoughts you have of him.He allowed your crimes to be great, but that still there was room for mercy, the most commendable virtue in a prince, and for which his majesty was so justly celebrated.He said, the friendship between you and him was so well known to the world, that perhaps the most honourable board might think him partial; however, in obedience to the command he had received, he would freely offer his sentiments. That if his majesty, in consideration of your services, and pursuant to his own merciful disposition, would please to spare your life, and only give orders to put out both your eyes, he humbly conceived, that by this expedient justice might in some measure be satisfied, and all the world would applaud the lenity of the emperor, as well as the fair and generous proceedings of those who have the honour to be his counsellors. That the loss of your eyes would be no impediment to your bodily strength, by which you might still be useful to his majesty; that blindness is an addition to courage, by concealing dangers from us; that the fear you had for your eyes, was the greatest difficulty in bringing over the enemy’s fleet, and it would be sufficient for you to see by the eyes of the ministers, since the greatest princes do no more.“This proposal was received with the utmost disapprobation by the whole board.Bolgolam, the admiral, could not preserve his temper, but, rising up in fury, said, he wondered how the secretary durst presume to give his opinion for preserving the life of a traitor; that the services you had performed were, by all true reasons of state, the great aggravation of your crimes; that you, who were able to extinguish the fire by discharge of urine in her majesty’s apartment (which he mentioned with horror), might, at another time, raise an inundation by the same means, to drown the whole palace; and the same strength which enabled you to bring over the enemy’s fleet, might serve, upon the first discontent, to carry it back; that he had good reasons to think you were a Big-endian in your heart; and, as treason begins in the heart, before it appears in overt-acts, so he accused you as a traitor on that account, and therefore insisted you should be put to death.“The treasurer was of the same opinion: he showed to what straits his majesty’s revenue was reduced, by the charge of maintaining you, which would soon grow insupportable; that the secretary’s expedient of putting out your eyes, was so far from being a remedy against this evil, that it would probably increase it, as is manifest from the common practice of blinding some kind of fowls, after which they fed the faster, and grew sooner fat; that his sacred majesty and the council, who are your judges, were, in their own consciences, fully convinced of your guilt, which was a sufficient argument to condemn you to death, without the formal proofs required by the strict letter of the law.“But his imperial majesty, fully determined against capital punishment, was graciously pleased to say, that since the council thought the loss of your eyes too easy a censure, some other way may be inflicted hereafter.And your friend the secretary, humbly desiring to be heard again, in answer to what the treasurer had objected, concerning the great charge his majesty was at in maintaining you, said, that his excellency, who had the sole disposal of the emperor’s revenue, might easily provide against that evil, by gradually lessening your establishment; by which, for want of sufficient for you would grow weak and faint, and lose your appetite, and consequently, decay, and consume in a few months; neither would the stench of your carcass be then so dangerous, when it should become more than half diminished; and immediately upon your death five or six thousand of his majesty’s subjects might, in two or three days, cut your flesh from your bones, take it away by cart-loads, and bury it in distant parts, to prevent infection, leaving the skeleton as a monument of admiration to posterity.“Thus, by the great friendship of the secretary, the whole affair was compromised.It was strictly enjoined, that the project of starving you by degrees should be kept a secret; but the sentence of putting out your eyes was entered on the books; none dissenting, except Bolgolam the admiral, who, being a creature of the empress, was perpetually instigated by her majesty to insist upon your death, she having borne perpetual malice against you, on account of that infamous and illegal method you took to extinguish the fire in her apartment.“In three days your friend the secretary will be directed to come to your house, and read before you the articles of impeachment; and then to signify the great lenity and favour of his majesty and council, whereby you are only condemned to the loss of your eyes, which his majesty does not question you will gratefully and humbly submit to; and twenty of his majesty’s surgeons will attend, in order to see the operation well performed, by discharging very sharp-pointed arrows into the balls of your eyes, as you lie on the ground.“I leave to your prudence what measures you will take; and to avoid suspicion, I must immediately return in as private a manner as I came.”His lordship did so; and I remained alone, under many doubts and perplexities of mind.It was a custom introduced by this prince and his ministry (very different, as I have been assured, from the practice of former times,) that after the court had decreed any cruel execution, either to gratify the monarch’s resentment, or the malice of a favourite, the emperor always made a speech to his whole council, expressing his great lenity and tenderness, as qualities known and confessed by all the world.This speech was immediately published throughout the kingdom; nor did any thing terrify the people so much as those encomiums on his majesty’s mercy; because it was observed, that the more these praises were enlarged and insisted on, the more inhuman was the punishment, and the sufferer more innocent.Yet, as to myself, I must confess, having never been designed for a courtier, either by my birth or education, I was so ill a judge of things, that I could not discover the lenity and favour of this sentence, but conceived it (perhaps erroneously) rather to be rigorous than gentle.I sometimes thought of standing my trial, for, although I could not deny the facts alleged in the several articles, yet I hoped they would admit of some extenuation.But having in my life perused many state-trials, which I ever observed to terminate as the judges thought fit to direct, I durst not rely on so dangerous a decision, in so critical a juncture, and against such powerful enemies.Once I was strongly bent upon resistance, for, while I had liberty the whole strength of that empire could hardly subdue me, and I might easily with stones pelt the metropolis to pieces;but I soon rejected that project with horror, by remembering the oath I had made to the emperor, the favours I received from him, and the high title of NARDAC he conferred upon me.Neither had I so soon learned the gratitude of courtiers, to persuade myself, that his majesty’s present seventies acquitted me of all past obligations.At last, I fixed upon a resolution, for which it is probable I may incur some censure, and not unjustly; for I confess I owe the preserving of mine eyes, and consequently my liberty, to my own great rashness and want of experience; because, if I had then known the nature of princes and ministers, which I have since observed in many other courts, and their methods of treating criminals less obnoxious than myself, I should, with great alacrity and readiness, have submitted to so easy a punishment.But hurried on by the precipitancy of youth, and having his imperial majesty’s license to pay my attendance upon the emperor of Blefuscu, I took this opportunity, before the three days were elapsed, to send a letter to my friend the secretary, signifying my resolution of setting out that morning for Blefuscu, pursuant to the leave I had got; and, without waiting for an answer, I went to that side of the island where our fleet lay.I seized a large man of war, tied a cable to the prow, and, lifting up the anchors, I stripped myself, put my clothes (together with my coverlet, which I carried under my arm) into the vessel, and, drawing it after me, between wading and swimming arrived at the royal port of Blefuscu, where the people had long expected me: they lent me two guides to direct me to the capital city, which is of the same name.I held them in my hands, till I came within two hundred yards of the gate, and desired them “to signify my arrival to one of the secretaries, and let him know, I there waited his majesty’s command.”I had an answer in about an hour, “that his majesty, attended by the royal family, and great officers of the court, was coming out to receive me.”I advanced a hundred yards.The emperor and his train alighted from their horses, the empress and ladies from their coaches, and I did not perceive they were in any fright or concern.I lay on the ground to kiss his majesty’s and the empress’s hands.I told his majesty, “that I was come according to my promise, and with the license of the emperor my master, to have the honour of seeing so mighty a monarch, and to offer him any service in my power, consistent with my duty to my own prince;” not mentioning a word of my disgrace, because I had hitherto no regular information of it, and might suppose myself wholly ignorant of any such design; neither could I reasonably conceive that the emperor would discover the secret, while I was out of his power; wherein, however, it soon appeared I was deceived.I shall not trouble the reader with the particular account of my reception at this court, which was suitable to the generosity of so great a prince; nor of the difficulties I was in for want of a house and bed, being forced to lie on the ground, wrapped up in my coverlet. The author, by a lucky accident, finds means to leave Blefuscu; and, after some difficulties, returns safe to his native country. THREE DAYS AFTER MY ARRIVAL, walking out of curiosity to the north-east coast of the island, I observed, about half a league off in the sea, somewhat that looked like a boat overturned. I pulled off my shoes and stockings, and, wailing two or three hundred yards, I found the object to approach nearer by force of the tide; and then plainly saw it to be a real boat, which I supposed might by some tempest have been driven from a ship. Whereupon, I returned immediately towards the city, and desired his imperial majesty to lend me twenty of the tallest vessels he had left, after the loss of his fleet, and three thousand seamen, under the command of his vice-admiral. This fleet sailed round, while I went back the shortest way to the coast, where I first discovered the boat. I found the tide had driven it still nearer. The seamen were all provided with cordage, which I had beforehand twisted to a sufficient strength. When the ships came up, I stripped myself, and waded till I came within a hundred yards off the boat, after which I was forced to swim till I got up to it. The seamen threw me the end of the cord, which I fastened to a hole in the fore-part of the boat, and the other end to a man of war; but I found all my labour to little purpose; for, being out of my depth, I was not able to work. In this necessity I was forced to swim behind, and push the boat forward, as often as I could, with one of my hands; and the tide favouring me, I advanced so far that I could just hold up my chin and feel the ground. I rested two or three minutes, and then gave the boat another shove, and so on, till the sea was no higher than my arm-pits; and now, the most laborious part being over, I took out my other cables, which were stowed in one of the ships, and fastened them first to the boat, and then to nine of the vessels which attended me; the wind being favourable, the seamen towed, and I shoved, until we arrived within forty yards of the shore; and, waiting till the tide was out, I got dry to the boat, and by the assistance of two thousand men, with ropes and engines, I made a shift to turn it on its bottom, and found it was but little damaged. I shall not trouble the reader with the difficulties I was under, by the help of certain paddles, which cost me ten days making, to get my boat to the royal port of Blefuscu, where a mighty concourse of people appeared upon my arrival, full of wonder at the sight of so prodigious a vessel. I told the emperor “that my good fortune had thrown this boat in my way, to carry me to some place whence I might return into my native country; and begged his majesty’s orders for getting materials to fit it up, together with his license to depart;” which, after some kind expostulations, he was pleased to grant. I did very much wonder, in all this time, not to have heard of any express relating to me from our emperor to the court of Blefuscu. But I was afterward given privately to understand, that his imperial majesty, never imagining I had the least notice of his designs, believed I was only gone to Blefuscu in performance of my promise, according to the license he had given me, which was well known at our court, and would return in a few days, when the ceremony was ended. But he was at last in pain at my long absence; and after consulting with the treasurer and the rest of that cabal, a person of quality was dispatched with the copy of the articles against me. This envoy had instructions to represent to the monarch of Blefuscu, “the great lenity of his master, who was content to punish me no farther than with the loss of mine eyes; that I had fled from justice; and if I did not return in two hours, I should be deprived of my title of NARDAC, and declared a traitor.” The envoy further added, “that in order to maintain the peace and amity between both empires, his master expected that his brother of Blefuscu would give orders to have me sent back to Lilliput, bound hand and foot, to be punished as a traitor.” The emperor of Blefuscu, having taken three days to consult, returned an answer consisting of many civilities and excuses. He said, “that as for sending me bound, his brother knew it was impossible; that, although I had deprived him of his fleet, yet he owed great obligations to me for many good offices I had done him in making the peace. That, however, both their majesties would soon be made easy; for I had found a prodigious vessel on the shore, able to carry me on the sea, which he had given orders to fit up, with my own assistance and direction; and he hoped, in a few weeks, both empires would be freed from so insupportable an encumbrance.” With this answer the envoy returned to Lilliput; and the monarch of Blefuscu related to me all that had passed; offering me at the same time (but under the strictest confidence) his gracious protection, if I would continue in his service; wherein, although I believed him sincere, yet I resolved never more to put any confidence in princes or ministers, where I could possibly avoid it; and therefore, with all due acknowledgments for his favourable intentions, I humbly begged to be excused. I told him, “that since fortune, whether good or evil, had thrown a vessel in my way, I was resolved to venture myself on the ocean, rather than be an occasion of difference between two such mighty monarchs.” Neither did I find the emperor at all displeased; and I discovered, by a certain accident, that he was very glad of my resolution, and so were most of his ministers. These considerations moved me to hasten my departure somewhat sooner than I intended; to which the court, impatient to have me gone, very readily contributed. Five hundred workmen were employed to make two sails to my boat, according to my directions, by quilting thirteen folds of their strongest linen together. I was at the pains of making ropes and cables, by twisting ten, twenty, or thirty of the thickest and strongest of theirs. A great stone that I happened to find, after a long search, by the sea-shore, served me for an anchor. I had the tallow of three hundred cows, for greasing my boat, and other uses. I was at incredible pains in cutting down some of the largest timber-trees, for oars and masts, wherein I was, however, much assisted by his majesty’s ship-carpenters, who helped me in smoothing them, after I had done the rough work. In about a month, when all was prepared, I sent to receive his majesty’s commands, and to take my leave. The emperor and royal family came out of the palace; I lay down on my face to kiss his hand, which he very graciously gave me: so did the empress and young princes of the blood. His majesty presented me with fifty purses of two hundred sprugs a-piece, together with his picture at full length, which I put immediately into one of my gloves, to keep it from being hurt. The ceremonies at my departure were too many to trouble the reader with at this time. I stored the boat with the carcases of a hundred oxen, and three hundred sheep, with bread and drink proportionable, and as much meat ready dressed as four hundred cooks could provide. I took with me six cows and two bulls alive, with as many ewes and rams, intending to carry them into my own country, and propagate the breed. And to feed them on board, I had a good bundle of hay, and a bag of corn. I would gladly have taken a dozen of the natives, but this was a thing the emperor would by no means permit; and, besides a diligent search into my pockets, his majesty engaged my honour “not to carry away any of his subjects, although with their own consent and desire.” Having thus prepared all things as well as I was able, I set sail on the twenty-fourth day of September 1701, at six in the morning; and when I had gone about four-leagues to the northward, the wind being at southeast, at six in the evening I descried a small island, about half a league to the north-west. I advanced forward, and cast anchor on the lee-side of the island, which seemed to be uninhabited. I then took some refreshment, and went to my rest. I slept well, and as I conjectured at least six hours, for I found the day broke in two hours after I awaked. It was a clear night. I ate my breakfast before the sun was up; and heaving anchor, the wind being favourable, I steered the same course that I had done the day before, wherein I was directed by my pocket compass. My intention was to reach, if possible, one of those islands. which I had reason to believe lay to the north-east of Van Diemen’s Land. I discovered nothing all that day; but upon the next, about three in the afternoon, when I had by my computation made twenty-four leagues from Blefuscu, I descried a sail steering to the south-east; my course was due east. I hailed her, but could get no answer; yet I found I gained upon her, for the wind slackened. I made all the sail I could, and in half an hour she spied me, then hung out her ancient, and discharged a gun. It is not easy to express the joy I was in, upon the unexpected hope of once more seeing my beloved country, and the dear pledges I left in it. The ship slackened her sails, and I came up with her between five and six in the evening, September 26th; but my heart leaped within me to see her English colours. I put my cows and sheep into my coat-pockets, and got on board with all my little cargo of provisions. The vessel was an English merchantman, returning from Japan by the North and South seas; the captain, Mr. John Biddel, of Deptford, a very civil man, and an excellent sailor. We were now in the latitude of 30 degrees south; there were about fifty men in the ship; and here I met an old comrade of mine, one Peter Williams, who gave me a good character to the captain. This gentleman treated me with kindness, and desired I would let him know what place I came from last, and whither I was bound; which I did in a few words, but he thought I was raving, and that the dangers I underwent had disturbed my head; whereupon I took my black cattle and sheep out of my pocket, which, after great astonishment, clearly convinced him of my veracity. I then showed him the gold given me by the emperor of Blefuscu, together with his majesty’s picture at full length, and some other rarities of that country. I gave him two purses of two hundreds sprugs each, and promised, when we arrived in England, to make him a present of a cow and a sheep big with young. I shall not trouble the reader with a particular account of this voyage, which was very prosperous for the most part. We arrived in the Downs on the 13th of April, 1702. I had only one misfortune, that the rats on board carried away one of my sheep; I found her bones in a hole, picked clean from the flesh. The rest of my cattle I got safe ashore, and set them a-grazing in a bowling-green at Greenwich, where the fineness of the grass made them feed very heartily, though I had always feared the contrary: neither could I possibly have preserved them in so long a voyage, if the captain had not allowed me some of his best biscuit, which, rubbed to powder, and mingled with water, was their constant food. The short time I continued in England, I made a considerable profit by showing my cattle to many persons of quality and others: and before I began my second voyage, I sold them for six hundred pounds. Since my last return I find the breed is considerably increased, especially the sheep, which I hope will prove much to the advantage of the woollen manufacture, by the fineness of the fleeces. I stayed but two months with my wife and family, for my insatiable desire of seeing foreign countries, would suffer me to continue no longer. I left fifteen hundred pounds with my wife, and fixed her in a good house at Redriff. My remaining stock I carried with me, part in money and part in goods, in hopes to improve my fortunes. My eldest uncle John had left me an estate in land, near Epping, of about thirty pounds a year; and I had a long lease of the Black Bull in Fetter-Lane, which yielded me as much more; so that I was not in any danger of leaving my family upon the parish. My son Johnny, named so after his uncle, was at the grammar-school, and a towardly child. My daughter Betty (who is now well married, and has children) was then at her needle-work. I took leave of my wife, and boy and girl, with tears on both sides, and went on board the Adventure, a merchant ship of three hundred tons, bound for Surat, captain John Nicholas, of Liverpool, commander. But my account of this voyage must be referred to the Second Part of my Travels. Adventure great storm described; the long boat sent to fetch water; the author goes with it to discover the country.He is left on shore, is seized by one of the natives, and carried to a farmer’s house.His reception, with several accidents that happened there.A description of the inhabitants.HAVING BEEN CONDEMNED, by nature and fortune, to active and restless life, in two months after my return, I again left my native country, and took shipping in the Downs, on the 20th day of June, 1702, in the Adventure, Captain John Nicholas, a Cornish man, commander, bound for Surat.We had a very prosperous gale, till we arrived at the Cape of Good Hope, where we landed for fresh water; but discovering a leak, we unshipped our goods and wintered there; for the captain falling sick of an ague, we could not leave the Cape till the end of March.We then set sail, and had a good voyage till we passed the Straits of Madagascar; but having got northward of that island, and to about five degrees south latitude, the winds, which in those seas are observed to blow a constant equal gale between the north and west, from the beginning of December to the beginning of May, on the 19th of April began to blow with much greater violence, and more westerly than usual, continuing so for twenty days together: during which time, we were driven a little to the east of the Molucca Islands, and about three degrees northward of the line, as our captain found by an observation he took the 2nd of May, at which time the wind ceased, and it was a perfect calm, whereat I was not a little rejoiced.But he, being a man well experienced in the navigation of those seas, bid us all prepare against a storm, which accordingly happened the day following: for the southern wind, called the southern monsoon, began to set in.Finding it was likely to overblow, we took in our sprit-sail, and stood by to hand the fore-sail; but making foul weather, we looked the guns were all fast, and handed the mizen.The ship lay very broad off, so we thought it better spooning before the sea, than trying or hulling.We reefed the fore-sail and set him, and hauled aft the fore-sheet; the helm was hard a weather.The ship wore bravely.We belayed the fore down-haul; but the sail was split, and we hauled down the yard, and got the sail into the ship, and unbound all the things clear of it.It was a very fierce storm; the sea broke strange and dangerous.We hauled off upon the laniard of the whipstaff, and helped the man at the helm.We would not get down our topmast, but let all stand, because she scudded before the sea very well, and we knew that the top-mast being aloft, the ship was the wholesomer, and made better way through the sea, seeing we had sea-room.When the storm was over, we set fore-sail and main-sail, and brought the ship to.Then we set the mizen, main-top-sail, and the fore-top-sail.Our course was east-north-east, the wind was at south-west.We got the starboard tacks aboard, we cast off our weather-braces and lifts; we set in the lee-braces, and hauled forward by the weather-bowlings, and hauled them tight, and belayed them, and hauled over the mizen tack to windward, and kept her full and by as near as she would lie.During this storm, which was followed by a strong wind south-south-west, we were carried, by my computation, about five hundred leagues to the east, so that the oldest sailor on board could not tell in what part of the world we were.Our provisions held out well, our ship was staunch, and our crew all in good health; but we lay in the utmost distress for water.We thought it best to hold on the same course, rather than turn more northerly, which might have brought us to the north-west part of Great Tartary, and into the Frozen Sea.On the 16th day of June, 1703, a boy on the top-mast discovered land.On the 17th, we came in full view of a great island, or continent (for we knew not whether;) on the south side whereof was a small neck of land jutting out into the sea, and a creek too shallow to hold a ship of above one hundred tons.We cast anchor within a league of this creek, and our captain sent a dozen of his men well armed in the long-boat, with vessels for water, if any could be found.I desired his leave to go with them, that I might see the country, and make what discoveries I could.When we came to land we saw no river or spring, nor any sign of inhabitants.Our men therefore wandered on the shore to find out some fresh water near the sea, and I walked alone about a mile on the other side, where I observed the country all barren and rocky.I now began to be weary, and seeing nothing to entertain my curiosity, I returned gently down towards the creek; and the sea being full in my view, I saw our men already got into the boat, and rowing for life to the ship.I was going to halloo after them, although it had been to little purpose, when I observed a huge creature walking after them in the sea, as fast as he could: he waded not much deeper than his knees, and took prodigious strides: but our men had the start of him half a league, and, the sea thereabouts being full of sharppointed rocks, the monster was not able to overtake the boat.This I was afterwards told, for I durst not stay to see the issue of the adventure; but ran as fast as I could the way I first went, and then climbed up a steep hill, which gave me some prospect of the country.I found it fully cultivated; but that which first surprised me was the length of the grass, which, in those grounds that seemed to be kept for hay, was about twenty feet high.I fell into a high road, for so I took it to be, though it served to the inhabitants only as a foot-path through a field of barley.Here I walked on for some time, but could see little on either side, it being now near harvest, and the corn rising at least forty feet.I was an hour walking to the end of this field, which was fenced in with a hedge of at least one hundred and twenty feet high, and the trees so lofty that I could make no computation of their altitude.There was a stile to pass from this field into the next. It had four steps, and a stone to cross over when you came to the uppermost.It was impossible for me to climb this stile, because every step was six-feet high, and the upper stone about twenty.I was endeavouring to find some gap in the hedge, when I discovered one of the inhabitants in the next field, advancing towards the stile, of the same size with him whom I saw in the sea pursuing our boat.He appeared as tall as an ordinary spire steeple, and took about ten yards at every stride, as near as I could guess.I was struck with the utmost fear and astonishment, and ran to hide myself in the corn, whence I saw him at the top of the stile looking back into the next field on the right hand, and heard him call in a voice many degrees louder than a speaking-trumpet: but the noise was so high in the air, that at first I certainly thought it was thunder.Whereupon seven monsters, like himself, came towards him with reaping-hooks in their hands, each hook about the largeness of six scythes.These people were not so well clad as the first, whose servants or labourers they seemed to b e; for, upon some words he spoke, they went to reap the corn in the field where I lay.I kept from them at as great a distance as I could, but was forced to move with extreme difficulty, for the stalks of the corn were sometimes not above a foot distant, so that I could hardly squeeze my body betwixt them.However, I made a shift to go forward, till I came to a part of the field where the corn had been laid by the rain and wind.Here it was impossible for me to advance a step; for the stalks were so interwoven, that I could not creep through, and the beards of the fallen ears so strong and pointed, that they pierced through my clothes into my flesh.At the same time I heard the reapers not a hundred yards behind me.Being quite dispirited with toil, and wholly overcome by grief and dispair, I lay down between two ridges, and heartily wished I might there end my days.I bemoaned my desolate widow and fatherless children.I lamented my own folly and wilfulness, in attempting a second voyage, against the advice of all my friends and relations.In this terrible agitation of mind, I could not forbear thinking of Lilliput, whose inhabitants looked upon me as the greatest prodigy that ever appeared in the world; where I was able to draw an imperial fleet in my hand, and perform those other actions, which will be recorded for ever in the chronicles of that empire, while posterity shall hardly believe them, although attested by millions.I reflected what a mortification it must prove to me, to appear as inconsiderable in this nation, as one single Lilliputian would be among us.But this I conceived was to be the least of my misfortunes; for, as human creatures are observed to be more savage and cruel in proportion to their bulk, what could I expect but to be a morsel in the mouth of the first among these enormous barbarians that should happen to seize me?Undoubtedly philosophers are in the right, when they tell us that nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison.It might have pleased fortune, to have let the Lilliputians find some nation, where the people were as diminutive with respect to them, as they were to me.And who knows but that even this prodigious race of mortals might be equally overmatched in some distant part of the world, whereof we have yet no discovery.Scared and confounded as I was, I could not forbear going on with these reflections, when one of the reapers, approaching within ten yards of the ridge where I lay, made me apprehend that with the next step I should be squashed to death under his foot, or cut in two with his reaping- hook.And therefore, when he was again about to move, I screamed as loud as fear could make me: whereupon the huge creature trod short, and, looking round about under him for some time, at last espied me as I lay on the ground.He considered awhile, with the caution of one who endeavours to lay hold on a small dangerous animal in such a manner that it shall not be able either to scratch or bite him, as I myself have sometimes done with a weasel in England.At length he ventured to take me behind, by the middle, between his fore-finger and thumb, and brought me within three yards of his eyes, that he might behold my shape more perfectly.I guessed his meaning, and my good fortune gave me so much presence of mind, that I resolved not to struggle in the least as he held me in the air above sixty feet from the ground, although he grievously pinched my sides, for fear I should slip through his fingers.All I ventured was to raise mine eyes towards the sun, and place my hands together in a supplicating posture, and to speak some words in a humble melancholy tone, suitable to the condition I then was in: for I apprehended every moment that he would dash me against the ground, as we usually do any little hateful animal, which we have a mind to destroy.But my good star would have it, that he appeared pleased with my voice and gestures, and began to look upon me as a curiosity, much wondering to hear me pronounce articulate words, although he could not understand them.In the mean time I was not able to forbear groaning and shedding tears, and turning my head towards my sides; letting him know, as well as I could, how cruelly I was hurt by the pressure of his thumb and finger.He seemed to apprehend my meaning; for, lifting up the lappet of his coat, he put me gently into it, and immediately ran along with me to his master, who was a substantial farmer, and the same person I had first seen in the field.The farmer having (as I suppose by their talk) received such an account of me as his servant could give him, took a piece of a small straw, about the size of a walking-staff, and therewith lifted up the lappets of my coat; which it seems he thought to be some kind of covering that nature had given me.He blew my hairs aside to take a better view of my face.He called his hinds about him, and asked them, as I afterwards learned, whether they had ever seen in the fields any little creature that resembled me.He then placed me softly on the ground upon all fours, but I got immediately up, and walked slowly backward and forward, to let those people see I had no intent to run away.They all sat down in a circle about me, the better to observe my motions.I pulled off my hat, and made a low bow towards the farmer.I fell on my knees, and lifted up my hands and eyes, and spoke several words as loud as I could: I took a purse of gold out of my pocket, and humbly presented it to him.He received it on the palm of his hand, then applied it close to his eye to see what it was, and afterwards turned it several times with the point of a pin (which he took out of his sleeve,) but could make nothing of it.Whereupon I made a sign that he should place his hand on the ground. I then took the purse, and, opening it, poured all the gold into his palm.There were six Spanish pieces of four pistoles each, beside twenty or thirty smaller coins.I saw him wet the tip of his little finger upon his tongue, and take up one of my largest pieces, and then another; but he seemed to be wholly ignorant what they were.He made me a sign to put them again into my purse, and the purse again into my pocket, which, after offering it to him several times, I thought it best to do.The farmer, by this time, was convinced I must be a rational creature.He spoke often to me; but the sound of his voice pierced my ears like that of a water-mill, yet his words were articulate enough.I answered as loud as I could in several languages, and he often laid his ear within two yards of me: but all in vain, for we were wholly unintelligible to each other.He then sent his servants to their work, and taking his handkerchief out of his pocket, he doubled and spread it on his left hand, which he placed flat on the ground with the palm upward, making me a sign to step into it, as I could easily do, for it was not above a foot in thickness.I thought it my part to obey, and, for fear of falling, laid myself at full length upon the handkerchief, with the remainder of which he lapped me up to the head for further security, and in this manner carried me home to his house.There he called his wife, and showed me to her; but she screamed and ran back, as women in England do at the sight of a toad or a spider.However, when she had a while seen my behaviour, and how well I observed the signs her husband made, she was soon reconciled, and by degrees grew extremely tender of me.It was about twelve at noon, and a servant brought in dinner. It was only one substantial dish of meat (fit for the plain condition of a husbandman,) in a dish of about four-and-twenty feet diameter.The company were, the farmer and his wife, three children, and an old grandmother.When they were sat down, the farmer placed me at some distance from him on the table, which was thirty feet high from the floor.I was in a terrible fright, and kept as far as I could from the edge, for fear of falling.The wife minced a bit of meat, then crumbled some bread on a trencher, and placed it before me.I made her a low bow, took out my knife and fork, and fell to eat, which gave them exceeding delight.The mistress sent her maid for a small dram cup, which held about two gallons, and filled it with drink; I took up the vessel with much difficulty in both hands, and in a most respectful manner drank to her ladyship’s health, expressing the words as loud as I could in English, which made the company laugh so heartily, that I was almost deafened with the noise.This liquor tasted like a small cider, and was not unpleasant.Then the master made me a sign to come to his trencher side; but as I walked on the table, being in great surprise all the time, as the indulgent reader will easily conceive and excuse, I happened to stumble against a crust, and fell flat on my face, but received no hurt.I got up immediately, and observing the good people to be in much concern, I took my hat (which I held under my arm out of good manners,) and waving it over my head, made three huzzas, to show I had got no mischief by my fall.But advancing forward towards my master (as I shall henceforth call him,) his youngest son, who sat next to him, an arch boy of about ten years old, took me up by the legs, and held me so high in the air, that I trembled every limb: but his father snatched me from him, and at the same time gave him such a box on the left ear, as would have felled an European troop of horse to the earth, ordering him to be taken from the table.But being afraid the boy might owe me a spite, and well remembering how mischievous all children among us naturally are to sparrows, rabbits, young kittens, and puppy dogs, I fell on my knees, and pointing to the boy, made my master to understand, as well as I could, that I desired his son might be pardoned.The father complied, and the lad took his seat again, whereupon I went to him, and kissed his hand, which my master took, and made him stroke me gently with it.In the midst of dinner, my mistress’s favourite cat leaped into her lap.I heard a noise behind me like that of a dozen stocking-weavers at work; and turning my head, I found it proceeded from the purring of that animal, who seemed to be three times larger than an ox, as I computed by the view of her head, and one of her paws, while her mistress was feeding and stroking her.The fierceness of this creature’s countenance altogether discomposed me; though I stood at the farther end of the table, above fifty feet off; and although my mistress held her fast, for fear she might give a spring, and seize me in her talons.But it happened there was no danger, for the cat took not the least notice of me when my master placed me within three yards of her.And as I have been always told, and found true by experience in my travels, that flying or discovering fear before a fierce animal, is a certain way to make it pursue or attack you, so I resolved, in this dangerous juncture, to show no manner of concern.I walked with intrepidity five or six times before the very head of the cat, and came within half a yard of her; whereupon she drew herself back, as if she were more afraid of me: I had less apprehension concerning the dogs, whereof three or four came into the room, as it is usual in farmers’ houses; one of which was a mastiff, equal in bulk to four elephants, and another a greyhound, somewhat taller than the mastiff, but not so large.When dinner was almost done, the nurse came in with a child of a year old in her arms, who immediately spied me, and began a squall that you might have heard from London-Bridge to Chelsea, after the usual oratory of infants, to get me for a plaything.The mother, out of pure indulgence, took me up, and put me towards the child, who presently seized me by the middle, and got my head into his mouth, where I roared so loud that the urchin was frighted, and let me drop, and I should infallibly have broke my neck, if the mother had not held her apron under me.The nurse, to quiet her babe, made use of a rattle which was a kind of hollow vessel filled with great stones, and fastened by a cable to the child’s waist: but all in vain; so that she was forced to apply the last remedy by giving it suck.I must confess no object ever disgusted me so much as the sight of her monstrous breast, which I cannot tell what to compare with, so as to give the curious reader an idea of its bulk, shape, and colour.It stood prominent six feet, and could not be less than sixteen in circumference.The nipple was about half the bigness of my head, and the hue both of that and the dug, so varied with spots, pimples, and freckles, that nothing could appear more nauseous: for I had a near sight of her, she sitting down, the more conveniently to give suck, and I standing on the table.This made me reflect upon the fair skins of our English ladies, who appear so beautiful to us, only because they are of our own size, and their defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass; where we find by experiment that the smoothest and whitest skins look rough, and coarse, and illcoloured.I remember when I was at Lilliput, the complexion of those diminutive people appeared to me the fairest in the world; and talking upon this subject with a person of learning there, who was an intimate friend of mine, he said that my face appeared much fairer and smoother when he looked on me from the ground, than it did upon a nearer view, when I took him up in my hand, and brought him close, which he confessed was at first a very shocking sight.He said, “he could discover great holes in my skin; that the stumps of my beard were ten times stronger than the bristles of a boar, and my complexion made up of several colours altogether disagreeable:” although I must beg leave to say for myself, that I am as fair as most of my sex and country, and very little sunburnt by all my travels.On the other side, discoursing of the ladies in that emperor’s court, he used to tell me, “one had freckles; another too wide a mouth; a third too large a nose;” nothing of which I was able to distinguish.I confess this reflection was obvious enough; which, however, I could not forbear, lest the reader might think those vast creatures were actually deformed: for I must do them the justice to say, they are a comely race of people, and particularly the features of my master’s countenance, although he was but a farmer, when I beheld him from the height of sixty feet, appeared very well proportioned.When dinner was done, my master went out to his labourers, and, as I could discover by his voice and gesture, gave his wife strict charge to take care of me.I was very much tired, and disposed to sleep, which my mistress perceiving, she put me on her own bed, and covered me with a clean white handkerchief, but larger and coarser than the mainsail of a man-ofwar.I slept about two hours, and dreamt I was at home with my wife and children, which aggravated my sorrows when I awaked, and found myself alone in a vast room, between two and three hundred feet wide, and above two hundred high, lying in a bed twenty yards wide.My mistress was gone about her household affairs, and had locked me in. The bed was eight yards from the floor.Some natural necessities required me to get down; I durst not presume to call; and if I had, it would have been in vain, with such a voice as mine, at so great a distance from the room where I lay to the kitchen where the family kept.While I was under these circ*mstances, two rats crept up the curtains, and ran smelling back-wards and forwards on the bed.One of them came up almost to my face, whereupon I rose in a fright, and drew out my hanger to defend myself.These horrible animals had the boldness to attack me on both sides, and one of them held his fore-feet at my collar; but I had the good fortune to rip up his belly before he could do me any mischief.He fell down at my feet; and the other, seeing the fate of his comrade, made his escape, but not without one good wound on the back, which I gave him as he fled, and made the blood run trickling from him.After this exploit, I walked gently to and fro on the bed, to recover my breath and loss of spirits.These creatures were of the size of a large mastiff, but infinitely more nimble and fierce; so that if I had taken off my belt before I went to sleep, I must have infallibly been torn to pieces and devoured.I measured the tail of the dead rat, and found it to be two yards long, wanting an inch; but it went against my stomach to drag the carcass off the bed, where it lay still bleeding; I observed it had yet some life, but with a strong slash across the neck, I thoroughly despatched it.Soon after my mistress came into the room, who seeing me all bloody, ran and took me up in her hand.I pointed to the dead rat, smiling, and making other signs to show I was not hurt; whereat she was extremely rejoiced, calling the maid to take up the dead rat with a pair of tongs, and throw it out of the window.Then she set me on a table, where I showed her my hanger all bloody, and wiping it on the lappet of my coat, returned it to the scabbard.I was pressed to do more than one thing which another could not do for me, and therefore endeavoured to make my mistress understand, that I desired to be set down on the floor; which after she had done, my bashfulness would not suffer me to express myself farther, than by pointing to the door, and bowing several times.The good woman, with much difficulty, at last perceived what I would be at, and taking me up again in her hand, walked into the garden, where she set me down.I went on one side about two hundred yards, and beckoning to her not to look or to follow me, I hid myself between two leaves of sorrel, and there discharged the necessities of nature.I hope the gentle reader will excuse me for dwelling on these and the like particulars, which, however insignificant they may appear to groveling vulgar minds, yet will certainly help a philosopher to enlarge his thoughts and imagination, and apply them to the benefit of public as well as private life, which was my sole design in presenting this and other accounts of my travels to the world; wherein I have been chiefly studious of truth, without affecting any ornaments of learning or of style.But the whole scene of this voyage made so strong an impression on my mind, and is so deeply fixed in my memory, that, in committing it to paper I did not omit one material circ*mstance: however, upon a strict review, I blotted out several passages.Of less moment which were in my first copy, for fear of being censured as tedious and trifling, whereof travellers are often, perhaps not without justice, accused. A description of the farmer’s daughter. The author carried to a market-town, and then to the metropolis. The particulars of his journey. MY MISTRESS had a daughter of nine years old, a child of towardly parts for her age, very dexterous at her needle, and skilful in dressing her baby. Her mother and she contrived to fit up the baby’s cradle for me against night: the cradle was put into a small drawer of a cabinet, and the drawer placed upon a hanging shelf for fear of the rats. This was my bed all the time I staid with those people, though made more convenient by degrees, as I began to learn their language and make my wants known. This young girl was so handy, that after I had once or twice pulled off my clothes before her, she was able to dress and undress me, though I never gave her that trouble when she would let me do either myself. She made me seven shirts, and some other linen, of as fine cloth as could be got, which indeed was coarser than sackcloth; and these she constantly washed for me with her own hands. She was likewise my school-mistress, to teach me the language: when I pointed to any thing, she told me the name of it in her own tongue, so that in a few days I was able to call for whatever I had a mind to. She was very good-natured, and not above forty feet high, being little for her age. She gave me the name of Grildrig, which the family took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the Latins call nanunculus, the Italians homunceletino, and the English mannikin. To her I chiefly owe my preservation in that country: we never parted while I was there; I called her my Glumdalitch, or little nurse; and should be guilty of great ingratitude, if I omitted this honourable mention of her care and affection towards me, which I heartily wish it lay in my power to requite as she deserves, instead of being the innocent, but unhappy instrument of her disgrace, as I have too much reason to fear. It now began to be known and talked of in the neighbourhood, that my master had found a strange animal in the field, about the bigness of a splacnuck, but exactly shaped in every part like a human creature; which it likewise imitated in all its actions; seemed to speak in a little language of its own, had already learned several words of theirs, went erect upon two legs, was tame and gentle, would come when it was called, do whatever it was bid, had the finest limbs in the world, and a complexion fairer than a nobleman’s daughter of three years old. Another farmer, who lived hard by, and was a particular friend of my master, came on a visit on purpose to inquire into the truth of this story. I was immediately produced, and placed upon a table, where I walked as I was commanded, drew my hanger, put it up again, made my reverence to my master’s guest, asked him in his own language how he did, and told him he was welcome, just as my little nurse had instructed me. This man, who was old and dim-sighted, put on his spectacles to behold me better; at which I could not forbear laughing very heartily, for his eyes appeared like the full moon shining into a chamber at two windows. Our people, who discovered the cause of my mirth, bore me company in laughing, at which the old fellow was fool enough to be angry and out of countenance. He had the character of a great miser; and, to my misfortune, he well deserved it, by the cursed advice he gave my master, to show me as a sight upon a market-day in the next town, which was half an hour’s riding, about two-and-twenty miles from our house. I guessed there was some mischief when I observed my master and his friend whispering together, sometimes pointing at me; and my fears made me fancy that I overheard and understood some of their words. But the next morning Glumdalcl*tch, my little nurse, told me the whole matter, which she had cunningly picked out from her mother. The poor girl laid me on her bosom, and fell a weeping with shame and grief. She apprehended some mischief would happen to me from rude vulgar folks, who might squeeze me to death, or break one of my limbs by taking me in their hands. She had also observed how modest I was in my nature, how nicely I regarded my honour, and what an indignity I should conceive it, to be exposed for money as a public spectacle, to the meanest of the people. She said, her papa and mamma had promised that Grildrig should be hers; but now she found they meant to serve her as they did last year, when they pretended to give her a lamb, and yet, as soon as it was fat, sold it to a butcher. For my own part, I may truly affirm, that I was less concerned than my nurse. I had a strong hope, which never left me, that I should one day recover my liberty: and as to the ignominy of being carried about for a monster, I considered myself to be a perfect stranger in the country, and that such a misfortune could never be charged upon me as a reproach, if ever I should return to England, since the king of Great Britain himself, in my condition, must have undergone the same distress. My master, pursuant to the advice of his friend, carried me in a box the next market-day to the neighbouring town, and took along with him his little daughter, my nurse, upon a pillion behind him. The box was close on every side, with a little door for me to go in and out, and a few gimlet holes to let in air. The girl had been so careful as to put the quilt of her baby’s bed into it, for me to lie down on. However, I was terribly shaken and discomposed in this journey, though it was but of half an hour: for the horse went about forty feet at every step and trotted so high, that the agitation was equal to the rising and falling of a ship in a great storm, but much more frequent. Our journey was somewhat farther than from London to St. Alban’s. My master alighted at an inn which he used to frequent; and after consulting awhile with the inn-keeper, and making some necessary preparations, he hired the grultrud, or crier, to give notice through the town of a strange creature to be seen at the sign of the Green Eagle, not so big as a splacnuck (an animal in that country very finely shaped, about six feet long,) and in every part of the body resembling a human creature, could speak several words, and perform a hundred diverting tricks. I was placed upon a table in the largest room of the inn, which might be near three hundred feet square. My little nurse stood on a low stool close to the table, to take care of me, and direct what I should do. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people at a time to see me. I walked about on the table as the girl commanded; she asked me questions, as far as she knew my understanding of the language reached, and I answered them as loud as I could. I turned about several times to the company, paid my humble respects, said they were welcome, and used some other speeches I had been taught. I took up a thimble filled with liquor, which Glumdalcl*tch had given me for a cup, and drank their health, I drew out my hanger, and flourished with it after the manner of fencers in England. My nurse gave me a part of a straw, which I exercised as a pike, having learnt the art in my youth. I was that day shown to twelve sets of company, and as often forced to act over again the same fopperies, till I was half dead with weariness and vexation; for those who had seen me made such wonderful reports, that the people were ready to break down the doors to come in. My master, for his own interest, would not suffer any one to touch me except my nurse; and to prevent danger, benches were set round the table at such a distance as to put me out of every body’s reach. However, an unlucky school-boy aimed a hazel nut directly at my head, which very narrowly missed me; otherwise it came with so much violence, that it would have infallibly knocked out my brains, for it was almost as large as a small pumpkin, but I had the satisfaction to see the young rogue well beaten, and turned out of the room. My master gave public notice that he would show me again the next market-day; and in the meantime he prepared a convenient vehicle for me, which he had reason enough to do; for I was so tired with my first journey, and with entertaining company for eight hours together, that I could hardly stand upon my legs, or speak a word. It was at least three days before I recovered my strength; and that I might have no rest at home, all the neighbouring gentlemen from a hundred miles round, hearing of my fame, came to see me at my master’s own house. There could not be fewer than thirty persons with their wives and children (for the country is very populous;) and my master demanded the rate of a full room whenever he showed me at home, although it were only to a single family; so that for some time I had but little ease every day of the week (except Wednesday, which is their Sabbath,) although I were not carried to the town. My master, finding how profitable I was likely to be, resolved to carry me to the most considerable cities of the kingdom. Having therefore provided himself with all things necessary for a long journey, and settled his affairs at home, he took leave of his wife, and upon the 17th of August, 1703, about two months after my arrival, we set out for the metropolis, situate near the middle of that empire, and about three thousand miles distance from our house. My master made his daughter Glumdalcl*tch ride behind him. She carried me on her lap, in a box tied about her waist. The girl had lined it on all sides with the softest cloth she could get, well quilted underneath, furnished it with her baby’s bed, provided me with linen and other necessaries, and made everything as convenient as she could. We had no other company but a boy of the house, who rode after us with the luggage. My master’s design was to show me in all the towns by the way, and to step out of the road for fifty or a hundred miles, to any village, or person of quality’s house, where he might expect custom. We made easy journeys, of not above seven or eight score miles a-day; for Glumdalcl*tch, on purpose to spare me, complained she was tired with the trotting of the horse. She often took me out of my box, at my own desire, to give me air, and show me the country, but always held me fast by a leading-string. We passed over five or six rivers, many degrees broader and deeper than the Nile or the Ganges: and there was hardly a rivulet so small as the Thames at London-bridge. We were ten weeks in our journey, and I was shown in eighteen large towns, besides many villages, and private families. On the 26th day of October we arrived at the metropolis, called in their language Lorbrulgrud, or Pride of the Universe. My master took a lodging in the principal street of the city, not far from the royal palace, and put out bills in the usual form, containing an exact description of my person and parts. He hired a large room between three and four hundred feet wide. He provided a table sixty feet in diameter, upon which I was to act my part, and pallisadoed it round three feet from the edge, and as many high, to prevent my falling over. I was shown ten times a-day, to the wonder and satisfaction of all people. I could now speak the language tolerably well, and perfectly understood every word, that was spoken to me. Besides, I had learnt their alphabet, and could make a shift to explain a sentence here and there; for Glumdalcl*tch had been my instructor while we were at home, and at leisure hours during our journey. She carried a little book in her pocket, not much larger than a Sanson’s Atlas; it was a common treatise for the use of young girls, giving a short account of their religion: out of this she taught me my letters, and interpreted the words. The author sent for to court. The queen buys him of his master the farmer, and presents him to the king. He disputes with his majesty’s great scholars. An apartment at court provided for the author. He is in high favour with the queen. He stands up for the honour of his own country. His quarrels with the queen’s dwarf. THE FREQUENT LABOURS I underwent every day, made, in a few weeks, a very considerable change in my health: the more my master got by me, the more insatiable he grew. I had quite lost my stomach, and was almost reduced to a skeleton. The farmer observed it, and concluding I must soon die, resolved to make as good a hand of me as he could. While he was thus reasoning and resolving with himself, a sardral, or gentleman-usher, came from court, commanding my master to carry me immediately thither for the diversion of the queen and her ladies. Some of the latter had already been to see me, and reported strange things of my beauty, behaviour, and good sense. Her majesty, and those who attended her, were beyond measure delighted with my demeanour. I fell on my knees, and begged the honour of kissing her imperial foot; but this gracious princess held out her little finger towards me, after I was set on the table, which I embraced in both my arms, and put the tip of it with the utmost respect to my lip. She made me some general questions about my country and my travels, which I answered as distinctly, and in as few words as I could. She asked, “whether I could be content to live at court?” I bowed down to the board of the table, and humbly answered “that I was my master’s slave: but, if I were at my own disposal, I should be proud to devote my life to her majesty’s service.” She then asked my master, “whether he was willing to sell me at a good price?” He, who apprehended I could not live a month, was ready enough to part with me, and demanded a thousand pieces of gold, which were ordered him on the spot, each piece being about the bigness of eight hundred moidores; but allowing for the proportion of all things between that country and Europe, and the high price of gold among them, was hardly so great a sum as a thousand guineas would be in England. I then said to the queen, “since I was now her majesty’s most humble creature and vassal, I must beg the favour, that Glumdalcl*tch, who had always tended me with so much care and kindness, and understood to do it so well, might be admitted into her service, and continue to be my nurse and instructor.” Her majesty agreed to my petition, and easily got the farmer’s consent, who was glad enough to have his daughter preferred at court, and the poor girl herself was not able to hide her joy. My late master withdrew, bidding me farewell, and saying he had left me in a good service; to which I replied not a word, only making him a slight bow. The queen observed my coldness; and, when the farmer was gone out of the apartment, asked me the reason. I made bold to tell her majesty, “that I owed no other obligation to my late master, than his not dashing out the brains of a poor harmless creature, found by chance in his fields: which obligation was amply recompensed, by the gain he had made in showing me through half the kingdom, and the price he had now sold me for. That the life I had since led was laborious enough to kill an animal of ten times my strength. That my health was much impaired, by the continual drudgery of entertaining the rabble every hour of the day; and that, if my master had not thought my life in danger, her majesty would not have got so cheap a bargain. But as I was out of all fear of being ill-treated under the protection of so great and good an empress, the ornament of nature, the darling of the world, the delight of her subjects, the phoenix of the creation, so I hoped my late master’s apprehensions would appear to be groundless; for I already found my spirits revive, by the influence of her most august presence.” This was the sum of my speech, delivered with great improprieties and hesitation. The latter part was altogether framed in the style peculiar to that people, whereof I learned some phrases from Glumdalcl*tch, while she was carrying me to court. The queen, giving great allowance for my defectiveness in speaking, was, however, surprised at so much wit and good sense in so diminutive an animal. She took me in her own hand, and carried me to the king, who was then retired to his cabinet. His majesty, a prince of much gravity and austere countenance, not well observing my shape at first view, asked the queen after a cold manner “how long it was since she grew fond of a splacnuck?” for such it seems he took me to be, as I lay upon my breast in her majesty’s right hand. But this princess, who has an infinite deal of wit and humour, set me gently on my feet upon the scrutoire, and commanded me to give his majesty an account of myself, which I did in a very few words: and Glumdalcl*tch who attended at the cabinet door, and could not endure I should be out of her sight, being admitted, confirmed all that had passed from my arrival at her father’s house. The king, although he be as learned a person as any in his dominions, had been educated in the study of philosophy, and particularly mathematics; yet when he observed my shape exactly, and saw me walk erect, before I began to speak, conceived I might be a piece of clock-work (which is in that country arrived to a very great perfection) contrived by some ingenious artist. But when he heard my voice, and found what I delivered to be regular and rational, he could not conceal his astonishment. He was by no means satisfied with the relation I gave him of the manner I came into his kingdom, but thought it a story concerted between Glumdalcl*tch and her father, who had taught me a set of words to make me sell at a better price. Upon this imagination, he put several other questions to me, and still received rational answers: no otherwise defective than by a foreign accent, and an imperfect knowledge in the language, with some rustic phrases which I had learned at the farmer’s house, and did not suit the polite style of a court. His majesty sent for three great scholars, who were then in their weekly waiting, according to the custom in that country. These gentlemen, after they had a while examined my shape with much nicety, were of different opinions concerning me. They all agreed that I could not be produced according to the regular laws of nature, because I was not framed with a capacity of preserving my life, either by swiftness, or climbing of trees, or digging holes in the earth. They observed by my teeth, which they viewed with great exactness, that I was a carnivorous animal; yet most quadrupeds being an overmatch for me, and field mice, with some others, too nimble, they could not imagine how I should be able to support myself, unless I fed upon snails and other insects, which they offered, by many learned arguments, to evince that I could not possibly do. One of these virtuosi seemed to think that I might be an embryo, or abortive birth. But this opinion was rejected by the other two, who observed my limbs to be perfect and finished; and that I had lived several years, as it was manifest from my beard, the stumps whereof they plainly discovered through a magnifying glass. They would not allow me to be a dwarf, because my littleness was beyond all degrees of comparison; for the queen’s favourite dwarf, the smallest ever known in that kingdom, was near thirty feet high. After much debate, they concluded unanimously, that I was only relplum scalcath, which is interpreted literally lusus naturae; a determination exactly agreeable to the modern philosophy of Europe, whose professors, disdaining the old evasion of occult causes, whereby the followers of Aristotle endeavoured in vain to disguise their ignorance, have invented this wonderful solution of all difficulties, to the unspeakable advancement of human knowledge. After this decisive conclusion, I entreated to be heard a word or two. I applied myself to the king, and assured his majesty, “that I came from a country which abounded with several millions of both sexes, and of my own stature; where the animals, trees, and houses, were all in proportion, and where, by consequence, I might be as able to defend myself, and to find sustenance, as any of his majesty’s subjects could do here; which I took for a full answer to those gentlemen’s arguments.” To this they only replied with a smile of contempt, saying, “that the farmer had instructed me very well in my lesson.” The king, who had a much better understanding, dismissing his learned men, sent for the farmer, who by good fortune was not yet gone out of town. Having therefore first examined him privately, and then confronted him with me and the young girl, his majesty began to think that what we told him might possibly be true. He desired the queen to order that a particular care should be taken of me; and was of opinion that Glumdalcl*tch should still continue in her office of tending me, because he observed we had a great affection for each other. A convenient apartment was provided for her at court: she had a sort of governess appointed to take care of her education, a maid to dress her, and two other servants for menial offices; but the care of me was wholly appropriated to herself. The queen commanded her own cabinet-maker to contrive a box, that might serve me for a bedchamber, after the model that Glumdalcl*tch and I should agree upon. This man was a most ingenious artist, and according to my direction, in three weeks finished for me a wooden chamber of sixteen feet square, and twelve high, with sash-windows, a door, and two closets, like a London bed-chamber. The board, that made the ceiling, was to be lifted up and down by two hinges, to put in a bed ready furnished by her majesty’s upholsterer, which Glumdalcl*tch took out every day to air, made it with her own hands, and letting it down at night, locked up the roof over me. A nice workman, who was famous for little curiosities, undertook to make me two chairs, with backs and frames, of a substance not unlike ivory, and two tables, with a cabinet to put my things in. The room was quilted on all sides, as well as the floor and the ceiling, to prevent any accident from the carelessness of those who carried me, and to break the force of a jolt, when I went in a coach. I desired a lock for my door, to prevent rats and mice from coming in. The smith, after several attempts, made the smallest that ever was seen among them, for I have known a larger at the gate of a gentleman’s house in England. I made a shift to keep the key in a pocket of my own, fearing Glumdalcl*tch might lose it. The queen likewise ordered the thinnest silks that could be gotten, to make me clothes, not much thicker than an English blanket, very cumbersome till I was accustomed to them. They were after the fashion of the kingdom, partly resembling the Persian, and partly the Chinese, and are a very grave and decent habit. The queen became so fond of my company, that she could not dine without me. I had a table placed upon the same at which her majesty ate, just at her left elbow, and a chair to sit on. Glumdalcl*tch stood on a stool on the floor near my table, to assist and take care of me. I had an entire set of silver dishes and plates, and other necessaries, which, in proportion to those of the queen, were not much bigger than what I have seen in a London toy-shop for the furniture of a baby-house: these my little nurse kept in her pocket in a silver box, and gave me at meals as I wanted them, always cleaning them herself. No person dined with the queen but the two princesses royal, the eldest sixteen years old, and the younger at that time thirteen and a month. Her majesty used to put a bit of meat upon one of my dishes, out of which I carved for myself, and her diversion was to see me eat in miniature: for the queen (who had indeed but a weak stomach) took up, at one mouthful, as much as a dozen English farmers could eat at a meal, which to me was for some time a very nauseous sight. She would craunch the wing of a lark, bones and all, between her teeth, although it were nine times as large as that of a full-grown turkey; and put a bit of bread into her mouth as big as two twelve-penny loaves. She drank out of a golden cup, above a hogshead at a draught. Her knives were twice as long as a scythe, set straight upon the handle. The spoons, forks, and other instruments, were all in the same proportion. I remember when Glumdalcl*tch carried me, out of curiosity, to see some of the tables at court, where ten or a dozen of those enormous knives and forks were lifted up together, I thought I had never till then beheld so terrible a sight. It is the custom, that every Wednesday (which, as I have observed, is their Sabbath) the king and queen, with the royal issue of both sexes, dine together in the apartment of his majesty, to whom I was now become a great favourite; and at these times, my little chair and table were placed at his left hand, before one of the salt-cellars. This prince took a pleasure in conversing with me, inquiring into the manners, religion, laws, government, and learning of Europe; wherein I gave him the best account I was able. His apprehension was so clear, and his judgment so exact, that he made very wise reflections and observations upon all I said. But I confess, that, after I had been a little too copious in talking of my own beloved country, of our trade and wars by sea and land, of our schisms in religion, and parties in the state; the prejudices of his education prevailed so far, that he could not forbear taking me up in his right hand, and stroking me gently with the other, after a hearty fit of laughing, asked me, “whether I was a whig or tory?” Then turning to his first minister, who waited behind him with a white staff, near as tall as the mainmast of the Royal Sovereign, he observed “how contemptible a thing was human grandeur, which could be mimicked by such diminutive insects as I: and yet,” says he, “I dare engage these creatures have their titles and distinctions of honour; they contrive little nests and burrows, that they call houses and cities; they make a figure in dress and equipage; they love, they fight, they dispute, they cheat, they betray!” And thus he continued on, while my colour came and went several times, with indignation, to hear our noble country, the mistress of arts and arms, the scourge of France, the arbitress of Europe, the seat of virtue, piety, honour, and truth, the pride and envy of the world, so contemptuously treated. But as I was not in a condition to resent injuries, so upon mature thoughts I began to doubt whether I was injured or no. For, after having been accustomed several months to the sight and converse of this people, and observed every object upon which I cast mine eyes to be of proportionable magnitude, the horror I had at first conceived from their bulk and aspect was so far worn off, that if I had then beheld a company of English lords and ladies in their finery and birth-day clothes, acting their several parts in the most courtly manner of strutting, and bowing, and prating, to say the truth, I should have been strongly tempted to laugh as much at them as the king and his grandees did at me. Neither, indeed, could I forbear smiling at myself, when the queen used to place me upon her hand towards a looking-glass, by which both our persons appeared before me in full view together; and there could be nothing more ridiculous than the comparison; so that I really began to imagine myself dwindled many degrees below my usual size. Nothing angered and mortified me so much as the queen’s dwarf; who being of the lowest stature that was ever in that country (for I verily think he was not full thirty feet high), became so insolent at seeing a creature so much beneath him, that he would always affect to swagger and look big as he passed by me in the queen’s antechamber, while I was standing on some table talking with the lords or ladies of the court, and he seldom failed of a smart word or two upon my littleness; against which I could only revenge myself by calling him brother, challenging him to wrestle, and such repartees as are usually in the mouths of court pages. One day, at dinner, this malicious little cub was so nettled with something I had said to him, that, raising himself upon the frame of her majesty’s chair, he took me up by the middle, as I was sitting down, not thinking any harm, and let me drop into a large silver bowl of cream, and then ran away as fast as he could. I fell over head and ears, and, if I had not been a good swimmer, it might have gone very hard with me; for Glumdalcl*tch in that instant happened to be at the other end of the room, and the queen was in such a fright, that she wanted presence of mind to assist me. But my little nurse ran to my relief, and took me out, after I had swallowed above a quart of cream. I was put to bed: however, I received no other damage than the loss of a suit of clothes, which was utterly spoiled. The dwarf was soundly whipt, and as a farther punishment, forced to drink up the bowl of cream into which he had thrown me: neither was he ever restored to favour; for soon after the queen bestowed him on a lady of high quality, so that I saw him no more, to my very great satisfaction; for I could not tell to what extremities such a malicious urchin might have carried his resentment. He had before served me a scurvy trick, which set the queen a-laughing, although at the same time she was heartily vexed, and would have immediately cashiered him, if I had not been so generous as to intercede. Her majesty had taken a marrow-bone upon her plate, and, after knocking out the marrow, placed the bone again in the dish erect, as it stood before; the dwarf, watching his opportunity, while Glumdalcl*tch was gone to the side-board, mounted the stool that she stood on to take care of me at meals, took me up in both hands, and squeezing my legs together, wedged them into the marrow bone above my waist, where I stuck for some time, and made a very ridiculous figure. I believe it was near a minute before any one knew what was become of me; for I thought it below me to cry out. But, as princes seldom get their meat hot, my legs were not scalded, only my stockings and breeches in a sad condition. The dwarf, at my entreaty, had no other punishment than a sound whipping. I was frequently rallied by the queen upon account of my fearfulness; and she used to ask me whether the people of my country were as great cowards as myself? The occasion was this: the kingdom is much pestered with flies in summer; and these odious insects, each of them as big as a Dunstable lark, hardly gave me any rest while I sat at dinner, with their continual humming and buzzing about mine ears. They would sometimes alight upon my victuals, and leave their loathsome excrement, or spawn behind, which to me was very visible, though not to t he natives of that country, whose large optics were not so acute as mine, in viewing smaller objects. Sometimes they would fix upon my nose, or forehead, where they stung me to the quick, smelling very offensively; and I could easily trace that viscous matter, which, our naturalists tell us, enables those creatures to walk with their feet upwards upon a ceiling. I had much ado to defend myself against these detestable animals, and could not forbear starting when they came on my face. It was the common practice of the dwarf, to catch a number of these insects in his hand, as schoolboys do among us, and let them out suddenly under my nose, on purpose to frighten me, and divert the queen. My remedy was to cut them in pieces with my knife, as they flew in the air, wherein my dexterity was much admired. I remember, one morning, when Glumdalcl*tch had set me in a box upon a window, as she usually did in fair days to give me air (for I durst not venture to let the box be hung on a nail out of the window, as we do with cages in England), after I had lifted up one of my sashes, and sat down at my table to eat a piece of sweet cake for my breakfast, above twenty wasps, allured by the smell, came flying into the room, humming louder than the drones of as many bagpipes. Some of them seized my cake, and carried it piecemeal away; others flew about my head and face, confounding me with the noise, and putting me in the utmost terror of their stings. However, I had the courage to rise and draw my hanger, and attack them in the air. I dispatched four of them, but the rest got away, and I presently shut my window. These insects were as large as partridges: I took out their stings, found them an inch and a half long, and as sharp as needles. I carefully preserved them all; and having since shown them, with some other curiosities, in several parts of Europe, upon my return to England I gave three of them to Gresham College, and kept the fourth for myself. The country described.A proposal for correcting modern maps.The king’s palace; and some account of the metropolis.The author’s way of travelling.The chief temple described.I NOW INTEND to give the reader a short description of this country, as far as I travelled in it, which was not above two thousand miles round Lorbrulgrud, the metropolis.For the queen, whom I always attended, never went farther when she accompanied the king in his progresses, and there staid till his majesty returned from viewing his frontiers.The whole extent of this prince’s dominions reaches about six thousand miles in length, and from three to five in breadth: whence I cannot but conclude, that our geographers of Europe are in a great error, by supposing nothing but sea between Japan and California; for it was ever my opinion, that there must be a balance of earth to counterpoise the great continent of Tartary; and therefore they ought to correct their maps and charts, by joining this vast tract of land to the north-west parts of America, wherein I shall be ready to lend them my assistance.The kingdom is a peninsula, terminated to the north-east by a ridge of mountains thirty miles high, which are altogether impassable, by reason of the volcanoes upon the tops: neither do the most learned know what sort of mortals inhabit beyond those mountains, or whether they be inhabited at all.On the three other sides, it is bounded by the ocean.There is not one sea-port in the whole kingdom: and those parts of the coasts into which the rivers issue, are so full of pointed rocks, and the sea generally so rough, that there is no venturing with the smallest of their boats; so that these people are wholly excluded from any commerce with the rest of the world.But the large rivers are full of vessels, and abound with excellent fish; for they seldom get any from the sea, because the sea fish are of the same size with those in Europe, and consequently not worth catching; whereby it is manifest, that nature, in the production of plants and animals of so extraordinary a bulk, is wholly confined to this continent, of which I leave the reasons to be determined by philosophers.However, now and then they take a whale that happens to be dashed against the rocks, which the common people feed on heartily.These whales I have known so large, that a man could hardly carry one upon his shoulders; and sometimes, for curiosity, they are brought in hampers to Lorbrulgrud; I saw one of them in a dish at the king’s table, which passed for a rarity, but I did not observe he was fond of it; for I think, indeed, the bigness disgusted him, although I have seen one somewhat larger in Greenland.The country is well inhabited, for it contains fifty-one cities, near a hundred walled towns, and a great number of villages.To satisfy my curious reader, it may be sufficient to describe Lorbrulgrud.This city stands upon almost two equal parts, on each side the river that passes through.It contains above eighty thousand houses, and about six hundred thousand inhabitants.It is in length three glomglungs (which make about fifty-four English miles,) and two and a half in breadth; as I measured it myself in the royal map made by the king’s order, which was laid on the ground on purpose for me, and extended a hundred feet: I paced the diameter and circumference several times barefoot, and, computing by the scale, measured it pretty exactly.The king’s palace is no regular edifice, but a heap of buildings, about seven miles round: the chief rooms are generally two hundred and forty feet high, and broad and long in proportion.A coach was allowed to Glumdalcl*tch and me, wherein her governess frequently took her out to see the town, or go among the shops; and I was always of the party, carried in my box; although the girl, at my own desire, would often take me out, and hold me in her hand, that I might more conveniently view the houses and the people, as we passed along the streets.I reckoned our coach to be about a square of Westminster-hall, but not altogether so high: however, I cannot be very exact.One day the governess ordered our coachman to stop at several shops, where the beggars, watching their opportunity, crowded to the sides of the coach, and gave me the most horrible spectacle that ever a European eye beheld.There was a woman with a cancer in her breast, swelled to a monstrous size, full of holes, in two or three of which I could have easily crept, and covered my whole bodyThere was a fellow with a wen in his neck, larger than five wool-packs; and another, with a couple of wooden legs, each about twenty feet high.But the most hateful sight of all, was the lice crawling on their clothes.I could see distinctly the limbs of these vermin with my naked eye, much better than those of a European louse through a microscope, and their snouts with which they rooted like swine.They were the first I had ever beheld, and I should have been curious enough to dissect one of them, if I had had proper instruments, which I unluckily left behind me in the ship, although, indeed, the sight was so nauseous, that it perfectly turned my stomach.Besides the large box in which I was usually carried, the queen ordered a smaller one to be made for me, of about twelve feet square, and ten high, for the convenience of travelling; because the other was somewhat too large for Glumdalcl*tch’s lap, and cumbersome in the coach; it was made by the same artist, whom I directed in the whole contrivance.This travelling- closet was an exact square, with a window in the middle of three of the squares, and each window was latticed with iron wire on the outside, to prevent accidents in long journeys.On the fourth side, which had no window, two strong staples were fixed, through which the person that carried me, when I had a mind to be on horseback, put a leathern belt, and buckled it about his waist.This was always the office of some grave trusty servant, in whom I could confide, whether I attended the king and queen in their progresses, or were disposed to see the gardens, or pay a visit to some great lady or minister of state in the court, when Glumdalcl*tch happened to be out of order; for I soon began to be known and esteemed among the greatest officers, I suppose more upon account of their majesties’ favour, than any merit of my own.In journeys, when I was weary of the coach, a servant on horseback would buckle on my box, and place it upon a cushion before him; and there I had a full prospect of the country on three sides, from my three windows.I had, in this closet, a field-bed and a hammock, hung from the ceiling, two chairs and a table, neatly screwed to the floor, to prevent being tossed about by the agitation of the horse or the coach.And having been long used to sea-voyages, those motions, although sometimes very violent, did not much discompose me.Whenever I had a mind to see the town, it was always in my travelling closet; which Glumdalcl*tch held in her lap in a kind of open sedan, after the fashion of the country, borne by four men, and attended by two others in the queen’s livery. The people, who had often heard of me, were very curious to crowd about the sedan, and the girl was complaisant enough to make the bearers stop, and to take me in her hand, that I might be more conveniently seen.I was very desirous to see the chief temple, and particularly the tower belonging to it, which is reckoned the highest in the kingdom.Accordingly one day my nurse carried me thither, but I may truly say I came back disappointed; for the height is not above three thousand feet, reckoning from the ground to the highest pinnacle top; which, allowing for the difference between the size of those people and us in Europe, is no great matter for admiration, nor at all equal in proportion (if I rightly remember) to Salisbury steeple.But, not to detract from a nation, to which, during my life, I shall acknowledge myself extremely obliged, it must be allowed, that whatever this famous tower wants in height, is amply made up in beauty and strength: for the walls are near a hundred feet thick, built of hewn stone, whereof each is about forty feet square, and adorned on all sides with statues of gods and emperors, cut in marble, larger than the life, placed in their several niches.I measured a little finger which had fallen down from one of these statues, and lay unperceived among some rubbish, and found it exactly four feet and an inch in length.Glumdalcl*tch wrapped it up in her handkerchief, and carried it home in her pocket, to keep among other trinkets, of which the girl was very fond, as children at her age usually are.The king’s kitchen is indeed a noble building, vaulted at top, and about six hundred feet high.The great oven is not so wide, by ten paces, as the cupola at St. Paul’s: for I measured the latter on purpose, after my return.But if I should describe the kitchen grate, the prodigious pots and kettles, the joints of meat turning on the spits, with many other particulars, perhaps I should be hardly believed; at least a severe critic would be apt to think I enlarged a little, as travellers are often suspected to do.To avoid which censure I fear I have run too much into the other extreme; and that if this treatise should happen to be translated into the language of Brobdingnag (which is the general name of that kingdom,) and transmitted thither, the king and his people would have reason to complain that I had done them an injury, by a false and diminutive representation.His majesty seldom keeps above six hundred horses in his stables: they are generally from fifty-four to sixty feet high.But, when he goes abroad on solemn days, he is attended, for state, by a military guard of five hundred horse, which, indeed, I thought was the most splendid sight that could be ever beheld, till I saw part of his army in battalia, whereof I shall find another occasion to speak. CHAPTER VSeveral adventurers that happened to the author.The execution of a criminal.The author shows his skill in navigation.I SHOULD HAVE LIVED happy enough in that country, if my littleness had not exposed me to several ridiculous and troublesome accidents; some of which I shall venture to relate.Glumdalcl*tch often carried me into the gardens of the court in my smaller box, and would sometimes take me out of it, and hold me in her hand, or set me down to walk.I remember, before the dwarf left the queen, he followed us one day into those gardens, and my nurse having set me down, he and I being close together, near some dwarf apple trees, I must needs show my wit, by a silly allusion between him and the trees, which happens to hold in their language as it does in ours.Whereupon, the malicious rogue, watching his opportunity, when I was walking under one of them, shook it directly over my head, by which a dozen apples, each of them near as large as a Bristol barrel, came tumbling about my ears; one of them hit me on the back as I chanced to stoop, and knocked me down flat on my face; but I received no other hurt, and the dwarf was pardoned at my desire, because I had given the provocation.Another day, Glumdalcl*tch left me on a smooth grass-plot to divert myself, while she walked at some distance with her governess.In the meantime, there suddenly fell such a violent shower of hail, that I was immediately by the force of it, struck to the ground: and when I was down, the hailstones gave me such cruel bangs all over the body, as if I had been pelted with tennis-balls; however, I made a shift to creep on all fours, and shelter myself, by lying flat on my face, on the lee-side of a border of lemon-thyme, but so bruised from head to foot, that I could not go abroad in ten days.Neither is this at all to be wondered at, because nature, in that country, observing the same proportion through all her operations, a hailstone is near eighteen hundred times as large as one in Europe; which I can assert upon experience, having been so curious as to weigh and measure them.But a more dangerous accident happened to me in the same garden, when my little nurse, believing she had put me in a secure place (which I often entreated her to do, that I might enjoy my own thoughts,) and having left my box at home, to avoid the trouble of carrying it, went to another part of the garden with her governess and some ladies of her acquaintance.While she was absent, and out of hearing, a small white spaniel that belonged to one of the chief gardeners, having got by accident into the garden, happened to range near the place where I lay: the dog, following the scent, came directly up, and taking me in his mouth, ran straight to his master wagging his tail, and set me gently on the ground.By good fortune he had been so well taught, that I was carried between his teeth without the least hurt, or even tearing my clothes.But the poor gardener, who knew me well, and had a great kindness for me, was in a terrible fright: he gently took me up in both his hands, and asked me how I did? but I was so amazed and out of breath, that I could not speak a word.In a few minutes I came to myself, and he carried me safe to my little nurse, who, by this time, had returned to the place where she left me, and was in cruel agonies when I did not appear, nor answer when she called.She severely reprimanded the gardener on account of his dog.But the thing was hushed up, and never known at court, for the girl was afraid of the queen’s anger; and truly, as to myself, I thought it would not be for my reputation, that such a story should go about.This accident absolutely determined Glumdalcl*tch never to trust me abroad for the future out of her sight.I had been long afraid of this resolution, and therefore concealed from her some little unlucky adventures, that happened in those times when I was left by myself.Once a kite, hovering over the garden, made a stoop at me, and if I had not resolutely drawn my hanger, and run under a thick espalier, he would have certainly carried me away in his talons.Another time, walking to the top of a fresh mole-hill, I fell to my neck in the hole, through which that animal had cast up the earth, and coined some lie, not worth remembering, to excuse myself for spoiling my clothes.I likewise broke my right shin against the shell of a snail, which I happened to stumble over, as I was walking alone and thinking on poor England.I cannot tell whether I were more pleased or mortified to observe, in those solitary walks, that the smaller birds did not appear to be at all afraid of me, but would hop about within a yard’s distance, looking for worms and other food, with as much indifference and security as if no creature at all were near them.I remember, a thrush had the confidence to snatch out of my hand, with his bill, a of cake that Glumdalcl*tch had just given me for my breakfast.When I attempted to catch any of these birds, they would boldly turn against me, endeavouring to peck my fingers, which I durst not venture within their reach; and then they would hop back unconcerned, to hunt for worms or snails, as they did before.But one day, I took a thick cudgel, and threw it with all my strength so luckily, at a linnet, that I knocked him down, and seizing him by the neck with both my hands, ran with him in triumph to my nurse.However, the bird, who had only been stunned, recovering himself gave me so many boxes with his wings, on both sides of my head and body, though I held him at arm’s length, and was out of the reach of his claws, that I was twenty times thinking to let him go.But I was soon relieved by one of our servants, who wrung off the bird’s neck, and I had him next day for dinner, by the queen’s command.This linnet, as near as I can remember, seemed to be somewhat larger than an English swan.The maids of honour often invited Glumdalcl*tch to their apartments, and desired she would bring me along with her, on purpose to have the pleasure of seeing and touching me.They would often strip me naked from top to toe, and lay me at full length in their bosoms; wherewith I was much disgusted because, to say the truth, a very offensive smell came from their skins; which I do not mention, or intend, to the disadvantage of those excellent ladies, for whom I have all manner of respect; but I conceive that my sense was more acute in proportion to my littleness, and that those illustrious persons were no more disagreeable to their lovers, or to each other, than people of the same quality are with us in England.And, after all, I found their natural smell was much more supportable, than when they used perfumes, under which I immediately swooned away.I cannot forget, that an intimate friend of mine in Lilliput, took the freedom in a warm day, when I had used a good deal of exercise, to complain of a strong smell about me, although I am as little faulty that way, as most of my sex: but I suppose his faculty of smelling was as nice with regard to me, as mine was to that of this people.Upon this point, I cannot forbear doing justice to the queen my mistress, and Glumdalcl*tch my nurse, whose persons were as sweet as those of any lady in England.That which gave me most uneasiness among these maids of honour (when my nurse carried me to visit then) was, to see them use me without any manner of ceremony, like a creature who had no sort of consequence: for they would strip themselves to the skin, and put on their smocks in my presence, while I was placed on their toilet, directly before their naked bodies, which I am sure to me was very far from being a tempting sight, or from giving me any other emotions than those of horror and disgust: their skins appeared so coarse and uneven, so variously coloured, when I saw them near, with a mole here and there as broad as a trencher, and hairs hanging from it thicker than packthreads, to say nothing farther concerning the rest of their persons.Neither did they at all scruple, while I was by, to discharge what they had drank, to the quantity of at least two hogsheads, in a vessel that held above three tuns.The handsomest among these maids of honour, a pleasant, frolicsome girl of sixteen, would sometimes set me astride upon one of her nipples, with many other tricks , wherein the reader will excuse me for not being over particular.But I was so much displeased, that I entreated Glumdalcl*tch to contrive some excuse for not seeing that young lady any more.One day, a young gentleman, who was nephew to my nurse’s governess, came and pressed them both to see an execution.It was of a man, who had murdered one of that gentleman’s intimate acquaintance.Glumdalcl*tch was prevailed on to be of the company, very much against her inclination, for she was naturally tender-hearted: and, as for myself, although I abhorred such kind of spectacles, yet my curiosity tempted me to see something that I thought must be extraordinary.The malefactor was fixed in a chair upon a scaffold erected for that purpose, and his head cut off at one blow, with a sword of about forty feet long.The veins and arteries spouted up such a prodigious quantity of blood, and so high in the air, that the great Jet d’Eau at Versailles was not equal to it for the time it lasted: and the head, when it fell on the scaffold floor, gave such a bounce as made me start, although I was at least half an English mile distant.The queen, who often used to hear me talk of my sea-voyages, and took all occasions to divert me when I was melancholy, asked me whether I understood how to handle a sail or an oar, and whether a little exercise of rowing might not be convenient for my health?I answered, that I understood both very well: for although my proper employment had been to be surgeon or doctor to the ship, yet often, upon a pinch, I was forced to work like a common mariner.But I could not see how this could be done in their country, where the smallest wherry was equal to a first-rate man of war among us; and such a boat as I could manage would never live in any of their rivers.Her majesty said, if I would contrive a boat, her own joiner should make it, and she would provide a place for me to sail in.The fellow was an ingenious workman, and by my instructions, in ten days, finished a pleasure-boat with all its tackling, able conveniently to hold eight Europeans.When it was finished, the queen was so delighted, that she ran with it in her lap to the king, who ordered it to be put into a cistern full of water, with me in it, by way of trial, where I could not manage my two sculls, or little oars, for want of room. But the queen had before contrived another project.She ordered the joiner to make a wooden trough of three hundred feet long, fifty broad, and eight deep; which, being well pitched, to prevent leaking, was placed on the floor, along the wall, in an outer room of the palace.It had a co*ck near the bottom to let out the water, when it began to grow stale; and two servants could easily fill it in half an hour.Here I often used to row for my own diversion, as well as that of the queen and her ladies, who thought themselves well entertained with my skill and agility.Sometimes I would put up my sail, and then my business was only to steer, while the ladies gave me a gale with their fans; and, when they were weary, some of their pages would blow my sail forward with their breath, while I showed my art by steering starboard or larboard as I pleased.When I had done, Glumdalcl*tch always carried back my boat into her closet, and hung it on a nail to dry.In this exercise I once met an accident, which had like to have cost me my life; for, one of the pages having put my boat into the trough, the governess who attended Glumdalcl*tch very officiously lifted me up, to place me in the boat: but I happened to slip through her fingers, and should infallibly have fallen down forty feet upon the floor, if, by the luckiest chance in the world, I had not been stopped by a corking-pin that stuck in the good gentlewoman’s stomacher; the head of the pin passing between my shirt and the waistband of my breeches, and thus I was held by the middle in the air, till Glumdalcl*tch ran to my relief.Another time, one of the servants, whose office it was to fill my trough every third day with fresh water, was so careless as to let a huge frog (not perceiving it) slip out of his pail.The frog lay concealed till I was put into my boat, but then, seeing a resting-place, climbed up, and made it lean so much on one side, that I was forced to balance it with all my weight on the other, to prevent overturning.When the frog was got in, it hopped at once half the length of the boat, and then over my head, backward and forward, daubing my face and clothes with its odious slime.The largeness of its features made it appear the most deformed animal that can be conceived.However, I desired Glumdalcl*tch to let me deal with it alone. I banged it a good while with one of my sculls, and at last forced it to leap out of the boat.But the greatest danger I ever underwent in that kingdom, was from a monkey, who belonged to one of the clerks of the kitchen.Glumdalcl*tch had locked me up in her closet, while she went somewhere upon business, or a visit.The weather being very warm, the closet-window was left open, as well as the windows and the door of my bigger box, in which I usually lived, because of its largeness and conveniency.As I sat quietly meditating at my table, I heard something bounce in at the closet-window, and skip about from one side to the other: whereat, although I was much alarmed, yet I ventured to look out, but not stirring from my seat; and then I saw this frolicsome animal frisking and leaping up and down, till at last he came to my box, which he seemed to view with great pleasure and curiosity, peeping in at the door and every window.I retreated to the farther corner of my room; or box; but the monkey looking in at every side, put me in such a fright, that I wanted presence of mind to conceal myself under the bed, as I might easily have done.After some time spent in peeping, grinning, and chattering, he at last espied me; and reaching one of his paws in at the door, as a cat does when she plays with a mouse, although I often shifted place to avoid him, he at length seized the lappet of my coat (which being made of that country silk, was very thick and strong), and dragged me out.He took me up in his right fore-foot and held me as a nurse does a child she is going to suckle, just as I have seen the same sort of creature do with a kitten in Europe; and when I offered to struggle he squeezed me so hard, that I thought it more prudent to submit.I have good reason to believe, that he took me for a young one of his own species, by his often stroking my face very gently with his other paw.In these diversions he was interrupted by a noise at the closet door, as if somebody were opening it: whereupon he suddenly leaped up to the window at which he had come in, and thence upon the leads and gutters, walking upon three legs, and holding me in the fourth, till he clambered up to a roof that was next to ours.I heard Glumdalcl*tch give a shriek at the moment he was carrying me out.The poor girl was almost distracted: that quarter of the palace was all in an uproar; the servants ran for ladders; the monkey was seen by hundreds in the court, sitting upon the ridge of a building, holding me like a baby in one of his forepaws, and feeding me with the other, by cramming into my mouth some victuals he had squeezed out of the bag on one side of his chaps, and patting me when I would not eat; whereat many of the rabble below could not forbear laughing; neither do I think they justly ought to be blamed, for, without question, the sight was ridiculous enough to every body but myself.Some of the people threw up stones, hoping to drive the monkey down; but this was strictly forbidden, or else, very probably, my brains had been dashed out.The ladders were now applied, and mounted by several men; which the monkey observing, and finding himself almost encompassed, not being able to make speed enough with his three legs, let me drop on a ridge tile, and made his escape.Here I sat for some time, five hundred yards from the ground, expecting every moment to be blown down by the wind, or to fall by my own giddiness, and come tumbling over and over from the ridge to the eaves; but an honest lad, one of my nurse’s footmen, climbed up, and putting me into his breeches pocket, brought me down safe.I was almost choked with the filthy stuff the monkey had crammed down my throat: but my dear little nurse picked it out of my mouth with a small needle, and then I fell a-vomiting, which gave me great relief.Yet I was so weak and bruised in the sides with the squeezes given me by this odious animal, that I was forced to keep my bed a fortnight.The king, queen, and all the court, sent every day to inquire after my health; and her majesty made me several visits during my sickness.The monkey was killed, and an order made, that no such animal should be kept about the palace.When I attended the king after my recovery, to return him thanks for his favours, he was pleased to rally me a good deal upon this adventure. He asked me, “what my thoughts and speculations were, while I lay in the monkey’s paw; how I liked the victuals he gave me; his manner of feeding; and whether the fresh air on the roof had sharpened my stomach.”He desired to know, “what I would have done upon such an occasion in my own country.”I told his majesty, “that in Europe we had no monkeys, except such as were brought for curiosity from other places, and so small, that I could deal with a dozen of them together, if they presumed to attack me.And as for that monstrous animal with whom I was so lately engaged (it was indeed as large as an elephant), if my fears had suffered me to think so far as to make use of my hanger,” (looking fiercely, and clapping my hand on the hilt, as I spoke) “when he poked his paw into my chamber, perhaps I should have given him such a wound, as would have made him glad to withdraw it with more haste than he put it in.”This I delivered in a firm tone, like a person who was jealous lest his courage should be called in question.However, my speech produced nothing else beside a laud laughter, which all the respect due to his majesty from those about him could not make them contain.This made me reflect, how vain an attempt it is for a man to endeavour to do himself honour among those who are out of all degree of equality or comparison with him.And yet I have seen the moral of my own behaviour very frequent in England since my return; where a little contemptible varlet, without the least title to birth, person, wit, or common sense, shall presume to look with importance, and put himself upon a foot with the greatest persons of the kingdom.I was every day furnishing the court with some ridiculous story: and Glumdalcl*tch, although she loved me to excess, yet was arch enough to inform the queen, whenever I committed any folly that she thought would be diverting to her majesty.The girl, who had been out of order, was carried by her governess to take the air about an hour’s distance, or thirty miles from town.They alighted out of the coach near a small foot-path in a field, and Glumdalcl*tch setting down my travelling box, I went out of it to walk.There was a cow-dung in the path, and I must need try my activity by attempting to leap over it.I took a run, but unfortunately jumped short, and found myself just in the middle up to my knees.I waded through with some difficulty, and one of the footmen wiped me as clean as he could with his handkerchief, for I was filthily bemired; and my nurse confined me to my box, till we returned home; where the queen was soon informed of what had passed, and the footmen spread it about the court: so that all the mirth for some days was at my expense. CHAPTER VI Several contrivances of the author to please the king and queen. He shows his skill in music. The king inquires into the state of England, which the author relates to him. The king’s observations thereon. I USED TO ATTEND the king’s levee once or twice a week, and had often seen him under the barber’s hand, which indeed was at first very terrible to behold; for the razor was almost twice as long as an ordinary scythe. His majesty, according to the custom of the country, was only shaved twice a week. I once prevailed on the barber to give me some of the suds or lather, out of which I picked forty or fifty of the strongest stumps of hair. I then took a piece of fine wood, and cut it like the back of a comb, making several holes in it at equal distances with as small a needle as I could get from Glumdalcl*tch. I fixed in the stumps so artificially, scraping and sloping them with my knife toward the points, that I made a very tolerable comb; which was a seasonable supply, my own being so much broken in the teeth, that it was almost useless: neither did I know any artist in that country so nice and exact, as would undertake to make me another. And this puts me in mind of an amusem*nt, wherein I spent many of my leisure hours. I desired the queen’s woman to save for me the combings of her majesty’s hair, whereof in time I got a good quantity; and consulting with my friend the cabinet-maker, who had received general orders to do little jobs for me, I directed him to make two chair-frames, no larger than those I had in my box, and to bore little holes with a fine awl, round those parts where I designed the backs and seats; through these holes I wove the strongest hairs I could pick out, just after the manner of cane chairs in England. When they were finished, I made a present of them to her majesty; who kept them in her cabinet, and used to show them for curiosities, as indeed they were the wonder of every one that beheld them. The queen would have me sit upon one of these chairs, but I absolutely refused to obey her, protesting I would rather die than place a dishonourable part of my body on those precious hairs, that once adorned her majesty’s head. Of these hairs (as I had always a mechanical genius) I likewise made a neat little purse, about five feet long, with her majesty’s name deciphered in gold letters, which I gave to Glumdalcl*tch, by the queen’s consent. To say the truth, it was more for show than use, being not of strength to bear the weight of the larger coins, and therefore she kept nothing in it but some little toys that girls are fond of. The king, who delighted in music, had frequent concerts at court, to which I was sometimes carried, and set in my box on a table to hear them: but the noise was so great that I could hardly distinguish the tunes. I am confident that all the drums and trumpets of a royal army, beating and sounding together just at your ears, could not equal it. My practice was to have my box removed from the place where the performers sat, as far as I could, then to shut the doors and windows of it, and draw the window curtains; after which I found their music not disagreeable. I had learned in my youth to play a little upon the spinet. Glumdalcl*tch kept one in her chamber, and a master attended twice a-week to teach her: I called it a spinet, because it somewhat resembled that instrument, and was played upon in the same manner. A fancy came into my head, that I would entertain the king and queen with an English tune upon this instrument. But this appeared extremely difficult: for the spinet was near sixty feet long, each key being almost a foot wide, so that with my arms extended I could not reach to above five keys, and to press them down required a good smart stroke with my fist, which would be too great a labour, and to no purpose. The method I contrived was this: I prepared two round sticks, about the bigness of common cudgels; they were thicker at one end than the other, and I covered the thicker ends with pieces of a mouse’s skin, that by rapping on them I might neither damage the tops of the keys nor interrupt the sound. Before the spinet a bench was placed, about four feet below the keys, and I was put upon the bench. I ran sideling upon it, that way and this, as fast as I could, banging the proper keys with my two sticks, and made a shift to play a jig, to the great satisfaction of both their majesties; but it was the most violent exercise I ever underwent; and yet I could not strike above sixteen keys, nor consequently play the bass and treble together, as other artists do; which was a great disadvantage to my performance. The king, who, as I before observed, was a prince of excellent understanding, would frequently order that I should be brought in my box, and set upon the table in his closet: he would then command me to bring one of my chairs out of the box, and sit down within three yards distance upon the top of the cabinet, which brought me almost to a level with his face. In this manner I had several conversations with him. I one day took the freedom to tell his majesty, “that the contempt he discovered towards Europe, and the rest of the world, did not seem answerable to those excellent qualities of mind that he was master of; that reason did not extend itself with the bulk of the body; on the contrary, we observed in our country, that the tallest persons were usually the least provided with it; that among other animals, bees and ants had the reputation of more industry, art, and sagacity, than many of the larger kinds; and that, as inconsiderable as he took me to be, I hoped I might live to do his majesty some signal service.” The king heard me with attention, and began to conceive a much better opinion of me than he had ever before. He desired “I would give him as exact an account of the government of England as I possibly could; because, as fond as princes commonly are of their own customs (for so he conjectured of other monarchs, by my former discourses), he should be glad to hear of any thing that might deserve imitation.” Imagine with thyself, courteous reader, how often I then wished for the tongue of Demosthenes or Cicero, that might have enabled me to celebrate the praise of my own dear native country in a style equal to its merits and felicity. I began my discourse by informing his majesty, that our dominions consisted of two islands, which composed three mighty kingdoms, under one sovereign, beside our plantations in America. I dwelt long upon the fertility of our soil, and the temperature of our climate. I then spoke at large upon the constitution of an English parliament; partly made up of an illustrious body called the House of Peers; persons of the noblest blood, and of the most ancient and ample patrimonies. I described that extraordinary care always taken of their education in arts and arms, to qualify them for being counsellors both to the king and kingdom; to have a share in the legislature; to be members of the highest court of judicature, whence there can be no appeal; and to be champions always ready for the defence of their prince and country, by their valour, conduct, and fidelity. That these were the ornament and bulwark of the kingdom, worthy followers of their most renowned ancestors, whose honour had been the reward of their virtue, from which their posterity were never once known to degenerate. To these were joined several holy persons, as part of that assembly, under the title of bishops, whose peculiar business is to take care of religion, and of those who instruct the people therein. These were searched and sought out through the whole nation, by the prince and his wisest counsellors, among such of the priesthood as were most deservedly distinguished by the sanctity of their lives, and the depth of their erudition; who were indeed the spiritual fathers of the clergy and the people. That the other part of the parliament consisted of an assembly called the House of Commons, who were all principal gentlemen, freely picked and culled out by the people themselves, for their great abilities and love of their country, to represent the wisdom of the whole nation. And that these two bodies made up the most august assembly in Europe; to whom, in conjunction with the prince, the whole legislature is committed. I then descended to the courts of justice; over which the judges, those venerable sages and interpreters of the law, presided, for determining the disputed rights and properties of men, as well as for the punishment of vice and protection of innocence. I mentioned the prudent management of our treasury; the valour and achievements of our forces, by sea and land. I computed the number of our people, by reckoning how many millions there might be of each religious sect, or political party among us. I did not omit even our sports and pastimes, or any other particular which I thought might redound to the honour of my country. And I finished all with a brief historical account of affairs and events in England for about a hundred years past. This conversation was not ended under five audiences, each of several hours; and the king heard the whole with great attention, frequently taking notes of what I spoke, as well as memorandums of what questions he intended to ask me. When I had put an end to these long discources, his majesty, in a sixth audience, consulting his notes, proposed many doubts, queries, and objections, upon every article. He asked, “What methods were used to cultivate the minds and bodies of our young nobility, and in what kind of business they commonly spent the first and teachable parts of their lives? What course was taken to supply that assembly, when any noble family became extinct? What qualifications were necessary in those who are to be created new lords: whether the humour of the prince, a sum of money to a court lady, or a design of strengthening a party opposite to the public interest, ever happened to be the motive in those advancements? What share of knowledge these lords had in the laws of their country, and how they came by it, so as to enable them to decide the properties of their fellow-subjects in the last resort? Whether they were always so free from avarice, partialities, or want, that a bribe, or some other sinister view, could have no place among them? Whether those holy lords I spoke of were always promoted to that rank upon account of their knowledge in religious matters, and the sanctity of their lives; had never been compliers with the times, while they were common priests; or slavish prostitute chaplains to some nobleman, whose opinions they continued servilely to follow, after they were admitted into that assembly?” He then desired to know, “What arts were practised in electing those whom I called commoners: whether a stranger, with a strong purse, might not influence the vulgar voters to choose him before their own landlord, or the most considerable gentleman in the neighbourhood? How it came to pass, that people were so violently bent upon getting into this assembly, which I allowed to be a great trouble and expense, often to the ruin of their families, without any salary or pension? because this appeared such an exalted strain of virtue and public spirit, that his majesty seemed to doubt it might possibly not be always sincere.” And he desired to know, “Whether such zealous gentlemen could have any views of refunding themselves for the charges and trouble they were at by sacrificing the public good to the designs of a weak and vicious prince, in conjunction with a corrupted ministry?” He multiplied his questions, and sifted me thoroughly upon every part of this head, proposing numberless inquiries and objections, which I think it not prudent or convenient to repeat. Upon what I said in relation to our courts of justice, his majesty desired to be satisfied in several points: and this I was the better able to do, having been formerly almost ruined by a long suit in chancery, which was decreed for me with costs. He asked, “What time was usually spent in determining between right and wrong, and what degree of expense? Whether advocates and orators had liberty to plead in causes manifestly known to be unjust, vexatious, or oppressive? Whether party, in religion or politics, were observed to be of any weight in the scale of justice? Whether those pleading orators were persons educated in the general knowledge of equity, or only in provincial, national, and other local customs? Whether they or their judges had any part in penning those laws, which they assumed the liberty of interpreting, and glossing upon at their pleasure? Whether they had ever, at different times, pleaded for and against the same cause, and cited precedents to prove contrary opinions? Whether they were a rich or a poor corporation? Whether they received any pecuniary reward for pleading, or delivering their opinions? And particularly, whether they were ever admitted as members in the lower senate?” He fell next upon the management of our treasury; and said, “he thought my memory had failed me, because I computed our taxes at about five or six millions a-year, and when I came to mention the issues, he found they sometimes amounted to more than double; for the notes he had taken were very particular in this point, because he hoped, as he told me, that the knowledge of our conduct might be useful to him, and he could not be deceived in his calculations. But, if what I told him were true, he was still at a loss how a kingdom could run out of its estate, like a private person.” He asked me, “who were our creditors; and where we found money to pay them?” He wondered to hear me talk of such chargeable and expensive wars; “that certainly we must be a quarrelsome people, or live among very bad neighbours, and that our generals must needs be richer than our kings.” He asked, what business we had out of our own islands, unless upon the score of trade, or treaty, or to defend the coasts with our fleet?” Above all, he was amazed to hear me talk of a mercenary standing army, in the midst of peace, and among a free people. He said, “if we were governed by our own consent, in the persons of our representatives, he could not imagine of whom we were afraid, or against whom we were to fight; and would hear my opinion, whether a private man’s house might not be better defended by himself, his children, and family, than by half-a-dozen rascals, picked up at a venture in the streets for small wages, who might get a hundred times more by cutting their throats?” He laughed at my “odd kind of arithmetic,” as he was pleased to call it, “in reckoning the numbers of our people, by a computation drawn from the several sects among us, in religion and politics.” He said, “he knew no reason why those, who entertain opinions prejudicial to the public, should be obliged to change, or should not be obliged to conceal them. And as it was tyranny in any government to require the first, so it was weakness not to enforce the second: for a man may be allowed to keep poisons in his closet, but not to vend them about for cordials.” He observed, “that among the diversions of our nobility and gentry, I had mentioned gaming: he desired to know at what age this entertainment was usually taken up, and when it was laid down; how much of their time it employed; whether it ever went so high as to affect their fortunes; whether mean, vicious people, by their dexterity in that art, might not arrive at great riches, and sometimes keep our very nobles in dependence, as well as habituate them to vile companions, wholly take them from the improvement of their minds, and force them, by the losses they received, to learn and practise that infamous dexterity upon others?” He was perfectly astonished with the historical account gave him of our affairs during the last century; protesting “it was only a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very worst effects that avarice, faction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice, and ambition, could produce.” His majesty, in another audience, was at the pains to recapitulate the sum of all I had spoken; compared the questions he made with the answers I had given; then taking me into his hands, and stroking me gently, delivered himself in these words, which I shall never forget, nor the manner he spoke them in: “My little friend Grildrig, you have made a most admirable panegyric upon your country; you have clearly proved, that ignorance, idleness, and vice, are the proper ingredients for qualifying a legislator; that laws are best explained, interpreted, and applied, by those whose interest and abilities lie in perverting, confounding, and eluding them. I observe among you some lines of an institution, which, in its original, might have been tolerable, but these half erased, and the rest wholly blurred and blotted by corruptions. It does not appear, from all you have said, how any one perfection is required toward the procurement of any one station among you; much less, that men are ennobled on account of their virtue; that priests are advanced for their piety or learning; soldiers, for their conduct or valour; judges, for their integrity; senators, for the love of their country; or counsellors for their wisdom. As for yourself,” continued the king, “who have spent the greatest part of your life in travelling, I am well disposed to hope you may hitherto have escaped many vices of your country. But by what I have gathered from your own relation, and the answers I have with much pains wrung and extorted from you, I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth.” CHAPTER VII The author’s love of his country. He makes a proposal of much advantage to the king, which is rejected. The king’s great ignorance in politics. The learning of that country very imperfect and confined. The laws, and military affairs, and parties in the state. NOTHING BUT AN EXTREME LOVE of truth could have hindered me from concealing this part of my story. It was in vain to discover my resentments, which were always turned into ridicule; and I was forced to rest with patience, while my noble and beloved country was so injuriously treated. I am as heartily sorry as any of my readers can possibly be, that such an occasion was given: but this prince happened to be so curious and inquisitive upon every particular, that it could not consist either with gratitude or good manners, to refuse giving him what satisfaction I was able. Yet thus much I may be allowed to say in my own vindication, that I artfully eluded many of his questions, and gave to every point a more favourable turn, by many degrees, than the strictness of truth would allow. For I have always borne that laudable partiality to my own country, which Dionysius Halicarnassensis, with so much justice, recommends to an historian: I would hide the frailties and deformities of my political mother, and place her virtues and beauties in the most advantageous light. This was my sincere endeavour in those many discourses I had with that monarch, although it unfortunately failed of success. But great allowances should be given to a king, who lives wholly secluded from the rest of the world, and must therefore be altogether unacquainted with the manners and customs that most prevail in other nations: the want of which knowledge will ever produce many prejudices, and a certain narrowness of thinking, from which we, and the politer countries of Europe, are wholly exempted. And it would be hard indeed, if so remote a prince’s notions of virtue and vice were to be offered as a standard for all mankind. To confirm what I have now said, and further to show the miserable effects of a confined education, I shall here insert a passage, which will hardly obtain belief. In hopes to ingratiate myself further into his majesty’s favour, I told him of “an invention, discovered between three and four hundred years ago, to make a certain powder, into a heap of which, the smallest spark of fire falling, would kindle the whole in a moment, although it were as big as a mountain, and make it all fly up in the air together, with a noise and agitation greater than thunder. That a proper quantity of this powder rammed into a hollow tube of brass or iron, according to its bigness, would drive a ball of iron or lead, with such violence and speed, as nothing was able to sustain its force. That the largest balls thus discharged, would not only destroy whole ranks of an army at once, but batter the strongest walls to the ground, sink down ships, with a thousand men in each, to the bottom of the sea, and when linked together by a chain, would cut through masts and rigging, divide hundreds of bodies in the middle, and lay all waste before them. That we often put this powder into large hollow balls of iron, and discharged them by an engine into some city we were besieging, which would rip up the pavements, tear the houses to pieces, burst and throw splinters on every side, dashing out the brains of all who came near. That I knew the ingredients very well, which were cheap and common; I understood the manner of compounding them, and could direct his workmen how to make those tubes, of a size proportionable to all other things in his majesty’s kingdom, and the largest need not be above a hundred feet long; twenty or thirty of which tubes, charged with the proper quantity of powder and balls, would batter down the walls of the strongest town in his dominions in a few hours, or destroy the whole metropolis, if ever it should pretend to dispute his absolute commands.” This I humbly offered to his majesty, as a small tribute of acknowledgment, in turn for so many marks that I had received, of his royal favour and protection. The king was struck with horror at the description I had given of those terrible engines, and the proposal I had made. “He was amazed, how so impotent and grovelling an insect as I” (these were his expressions) “could entertain such inhuman ideas, and in so familiar a manner, as to appear wholly unmoved at all the scenes of blood and desolation which I had painted as the common effects of those destructive machines; whereof,” he said, “some evil genius, enemy to mankind, must have been the first contriver. As for himself, he protested, that although few things delighted him so much as new discoveries in art or in nature, yet he would rather lose half his kingdom, than be privy to such a secret; which he commanded me, as I valued any life, never to mention any more.” A strange effect of narrow principles and views! that a prince possessed of every quality which procures veneration, love, and esteem; of strong parts, great wisdom, and profound learning, endowed with admirable talents, and almost adored by his subjects, should, from a nice, unnecessary scruple, whereof in Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity put into his hands that would have made him absolute master of the lives, the liberties, and the fortunes of his people! Neither do I say this, with the least intention to detract from the many virtues of that excellent king, whose character, I am sensible, will, on this account, be very much lessened in the opinion of an English reader: but I take this defect among them to have risen from their ignorance, by not having hitherto reduced politics into a science, as the more acute wits of Europe have done. For, I remember very well, in a discourse one day with the king, when I happened to say, “there were several thousand books among us written upon the art of government,” it gave him (directly contrary to my intention) a very mean opinion of our understandings. He professed both to abominate and despise all mystery, refinement, and intrigue, either in a prince or a minister. He could not tell what I meant by secrets of state, where an enemy, or some rival nation, were not in the case. He confined the knowledge of governing within very narrow bounds, to common sense and reason, to justice and lenity, to the speedy determination of civil and criminal causes; with some other obvious topics, which are not worth considering. And he gave it for his opinion, “that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together.” The learning of this people is very defective, consisting only in morality, history, poetry, and mathematics, wherein they must be allowed to excel. But the last of these is wholly applied to what may be useful in life, to the improvement of agriculture, and all mechanical arts; so that among us, it would be little esteemed. And as to ideas, entities, abstractions, and transcendentals, I could never drive the least conception into their heads. No law in that country must exceed in words the number of letters in their alphabet, which consists only of two and twenty. But indeed few of them extend even to that length. They are expressed in the most plain and simple terms, wherein those people are not mercurial enough to discover above one interpretation: and to write a comment upon any law, is a capital crime. As to the decision of civil causes, or proceedings against criminals, their precedents are so few, that they have little reason to boast of any extraordinary skill in either. They have had the art of printing, as well as the Chinese, time out of mind: but their libraries are not very large; for that of the king, which is reckoned the largest, does not amount to above a thousand volumes, placed in a gallery of twelve hundred feet long, whence I had liberty to borrow what books I pleased. The queen’s joiner had contrived in one of Glumdalcl*tch’s rooms, a kind of wooden machine five-and-twenty feet high, formed like a standing ladder; the steps were each fifty feet long. It was indeed a moveable pair of stairs, the lowest end placed at ten feet distance from the wall of the chamber. The book I had a mind to read, was put up leaning against the wall: I first mounted to the upper step of the ladder, and turning my face towards the book, began at the top of the page, and so walking to the right and left about eight or ten paces, according to the length of the lines, till I had gotten a little below the level of mine eyes, and then descending gradually till I came to the bottom: after which I mounted again, and began the other page in the same manner, and so turned over the leaf, which I could easily do with both my hands, for it was as thick and stiff as a pasteboard, and in the largest folios not above eighteen or twenty feet long. Their style is clear, masculine, and smooth, but not florid; for they avoid nothing more than multiplying unnecessary words, or using various expressions. I have perused many of their books, especially those in history and morality. Among the rest, I was much diverted with a little old treatise, which always lay in Glumdalcl*tch’s bed chamber, and belonged to her governess, a grave elderly gentlewoman, who dealt in writings of morality and devotion. The book treats of the weakness of human kind, and is in little esteem, except among the women and the vulgar. However, I was curious to see what an author of that country could say upon such a subject. This writer went through all the usual topics of European moralists, showing “how diminutive, contemptible, and helpless an animal was man in his own nature; how unable to defend himself from inclemencies of the air, or the fury of wild beasts: how much he was excelled by one creature in strength, by another in speed, by a third in foresight, by a fourth in industry.” He added, “that nature was degenerated in these latter declining ages of the world, and could now produce only small abortive births, in comparison of those in ancient times.” He said “it was very reasonable to think, not only that the species of men were originally much larger, but also that there must have been giants in former ages; which, as it is asserted by history and tradition, so it has been confirmed by huge bones and skulls, casually dug up in several parts of the kingdom, far exceeding the common dwindled race of men in our days.” He argued, “that the very laws of nature absolutely required we should have been made, in the beginning of a size more large and robust; not so liable to destruction from every little accident, of a tile falling from a house, or a stone cast from the hand of a boy, or being drowned in a little brook.” From this way of reasoning, the author drew several moral applications, useful in the conduct of life, but needless here to repeat. For my own part, I could not avoid reflecting how universally this talent was spread, of drawing lectures in morality, or indeed rather matter of discontent and repining, from the quarrels we raise with nature. And I believe, upon a strict inquiry, those quarrels might be shown as ill-grounded among us as they are among that people. As to their military affairs, they boast that the king’s army consists of a hundred and seventy-six thousand foot, and thirty-two thousand horse: if that may be called an army, which is made up of tradesmen in the several cities, and farmers in the country, whose commanders are only the nobility and gentry, without pay or reward. They are indeed perfect enough in their exercises, and under very good discipline, wherein I saw no great merit; for how should it be otherwise, where every farmer is under the command of his own landlord, and every citizen under that of the principal men in his own city, chosen after the manner of Venice, by ballot? I have often seen the militia of Lorbrulgrud drawn out to exercise, in a great field near the city of twenty miles square. They were in all not above twenty-five thousand foot, and six thousand horse; but it was impossible for me to compute their number, considering the space of ground they took up. A cavalier, mounted on a large steed, might be about ninety feet high. I have seen this whole body of horse, upon a word of command, draw their swords at once, and brandish them in the air. Imagination can figure nothing so grand, so surprising, and so astonishing! it looked as if ten thousand flashes of lightning were darting at the same time from every quarter of the sky. I was curious to know how this prince, to whose dominions there is no access from any other country, came to think of armies, or to teach his people the practice of military discipline. But I was soon informed, both by conversation and reading their histories; for, in the course of many ages, they have been troubled with the same disease to which the whole race of mankind is subject; the nobility often contending for power, the people for liberty, and the king for absolute dominion. All which, however happily tempered by the laws of that kingdom, have been sometimes violated by each of the three parties, and have more than once occasioned civil wars; the last whereof was happily put an end to by this prince’s grand-father, in a general composition; and the militia, then settled with common consent, has been ever since kept in the strictest duty. CHAPTER VIII The king and queen make a progress to the frontiers. The author attends them. The manner in which he leaves the country very particularly related. He returns to England. I HAD ALWAYS a strong impulse that I should some time recover my liberty, though it was impossible to conjecture by what means, or to form any project with the least hope of succeeding. The ship in which I sailed, was the first ever known to be driven within sight of that coast, and the king had given strict orders, that if at any time another appeared, it should be taken ashore, and with all its crew and passengers brought in a tumbril to Lorbrulgrud. He was strongly bent to get me a woman of my own size, by whom I might propagate the breed: but I think I should rather have died than undergone the disgrace of leaving a posterity to be kept in cages, like tame canary-birds, and perhaps, in time, sold about the kingdom, to persons of quality, for curiosities. I was indeed treated with much kindness: I was the favourite of a great king and queen, and the delight of the whole court; but it was upon such a foot as ill became the dignity of humankind. I could never forget those domestic pledges I had left behind me. I wanted to be among people, with whom I could converse upon even terms, and walk about the streets and fields without being afraid of being trod to death like a frog or a young puppy. But my deliverance came sooner than I expected, and in a manner not very common; the whole story and circ*mstances of which I shall faithfully relate. I had now been two years in this country; and about the beginning of the third, Glumdalcl*tch and I attended the king and queen, in a progress to the south coast of the kingdom. I was carried, as usual, in my travelling- box, which as I have already described, was a very convenient closet, of twelve feet wide. And I had ordered a hammock to be fixed, by silken ropes from the four corners at the top, to break the jolts, when a servant carried me before him on horseback, as I sometimes desired; and would often sleep in my hammock, while we were upon the road. On the roof of my closet, not directly over the middle of the hammock, I ordered the joiner to cut out a hole of a foot square, to give me air in hot weather, as I slept; which hole I shut at pleasure with a board that drew backward and forward through a groove. When we came to our journey’s end, the king thought proper to pass a few days at a palace he has near Flanflasnic, a city within eighteen English miles of the seaside. Glumdalcl*tch and I were much fatigued: I had gotten a small cold, but the poor girl was so ill as to be confined to her chamber. I longed to see the ocean, which must be the only scene of my escape, if ever it should happen. I pretended to be worse than I really was, and desired leave to take the fresh air of the sea, with a page, whom I was very fond of, and who had sometimes been trusted with me. I shall never forget with what unwillingness Glumdalcl*tch consented, nor the strict charge she gave the page to be careful of me, bursting at the same time into a flood of tears, as if she had some forboding of what was to happen. The boy took me out in my box, about half an hours walk from the palace, towards the rocks on the seashore. I ordered him to set me down, and lifting up one of my sashes, cast many a wistful melancholy look towards the sea. I found myself not very well, and told the page that I had a mind to take a nap in my hammock, which I hoped would do me good. I got in, and the boy shut the window close down, to keep out the cold. I soon fell asleep, and all I can conjecture is, while I slept, the page, thinking no danger could happen, went among the rocks to look for birds’ eggs, having before observed him from my window searching about, and picking up one or two in the clefts. Be that as it will, I found myself suddenly awaked with a violent pull upon the ring, which was fastened at the top of my box for the conveniency of carriage. I felt my box raised very high in the air, and then borne forward with prodigious speed. The first jolt had like to have shaken me out of my hammock, but afterward the motion was easy enough. I called out several times, as loud as I could raise my voice, but all to no purpose. I looked towards my windows, and could see nothing but the clouds and sky. I heard a noise just over my head, like the clapping of wings, and then began to perceive the woful condition I was in; that some eagle had got the ring of my box in his beak, with an intent to let it fall on a rock, like a tortoise in a shell, and then pick out my body, and devour it: for the sagacity and smell of this bird enables him to discover his quarry at a great distance, though better concealed than I could be within a two-inch board. In a little time, I observed the noise and flutter of wings to increase very fast, and my box was tossed up and down, like a sign in a windy day. I heard several bangs or buffets, as I thought given to the eagle (for such I am certain it must have been that held the ring of my box in his beak), and then, all on a sudden, felt myself falling perpendicularly down, for above a minute, but with such incredible swiftness, that I almost lost my breath. My fall was stopped by a terrible squash, that sounded louder to my ears than the cataract of Niagara; after which, I was quite in the dark for another minute, and then my box began to rise so high, that I could see light from the tops of the windows. I now perceived I was fallen into the sea. My box, by the weight of my body, the goods that were in, and the broad plates of iron fixed for strength at the four corners of the top and bottom, floated about five feet deep in water. I did then, and do now suppose, that the eagle which flew away with my box was pursued by two or three others, and forced to let me drop, while he defended himself against the rest, who hoped to share in the prey. The plates of iron fastened at the bottom of the box (for those were the strongest) preserved the balance while it fell, and hindered it from being broken on the surface of the water. Every joint of it was well grooved; and the door did not move on hinges, but up and down like a sash, which kept my closet so tight that very little water came in. I got with much difficulty out of my hammock, having first ventured to draw back the slip-board on the roof already mentioned, contrived on purpose to let in air, for want of which I found myself almost stifled. How often did I then wish myself with my dear Glumdalcl*tch, from whom one single hour had so far divided me! And I may say with truth, that in the midst of my own misfortunes I could not forbear lamenting my poor nurse, the grief she would suffer for my loss, the displeasure of the queen, and the ruin of her fortune. Perhaps many travellers have not been under greater difficulties and distress than I was at this juncture, expecting every moment to see my box dashed to pieces, or at least overset by the first violent blast, or rising wave. A breach in one single pane of glass would have been immediate death: nor could any thing have preserved the windows, but the strong lattice wires placed on the outside, against accidents in travelling. I saw the water ooze in at several crannies, although the leaks were not considerable, and I endeavoured to stop them as well as I could. I was not able to lift up the roof of my closet, which otherwise I certainly should have done, and sat on the top of it; where I might at least preserve myself some hours longer, than by being shut up (as I may call it) in the hold. Or if I escaped these dangers for a day or two, what could I expect but a miserable death of cold and hunger? I was four hours under these circ*mstances, expecting, and indeed wishing, every moment to be my last. I have already told the reader that there were two strong staples fixed upon that side of my box which had no window, and into which the servant, who used to carry me on horseback, would put a leathern belt, and buckle it about his waist. Being in this disconsolate state, I heard, or at least thought I heard, some kind of grating noise on that side of my box where the staples were fixed; and soon after I began to fancy that the box was pulled or towed along the sea; for I now and then felt a sort of tugging, which made the waves rise near the tops of my windows, leaving me almost in the dark. This gave me some faint hopes of relief, although I was not able to imagine how it could be brought about. I ventured to unscrew one of my chairs, which were always fastened to the floor; and having made a hard shift to screw it down again, directly under the slippingboard that I had lately opened, I mounted on the chair, and putting my mouth as near as I could to the hole, I called for help in a loud voice, and in all the languages I understood. I then fastened my handkerchief to a stick I usually carried, and thrusting it up the hole, waved it several times in the air, that if any boat or ship were near, the seamen might conjecture some unhappy mortal to be shut up in the box. I found no effect from all I could do, but plainly perceived my closet to be moved along; and in the space of an hour, or better, that side of the box where the staples were, and had no windows, struck against something that was hard. I apprehended it to be a rock, and found myself tossed more than ever. I plainly heard a noise upon the cover of my closet, like that of a cable, and the grating of it as it passed through the ring. I then found myself hoisted up, by degrees, at least three feet higher than I was before. Whereupon I again thrust up my stick and handkerchief, calling for help till I was almost hoarse. In return to which, I heard a great shout repeated three times, giving me such transports of joy as are not to be conceived but by those who feel them. I now heard a trampling over my head, and somebody calling through the hole with a loud voice, in the English tongue, “If there be any body below, let them speak.” I answered, “I was an Englishman, drawn by ill fortune into the greatest calamity that ever any creature underwent, and begged, by all that was moving, to be delivered out of the dungeon I was in.” The voice replied, “I was safe, for my box was fastened to their ship; and the carpenter should immediately come and saw a hole in the cover, large enough to pull me out.” I answered, “that was needless, and would take up too much time; for there was no more to be done, but let one of the crew put his finger into the ring, and take the box out of the sea into the ship, and so into the captain’s cabin.” Some of them, upon hearing me talk so wildly, thought I was mad: others laughed; for indeed it never came into my head, that I was now got among people of my own stature and strength. The carpenter came, and in a few minutes sawed a passage about four feet square, then let down a small ladder, upon which I mounted, and thence was taken into the ship in a very weak condition. The sailors were all in amazement, and asked me a thousand questions, which I had no inclination to answer. I was equally confounded at the sight of so many pigmies, for such I took them to be, after having so long accustomed mine eyes to the monstrous objects I had left. But the captain, Mr. Thomas Wilco*cks, an honest worthy Shropshire man, observing I was ready to faint, took me into his cabin, gave me a cordial to comfort me, and made me turn in upon his own bed, advising me to take a little rest, of which I had great need. Before I went to sleep, I gave him to understand that I had some valuable furniture in my box, too good to be lost: a fine hammock, a handsome field-bed, two chairs, a table, and a cabinet; that my closet was hung on all sides, or rather quilted, with silk and cotton; that if he would let one of the crew bring my closet into his cabin, I would open it there before him, and show him my goods. The captain, hearing me utter these absurdities, concluded I was raving; however (I suppose to pacify me) he promised to give order as I desired, and going upon deck, sent some of his men down into my closet, whence (as I afterwards found) they drew up all my goods, and stripped off the quilting; but the chairs, cabinet, and bedstead, being screwed to the floor, were much damaged by the ignorance of the seamen, who tore them up by force. Then they knocked off some of the boards for the use of the ship, and when they had got all they had a mind for, let the hull drop into the sea, which by reason of many breaches made in the bottom and sides, sunk to rights. And, indeed, I was glad not to have been a spectator of the havoc they made, because I am confident it would have sensibly touched me, by bringing former passages into my mind, which I would rather have forgot. I slept some hours, but perpetually disturbed with dreams of the place I had left, and the dangers I had escaped. However, upon waking, I found myself much recovered. It was now about eight o’clock at night, and the captain ordered supper immediately, thinking I had already fasted too long. He entertained me with great kindness, observing me not to look wildly, or talk inconsistently: and, when we were left alone, desired I would give him a relation of my travels, and by what accident I came to be set adrift, in that monstrous wooden chest. He said “that about twelve o’clock at noon, as he was looking through his glass, he spied it at a distance, and thought it was a sail, which he had a mind to make, being not much out of his course, in hopes of buying some biscuit, his own beginning to fall short. That upon coming nearer, and finding his error, he sent out his long-boat to discover what it was; that his men came back in a fright, swearing they had seen a swimming house. That he laughed at their folly, and went himself in the boat, ordering his men to take a strong cable along with them. That the weather being calm, he rowed round me several times, observed my windows and wire lattices that defended them. That he discovered two staples upon one side, which was all of boards, without any passage for light. He then commanded his men to row up to that side, and fastening a cable to one of the staples, ordered them to tow my chest, as they called it, toward the ship. When it was there, he gave directions to fasten another cable to the ring fixed in the cover, and to raise up my chest with pulleys, which all the sailors were not able to do above two or three feet.” He said, “they saw my stick and handkerchief thrust out of the hole, and concluded that some unhappy man must be shut up in the cavity.” I asked, “whether he or the crew had seen any prodigious birds in the air, about the time he first discovered me.” To which he answered, that discoursing this matter with the sailors while I was asleep, one of them said, he had observed three eagles flying towards the north, but remarked nothing of their being larger than the usual size:” which I suppose must be imputed to the great height they were at; and he could not guess the reason of my question. I then asked the captain, “how far he reckoned we might be from land?” He said, “by the best computation he could make, we were at least a hundred leagues.” I assured him, “that he must be mistaken by almost half, for I had not left the country whence I came above two hours before I dropped into the sea.” Whereupon he began again to think that my brain was disturbed, of which he gave me a hint, and advised me to go to bed in a cabin he had provided. I assured him, “I was well refreshed with his good entertainment and company, and as much in my senses as ever I was in my life.” He then grew serious, and desired to ask me freely, “whether I were not troubled in my mind by the consciousness of some enormous crime, for which I was punished, at the command of some prince, by exposing me in that chest; as great criminals, in other countries, have been forced to sea in a leaky vessel, without provisions: for although he should be sorry to have taken so ill a man into his ship, yet he would engage his word to set me safe ashore, in the first port where we arrived.” He added, “that his suspicions were much increased by some very absurd speeches I had delivered at first to his sailors, and afterwards to himself, in relation to my closet or chest, as well as by my odd looks and behaviour while I was at supper.” I begged his patience to hear me tell my story, which I faithfully did, from the last time I left England, to the moment he first discovered me. And, as truth always forces its way into rational minds, so this honest worthy gentleman, who had some tincture of learning, and very good sense, was immediately convinced of my candour and veracity. But further to confirm all I had said, I entreated him to give order that my cabinet should be brought, of which I had the key in my pocket; for he had already informed me how the seamen disposed of my closet. I opened it in his own presence, and showed him the small collection of rarities I made in the country from which I had been so strangely delivered. There was the comb I had contrived out of the stumps of the king’s beard, and another of the same materials, but fixed into a paring of her majesty’s thumbnail, which served for the back. There was a collection of needles and pins, from a foot to half a yard long; four wasp stings, like joiner’s tacks; some combings of the queen’s hair; a gold ring, which one day she made me a present of, in a most obliging manner, taking it from her little finger, and throwing it over my head like a collar. I desired the captain would please to accept this ring in return for his civilities; which he absolutely refused. I showed him a corn that I had cut off with my own hand, from a maid of honour’s toe; it was about the bigness of Kentish pippin, and grown so hard, that when I returned England, I got it hollowed into a cup, and set in silver. Lastly, I desired him to see the breeches I had then on, which were made of a mouse’s skin. I could force nothing on him but a footman’s tooth, which I observed him to examine with great curiosity, and found he had a fancy for it. He received it with abundance of thanks, more than such a trifle could deserve. It was drawn by an unskilful surgeon, in a mistake, from one of Glumdalcl*tch’s men, who was afflicted with the tooth-ache, but it was as sound as any in his head. I got it cleaned, and put it into my cabinet. It was about a foot long, and four inches in diameter. The captain was very well satisfied with this plain relation I had given him, and said, “he hoped, when we returned to England, I would oblige the world by putting it on paper, and making it public.” My answer was, “that we were overstocked with books of travels: that nothing could now pass which was not extraordinary; wherein I doubted some authors less consulted truth, than their own vanity, or interest, or the diversion of ignorant readers; that my story could contain little beside common events, without those ornamental descriptions of strange plants, trees, birds, and other animals; or of the barbarous customs and idolatry of savage people, with which most writers abound. However, I thanked him for his good opinion, and promised to take the matter into my thoughts.” He said “he wondered at one thing very much, which was, to hear me speak so loud;” asking me “whether the king or queen of that country were thick of hearing?” I told him, “it was what I had been used to for above two years past, and that I admired as much at the voices of him and his men, who seemed to me only to whisper, and yet I could hear them well enough. But, when I spoke in that country, it was like a man talking in the streets, to another looking out from the top of a steeple, unless when I was placed on a table, or held in any person’s hand.” I told him, “I had likewise observed another thing, that, when I first got into the ship, and the sailors stood all about me, I thought they were the most little contemptible creatures I had ever beheld.” For indeed, while I was in that prince’s country, I could never endure to look in a glass, after mine eyes had been accustomed to such prodigious objects, because the comparison gave me so despicable a conceit of myself. The captain said, “that while we were at supper, he observed me to look at every thing with a sort of wonder, and that I often seemed hardly able to contain my laughter, which he knew not well how to take, but imputed it to some disorder in my brain.” I answered, “it was very true; and I wondered how I could forbear, when I saw his dishes of the size of a silver three-pence, a leg of pork hardly a mouthful, a cup not so big as a nut-shell;” and so I went on, describing the rest of his household-stuff and provisions, after the same manner. For, although he queen had ordered a little equipage of all things necessary for me, while I was in her service, yet my ideas were wholly taken up with what I saw on every side of me, and I winked at my own littleness, as people do at their own faults. The captain understood my raillery very well, and merrily replied with the old English proverb, “that he doubted mine eyes were bigger than my belly, for he did not observe my stomach so good, although I had fasted all day;” and, continuing in his mirth, protested “he would have gladly given a hundred pounds, to have seen my closet in the eagle’s bill, and afterwards in its fall from so great a height into the sea; which would certainly have been a most astonishing object, worthy to have the description of it transmitted to future ages:” and the comparison of Phaeton was so obvious, that he could not forbear applying it, although I did not much admire the conceit. The captain having been at Tonquin, was, in his return to England, driven north-eastward to the latitude of 44 degrees, and longitude of 143. But meeting a trade-wind two days after I came on board him, we sailed southward a long time, and coasting New Holland, kept our course west-south-west, and then south-south-west, till we doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Our voyage was very prosperous, but I shall not trouble the reader with a journal of it. The captain called in at one or two ports, and sent in his long-boat for provisions and fresh water; but I never went out of the ship till we came into the Downs, which was on the third day of June, 1706, about nine months after my escape. I offered to leave my goods in security for payment of my freight: but the captain protested he would not receive one farthing. We took a kind leave of each other, and I made him promise he would come to see me at my house in Redriff. I hired a horse and guide for five shillings, which I borrowed of the captain. As I was on the road, observing the littleness of the houses, the trees, the cattle, and the people, I began to think myself in Lilliput. I was afraid of trampling on every traveller I met, and often called aloud to have them stand out of the way, so that I had like to have gotten one or two broken heads for my impertinence. When I came to my own house, for which I was forced to inquire, one of the servants opening the door, I bent down to go in, (like a goose under a gate,) for fear of striking my head. My wife run out to embrace me, but I stooped lower than her knees, thinking she could otherwise never be able to reach my mouth. My daughter kneeled to ask my blessing, but I could not see her till she arose, having been so long used to stand with my head and eyes erect to above sixty feet; and then I went to take her up with one hand by the waist. I looked down upon the servants, and one or two friends who were in the house, as if they had been pigmies and I a giant. I told my wife, “she had been too thrifty, for I found she had starved herself and her daughter to nothing.” In short, I behaved myself so unaccountably, that they were all of the captain’s opinion when he first saw me, and concluded I had lost my wits. This I mention as an instance of the great power of habit and prejudice. In a little time, I and my family and friends came to a right understanding: but my wife protested “I should never go to sea any more;” although my evil destiny so ordered, that she had not power to hinder me, as the reader may know hereafter. In the mean time, I here conclude the second part of my unfortunate voyages. A VOYAGE TO LAPUTA, BALNIBARBI, LUGGNAGG, GLUBBDUBDRIB, AND JAPANCHAPTER IThe author sets out on his third voyage.Is taken by pirates.The malice of a Dutchman.His arrival at an island.He is received into Laputa.HAD NOT BEEN at home above ten days, when Captain William Robinson, Cornish man, commander of the Hopewell, a stout ship of three hundred tons, came to my house.I had formerly been surgeon of another ship where he was master, and a fourth part owner, in a voyage to the Levant.He had always treated me more like a brother, than an inferior officer;and, hearing of my arrival, made me a visit, as I apprehended only out of friendship, for nothing passed more than what is usual after long absences.But repeating his visits often, expressing his joy to find I me in good health, asking, “whether I were now settled for life?” adding, “that he intended a voyage to the East Indies in two months,” at last he plainly invited me, though with some apologies, to be surgeon of the ship; “that I should have another surgeon under me, beside our two mates; that my salary should be double to the usual pay; and that having experienced my knowledge in sea-affairs to be at least equal to his, he would enter into any engagement to follow my advice, as much as if I had shared in the command.”He said so many other obliging things, and I knew him to be so honest a man, that I could not reject this proposal; the thirst I had of seeing the world, notwithstanding my past misfortunes, continuing as violent as ever.The only difficulty that remained, was to persuade my wife, whose consent however I at last obtained, by the prospect of advantage she proposed to her children.We set out the 5th day of August, 1706, and arrived at Fort St. George the 11th of April, 1707.We staid there three weeks to refresh our crew, many of whom were sick.From thence we went to Tonquin, where the captain resolved to continue some time, because many of the goods he intended to buy were not ready, nor could he expect to be dispatched in several months.Therefore, in hopes to defray some of the charges he must be at, he bought a sloop, loaded it with several sorts of goods, wherewith the Tonquinese usually trade to the neighbouring islands, and putting fourteen men on board, whereof three were of the country, he appointed me master of the sloop, and gave me power to traffic, while he transacted his affairs at Tonquin.We had not sailed above three days, when a great storm arising, we were driven five days to the north-north-east, and then to the east: after which we had fair weather, but still with a pretty strong gale from the west.Upon the tenth day we were chased by two pirates, who soon overtook us; for my sloop was so deep laden, that she sailed very slow, neither were we in a condition to defend ourselves.We were boarded about the same time by both the pirates, who entered furiously at the head of their men; but finding us all prostrate upon our faces (for so I gave order), they pinioned us with strong ropes, and setting guard upon us, went to search the sloop.I observed among them a Dutchman, who seemed to be of some authority, though he was not commander of either ship.He knew us by our countenances to be Englishmen, and jabbering to us in his own language, swore we should be tied back to back and thrown into the sea.I spoken Dutch tolerably well; I told him who we were, and begged him, in consideration of our being Christians and Protestants, of neighbouring countries in strict alliance, that he would move the captains to take some pity on us.This inflamed his rage; he repeated his threatenings, and turning to his companions, spoke with great vehemence in the Japanese language, as I suppose, often using the word Christianos.The largest of the two pirate ships was commanded by a Japanese captain, who spoke a little Dutch, but very imperfectly.He came up to me, and after several questions, which I answered in great humility, he said, “we should not die.”I made the captain a very low bow, and then, turning to the Dutchman, said, “I was sorry to find more mercy in a heathen, than in a brother christian.”But I had soon reason to repent those foolish words: for that malicious reprobate, having often endeavoured in vain to persuade both the captains that I might be thrown into the sea (which they would not yield to, after the promise made me that I should not die), however, prevailed so far, as to have a punishment inflicted on me, worse, in all human appearance, than death itself.My men were sent by an equal division into both the pirate ships, and my sloop new manned.As to myself, it was determined that I should be set adrift in a small canoe, with paddles and a sail, and four days’ provisions; which last, the Japanese captain was so kind to double out of his own stores, and would permit no man to search me.I got down into the canoe, while the Dutchman, standing upon the deck, loaded me with all the curses and injurious terms his language could afford.About an hour before we saw the pirates I had taken an observation, and found we were in the latitude of 46 N. and longitude of 183.When I was at some distance from the pirates, I discovered, by my pocket-glass, several islands to the south-east.I set up my sail, the wind being fair, with a design to reach the nearest of those islands, which I made a shift to do, in about three hours.It was all rocky: however I got many birds’ eggs; and, striking fire, I kindled some heath and dry sea-weed, by which I roasted my eggs.I ate no other supper, being resolved to spare my provisions as much as I could.I passed the night under the shelter of a rock, strewing some heath under me, and slept pretty well.The next day I sailed to another island, and thence to a third and fourth, sometimes using my sail, and sometimes my paddles.But, not to trouble the reader with a particular account of my distresses, let it suffice, that on the fifth day I arrived at the last island in my sight, which lay south-southeast to the former.This island was at a greater distance than I expected, and I did not reach it in less than five hours.I encompassed it almost round, before I could find a convenient place to land in; which was a small creek, about three times the wideness of my canoe.I found the island to be all rocky, only a little intermingled with tufts of grass, and sweet-smelling herbs.I took out my small provisions and after having refreshed myself, I secured the remainder in a cave, whereof there were great numbers;I gathered plenty of eggs upon the rocks, and got a quantity of dry sea-weed, and parched grass, which I designed to kindle the next day, and roast my eggs as well as I could, for I had about me my flint, steel, match, and burning-glass.I lay all night in the cave where I had lodged my provisions.My bed was the same dry grass and sea-weed which I intended for fuel.I slept very little, for the disquiets of my mind prevailed over my weariness, and kept me awake.I considered how impossible it was to preserve my life in so desolate a place, and how miserable my end must be:yet found myself so listless and desponding, that I had not the heart to rise; and before I could get spirits enough to creep out of my cave, the day was far advanced.I walked awhile among the rocks: the sky was perfectly clear, and the sun so hot, that I was forced to turn my face from it: when all on a sudden it became obscure, as I thought, in a manner very different from what happens by the interposition of a cloud.I turned back, and perceived a vast opaque body between me and the sun moving forwards towards the island:it seemed to be about two miles high, and hid the sun six or seven minutes;but I did not observe the air to be much colder, or the sky more darkened, than if I had stood under the shade of a mountain.As it approached nearer over the place where I was, it appeared to be a firm substance, the bottom flat, smooth, and shining very bright, from the reflection of the sea below.I stood upon a height about two hundred yards from the shore, and saw this vast body descending almost to a parallel with me, at less than an English mile distance.I took out my pocket perspective, and could plainly discover numbers of people moving up and down the sides of it, which appeared to be sloping; but what those people where doing I was not able to distinguish.The natural love of life gave me some inward motion of joy, and I was ready to entertain a hope that this adventure might, some way or other, help to deliver me from the desolate place and condition I was in.But at the same time the reader can hardly conceive my astonishment, to behold an island in the air, inhabited by men, who were able (as it should seem) to raise or sink, or put it into progressive motion, as they pleased.But not being at that time in a disposition to philosophise upon this phenomenon, I rather chose to observe what course the island would take, because it seemed for awhile to stand still.Yet soon after, it advanced nearer, and I could see the sides of it encompassed with several gradations of galleries, and stairs, at certain intervals, to descend from one to the other.In the lowest gallery, I beheld some people fishing with long angling rods, and others looking on.I waved my cap (for my hat was long since worn out) and my handkerchief toward the island; and upon its nearer approach, I called and shouted with the utmost strength of my voice;and then looking circ*mspectly, I beheld a crowd gather to that side which was most in my view.I found by their pointing towards me and to each other, that they plainly discovered me, although they made no return to my shouting.But I could see four or five men running in great haste, up the stairs, to the top of the island, who then disappeared.I happened rightly to conjecture, that these were sent for orders to some person in authority upon this occasion.The number of people increased, and, in less than half all hour, the island was moved and raised in such a manner, that the lowest gallery appeared in a parallel of less then a hundred yards distance from the height where I stood.I then put myself in the most supplicating posture, and spoke in the humblest accent, but received no answer.Those who stood nearest over against me, seemed to be persons of distinction, as I supposed by their habitThey conferred earnestly with each other, looking often upon me.At length one of them called out in a clear, polite, smooth dialect, not unlike in sound to the Italian: and therefore I returned an answer in that language, hoping at least that the cadence might be more agreeable to his ears.Although neither of us understood the other, yet my meaning was easily known, for the people saw the distress I was in.They made signs for me to come down from the rock, and go towards the shore, which I accordingly did pulleys. Theand the flying island being raised to a convenient height, the verge directly over me, a chain was let down from the lowest gallery, with a seat fastened to the bottom, to which I fixed myself, and was drawn up by pulleys. The humours and dispositions of the Laputians described.An account of their learning.Of the king and his court.The author’s reception there.The inhabitants subject to fear and disquietudes.An account of the women.AT MY ALIGHTING, I was surrounded with a crowd of people, but those who stood nearest seemed to be of better quality.They beheld me with all the marks and circ*mstances of wonder; neither indeed was I much in their debt, having never till then seen a race of mortals so singular in their shapes, habits, and countenances.Their heads were all reclined, either to the right, or the left; one of their eyes turned inward, and the other directly up to the zenith.Their outward garments were adorned with the figures of suns, moons, and stars; interwoven with those of fiddles, flutes, harps, trumpets, guitars, harpsichords, and many other instruments of music, unknown to us in Europe.I observed, here and there, many in the habit of servants, with a blown bladder, fastened like a flail to the end of a stick, which they carried in their hands.In each bladder was a small quantity of dried peas, or little pebbles, as I was afterwards informed.With these bladders, they now and then flapped the mouths and ears of those who stood near them, of which practice I could not then conceive the meaning.It seems the minds of these people are so taken up with intense speculations, that they neither can speak, nor attend to the discourses of others, without being roused by some external taction upon the organs of speech and hearing; for which reason, those persons who are able to afford it always keep a flapper (the original is climenole) in their family, as one of their domestics; nor ever walk abroad, or make visits, without him.And the business of this officer is, when two, three, or more persons are in company, gently to strike with his bladder the mouth of him who is to speak, and the right ear of him or them to whom the speaker addresses himself.This flapper is likewise employed diligently to attend his master in his walks, and upon occasion to give him a soft flap on his eyes; because he is always so wrapped up in cogitation, that he is in manifest danger of falling down every precipice, and bouncing his head against every post; and in the streets, of justling others, or being justled himself into the kennel.It was necessary to give the reader this information, without which he would be at the same loss with me to understand the proceedings of these people, as they conducted me up the stairs to the top of the island, and from thence to the royal palace.While we were ascending, they forgot several times what they were about, and left me to myself, till their memories were again roused by their flappers; for they appeared altogether unmoved by the sight of my foreign habit and countenance, and by the shouts of the vulgar, whose thoughts and minds were more disengaged.At last we entered the palace, and proceeded into the chamber of presence, where I saw the king seated on his throne, attended on each side by persons of prime quality.Before the throne, was a large table filled with globes and spheres, and mathematical instruments of all kinds.His majesty took not the least notice of us, although our entrance was not without sufficient noise, by the concourse of all persons belonging to the court.There stood by him, on each side, a young page with flaps in their hands, and when they saw he was at leisure, one of them gently struck his mouth, and the other his right ear; at which he startled like one awaked on the sudden, and looking towards me and the company I was in, recollected the occasion of our coming, whereof he had been informed before.He spoke some words, whereupon immediately a young man with a flap came up to my side, and flapped me gently on the right ear; but I made signs, as well as I could, that I had no occasion for such an instrument; which, as I afterwards found, gave his majesty, and the whole court, a very mean opinion of my understanding.The king, as far as I could conjecture, asked me several questions, and I addressed myself to him in all the languages I had.When it was found I could neither understand nor be understood, I was conducted by his order to an apartment in his palace (this prince being distinguished above all his predecessors for his hospitality to strangers), where two servants were appointed to attend me.My dinner was brought, and four persons of quality, whom I remembered to have seen very near the king’s person, did me the honour to dine with me.We had two courses, of three dishes each.In the first course, there was a shoulder of mutton cut into an equilateral triangle, a piece of beef into a rhomboides, and a pudding into a cycloid.The second course was two ducks trussed up in the form of fiddles; sausages and puddings resembling flutes and hautboys, and a breast of veal in the shape of a harp.The servants cut our bread into cones, cylinders, parallelograms, and several other mathematical figures.While we were at dinner, I made bold to ask the names of several things in their language, and those noble persons, by the assistance of their flappers, delighted to give me answers, hoping to raise my admiration of their great abilities if I could be brought to converse with them.I was soon able to call for bread and drink, or whatever else I wanted.After dinner my company withdrew, and a person was sent to me by the king’s order, attended by a flapper.He brought with him pen, ink, and paper, and three or four books, giving me to understand by signs, that he was sent to teach me the language.We sat together four hours, in which time I wrote down a great number of words in columns, with the translations over against them;likewise made a shift to learn several short sentences; for my tutor would order one of my servants to fetch something, to turn about, to make a bow, to sit, or to stand, or walk, and the like.He showed me also, in one of his books, the figures of the sun, moon, and stars, the zodiac, the tropics, and polar circles, together with the denominations of many plains and solids.He gave me the names and descriptions of all the musical instruments, and the general terms of art in playing on each of them.After he had left me, I placed all my words, with their interpretations, in alphabetical order.And thus, in a few days, by the help of a very faithful memory, I got some insight into their language.The word, which I interpret the flying or floating island, is in the original laputa, whereof I could never learn the true etymology.lap, in the old obsolete language, signifies high; and untuh, a governor; from which they say, by corruption, was derived laputa, from lapuntuh.But I do not approve of this derivation, which seems to be a little strained.I ventured to offer to the learned among them a conjecture of my own, that laputa was quais lap outed; lap, signifying properly, the dancing of the sunbeams in the sea, and outed, a wing; which, however, I shall not obtrude, but submit to the judicious reader.Those to whom the king had entrusted me, observing how ill I was clad, ordered a tailor to come next morning, and take measure for a suit of clothes.This operator did his office after a different manner from those of his trade in Europe.He first took my altitude by a quadrant, and then, with a rule and compasses, described the dimensions and outlines of my whole body, all which he entered upon paper;and in six days brought my clothes very ill made, and quite out of shape, by happening to mistake a figure in the calculation.But my comfort was, that I observed such accidents very frequent, and little regarded.During my confinement for want of clothes, and by an indisposition that held me some days longer, I much enlarged my dictionary; and when I went next to court, was able to understand many things the king spoke, and to return him some kind of answers.His majesty had given orders, that the island should move north-east and by east, to the vertical point over Lagado, the metropolis of the whole kingdom below, upon the firm earth.It was about ninety leagues distant, and our voyage lasted four days and a half.On the second morning, about eleven o’clock, the king himself in person, attended by his nobility, courtiers, and officers, having prepared all their musical instruments, played on them for three hours without intermission, so that I was quite stunned with the noise; neither could I possibly guess the meaning, till my tutor informed me.In our journey towards Lagado, the capital city, his majesty ordered that the island should stop over certain towns and villages, from whence he might receive the petitions of his subjects.And to this purpose, several packthreads were let down, with small weights at the bottom.On these packthreads the people strung their petitions, which mounted up directly, like the scraps of paper fastened by school boys at the end of the string that holds their kite.Sometimes we received wine and victuals from below, which were drawn up by pulleys.The knowledge I had in mathematics, gave me great assistance in acquiring their phraseology, which depended much upon that science, and music; and in the latter I was not unskilled.Their ideas are perpetually conversant in lines and figures.If they would, for example, praise the beauty of a woman, or any other animal, they describe it by rhombs, circles, parallelograms, ellipses, and other geometrical terms, or by words of art drawn from music, needless here to repeat.I observed in the king’s kitchen all sorts of mathematical and musical instruments, after the figures of which they cut up the joints that were served to his majesty’s table.Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevil, without one right angle in any apartment; and this defect arises from the contempt they bear to practical geometry, which they despise as vulgar and mechanic; those instructions they give being too refined for the intellects of their workmen, which occasions perpetual mistakes.And although they are dexterous enough upon a piece of paper, in the management of the rule, the pencil, and the divider, yet in the common actions and behaviour of life, I have not seen a more clumsy, awkward, and unhandy people, nor so slow and perplexed their conceptions upon all other subjects, except those of mathematics and music.They are very bad reasoners, and vehemently given to opposition, unless when they happen to be of the right opinion, which is seldom their case.Imagination, fancy, and invention, they are wholly strangers to, nor have any words in their language, by which those ideas can be expressed; the whole compass of their thoughts and mind being shut up within the two forementioned sciences.Most of them, and especially those who deal in the astronomical part, have great faith in judicial astrology, although they are ashamed to own it publicly.But what I chiefly admired, and thought altogether unaccountable, was the strong disposition I observed in them towards news and politics, perpetually inquiring into public affairs, giving their judgments in matters of state, and passionately disputing every inch of a party opinion.I have indeed observed the same disposition among most of the mathematicians I have known in Europe, although I could never discover the least analogy between the two sciences; unless those people suppose, that because the smallest circle has as many degrees as the largest, therefore the regulation and management of the world require no more abilities than the handling and turning of a globe;but I rather take this quality to spring from a very common infirmity of human nature, inclining us to be most curious and conceited in matters where we have least concern, and for which we are least adapted by study or nature.These people are under continual disquietudes, never enjoying a minutes peace of mind; and their disturbances proceed from causes which very little affect the rest of mortals.Their apprehensions arise from several changes they dread in the celestial bodies:for instance, that the earth, by the continual approaches of the sun towards it, must, in course of time, be absorbed, or swallowed up; that the face of the sun, will, by degrees, be encrusted with its own effluvia, and give no more light to the world; that the earth very narrowly escaped a brush from the tail of the last comet, which would have infallibly reduced it to ashes; and that the next, which they have calculated for one-and-thirty years hence, will probably destroy us.that the sun, daily spending its rays without any nutriment to sup ply them, will at last be wholly consumed and annihilated; which must be attended with the destruction of this earth, and of all the planets that receive their light from it.They are so perpetually alarmed with the apprehensions of these, and the like impending dangers, that they can neither sleep quietly in their beds, nor have any relish for the common pleasures and amusem*nts of life.When they meet an acquaintance in the morning, the first question is about the sun’s health, how he looked at his setting and rising, and what hopes they have to avoid the stroke of the approaching comet.This conversation they are apt to run into with the same temper that boys discover in delighting to hear terrible stories of spirits and hobgoblins, which they greedily listen to, and dare not go to bed for fear.The women of the island have abundance of vivacity: they, contemn their husbands, and are exceedingly fond of strangers, whereof there is always a considerable number from the continent below, attending at court, either upon affairs of the several towns and corporations, or their own particular occasions, but are much despised, because they want the same endowments.Among these the ladies choose their gallants: but the vexation is, that they act with too much ease and security; for the husband is always so rapt in speculation, that the mistress and lover may proceed to the greatest familiarities before his face, if he be but provided with paper and implements, and without his flapper at his side.The wives and daughters lament their confinement to the island, although I think it the most delicious spot of ground in the world; and although they live here in the greatest plenty and magnificence, and are allowed to do whatever they please, they long to see the world, and take the diversions of the metropolis, which they are not allowed to do without a particular license from the king; and this is not easy to be obtained, because the people of quality have found, by frequent experience, how hard it is to persuade their women to return from below.I was told that a great court lady, who had several children, – is married to the prime minister, the richest subject in the kingdom, a very graceful person, extremely fond of her, and lives in the finest palace of the island, – went down to Lagado on the pretence of health, there hid herself for several months, till the king sent a warrant to search for her; and she was found in an obscure eating-house all in rags, having pawned her clothes to maintain an old deformed footman, who beat her every day, and in whose company she was taken, much against her will.And although her husband received her with all possible kindness, and without the least reproach, she soon after contrived to steal down again, with all her jewels, to the same gallant, and has not been heard of since.This may perhaps pass with the reader rather for an European or English story, than for one of a country so remote.But he may please to consider, that the caprices of womankind are not limited by any climate or nation, and that they are much more uniform, than can be easily imagined.In about a month’s time, I had made a tolerable proficiency in their language, and was able to answer most of the king’s questions, when I had the honour to attend him.His majesty discovered not the least curiosity to inquire into the laws, government, history, religion, or manners of the countries where I had been;but confined his questions to the state of mathematics, and received the account I gave him with great contempt and indifference, though often roused by his flapper on each side. A phenomenon solved by modern philosophy and astronomy.The Laputians’ great improvements in the latter.The king’s method of suppressing insurrections.I DESIRED LEAVE OF this prince to see the curiosities of the island, which he was graciously pleased to grant, and ordered my tutor to attend me.I chiefly wanted to know, to what cause, in art or in nature, it owed its several motions, whereof I will now give a philosophical account to the reader.The flying or floating island is exactly circular, its diameter 7837 yards, or about four miles and a half, and consequently contains ten thousand acres.It is three hundred yards thick.The bottom, or under surface, which appears to those who view it below, is one even regular plate of adamant, shooting up to the height of about two hundred yards.Above it lie the several minerals in their usual order, and over all is a coat of rich mould, ten or twelve feet deep.The declivity of the upper surface, from the circumference to the centre, is the natural cause why all the dews and rains, which fall upon the island, are conveyed in small rivulets toward the middle, where they are emptied into four large basins, each of about half a mile in circuit, and two hundred yards distant from the centre.From these basins the water is continually exhaled by the sun in the daytime, which effectually prevents their overflowing.Besides, as it is in the power of the monarch to raise the island above the region of clouds and vapours, he can prevent the falling of dews and rain whenever he pleases.For the highest clouds cannot rise above two miles, as naturalists agree, at least they were never known to do so in that country.At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called Flandona Gagnole, or the astronomer’s cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant.In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part.The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments.But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver’s shuttle.It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over.This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it.It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high.In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.The stone cannot be removed from its place by any force, because the hoop and its feet are one continued piece with that body of adamant which constitutes the bottom of the island.By means of this loadstone, the island is made to rise and fall, and move from one place to another.For, with respect to that part of the earth over which the monarch presides, the stone is endued at one of its sides with an attractive power, and at the other with a repulsive.Upon placing the magnet erect, with its attracting end towards the earth, the island descends; but when the repelling extremity points downwards, the island mounts directly upwards.When the position of the stone is oblique, the motion of the island is so too: for in this magnet, the forces always act in lines parallel to its direction.By this oblique motion, the island is conveyed to different parts of the monarch’s dominions.To explain the manner of its progress, let A B represent a line drawn across the dominions of Balnibarbi, let the line C D represent the loadstone, of which let D be the repelling end, and C the attracting end, the island being over C:let the stone be placed in position C D, with its repelling end downwards; then the island will be driven upwards obliquely towards D.When it is arrived at D, let the stone be turned upon its axle, till its attracting end points towards E, and then the island will be carried obliquely towards E;where, if the stone be again turned upon its axle till it stands in the position E F, with its repelling point downwards, the island will rise obliquely towards F, where, by directing the attracting end towards G, the island may be carried to G, and from G to H, by turning the stone, so as to make its repelling extremity to point directly downward.And thus, by changing the situation of the stone, as often as there is occasion, the island is made to rise and fall by turns in an oblique direction, and by those alternate risings and fallings (the obliquity being not considerable) is conveyed from one part of the dominions to the other.But it must be observed, that this island cannot move beyond the extent of the dominions below, nor can it rise above the height of four miles.For which the astronomers (who have written large systems concerning the stone) assign the following reason:and it was easy, from the great advantage of such a superior situation, for a prince to bring under his obedience whatever country lay within the attraction of that magnet.When the stone is put parallel to the plane of the horizon, the island stands still; for in that case the extremities of it, being at equal distance from the earth, act with equal force, the one in drawing downwards, the other in pushing upwards, and consequently no motion can ensue.This loadstone is under the care of certain astronomers, who, from time to time, give it such positions as the monarch directs.They spend the greatest part of their lives in observing the celestial bodies, which they do by the assistance of glasses, far excelling ours in goodness.For, although their largest telescopes do not exceed three feet, they magnify much more than those of a hundred with us, and show the stars with greater clearness.This advantage has enabled them to extend their discoveries much further than our astronomers in Europe;for they have made a catalogue of ten thousand fixed stars, whereas the largest of ours do not contain above one third part of that number.They have likewise discovered two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve about Mars; whereof the innermost is distant from the centre of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost, five;the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and a half; so that the squares of their periodical times are very near in the same proportion with the cubes of their distance from the centre of Mars; which evidently shows them to be governed by the same law of gravitation that influences the other heavenly bodies.They have observed ninety-three different comets, and settled their periods with great exactness.If this be true (and they affirm it with great confidence) it is much to be wished, that their observations were made public, whereby the theory of comets, which at present is very lame and defective, might be brought to the same perfection with other arts of astronomy.The king would be the most absolute prince in the universe, if he could but prevail on a ministry to join with him;but these having their estates below on the continent, and considering that the office of a favourite has a very uncertain tenure, would never consent to the enslaving of their country.If any town should engage in rebellion or mutiny, fall into violent factions, or refuse to pay the usual tribute, the king has two methods of reducing them to obedience.The first and the mildest course is, by keeping the island hovering over such a town, and the lands about it, whereby he can deprive them of the benefit of the sun and the rain, and consequently afflict the inhabitants with dearth and diseases:and if the crime deserve it, they are at the same time pelted from above with great stones, against which they have no defence but by creeping into cellars or caves, while the roofs of their houses are beaten to pieces.But if they still continue obstinate, or offer to raise insurrections, he proceeds to the last remedy, by letting the island drop directly upon their heads, which makes a universal destruction both of houses and men.However, this is an extremity to which the prince is seldom driven, neither indeed is he willing to put it in execution; nor dare his ministers advise him to an action, which, as it would render them odious to the people, so it would be a great damage to their own estates, which all lie below; for the island is the king’s demesne.But there is still indeed a more weighty reason, why the kings of this country have been always averse from executing so terrible an action, unless upon the utmost necessity.For, if the town intended to be destroyed should have in it any tall rocks, as it generally falls out in the larger cities, a situation probably chosen at first with a view to prevent such a catastrophe; or if it abound in high spires, or pillars of stone, a sudden fall might endanger the bottom or under surface of the island, which, although it consist, as I have said, of one entire adamant, two hundred yards thick, might happen to crack by too great a shock, or burst by approaching too near the fires from the houses below, as the backs, both of iron and stone, will often do in our chimneys.Of all this the people are well apprised, and understand how far to carry their obstinacy, where their liberty or property is concerned.And the king, when he is highest provoked, and most determined to press a city to rubbish, orders the island to descend with great gentleness, out of a pretence of tenderness to his people, but, indeed, for fear of breaking the adamantine bottom; in which case, it is the opinion of all their philosophers, that the loadstone could no longer hold it up, and the whole mass would fall to the ground. The author leaves Laputa;is conveyed to Balnibarbi;arrives at the metropolis. A description of the metropolis, and the country adjoining.The author hospitably received by a great lord.His conversation with that lord.ALTHOUGH I CANNOT SAY that I was ill treated in this island, yet I must confess I thought myself too much neglected, not without some degree of contempt; for neither prince nor people appeared to be curious in any part of knowledge, except mathematics and music, wherein I was far their inferior, and upon that account very little regarded.On the other side, after having seen all the curiosities of the island, I was very desirous to leave it, being heartily weary of those people.They were indeed excellent in two sciences for which I have great esteem, and wherein I am not unversed; but, at the same time, so abstracted and involved in speculation, that I never met with such disagreeable companions.I conversed only with women, tradesmen, flappers, and court-pages, during two months of my abode there; by which, at last, I rendered myself extremely contemptible; yet these were the only people from whom I could ever receive a reasonable answer.I had obtained, by hard study, a good degree of knowledge in their language:I was weary of being confined to an island where I received so little countenance, and resolved to leave it with the first opportunity.There was a great lord at court, nearly related to the king, and for that reason alone used with respect.He was universally reckoned the most ignorant and stupid person among them.He had performed many eminent services for the crown, had great natural and acquired parts, adorned with integrity and honour; but so ill an ear for music, that his detractors reported, “he had been often known to beat time in the wrong place;” neither could his tutors, without extreme difficulty, teach him to demonstrate the most easy proposition in the mathematics.He was pleased to show me many marks of favour, often did me the honour of a visit, desired to be informed in the affairs of Europe, the laws and customs, the manners and learning of the several countries where I had travelled.He listened to me with great attention, and made very wise observations on all I spoke.He had two flappers attending him for state, but never made use of them, except at court and in visits of ceremony, and would always command them to withdraw, when we were alone together.I entreated this illustrious person, to intercede in my behalf with his majesty, for leave to departwhich he accordingly did, as he was pleased to tell me, with regret: for indeed he had made me several offers very advantageous, which, however, I refused, with expressions of the highest acknowledgment.On the 16th of February I took leave of his majesty and the court.The king made me a present to the value of about two hundred pounds English, and my protector, his kinsman, as much more, together with a letter of recommendation to a friend of his in Lagado, the metropolis.The island being then hovering over a mountain about two miles from it, I was let down from the lowest gallery, in the same manner as I had been taken up.The continent, as far as it is subject to the monarch of the flying island, passes under the general name of Balnibarbi; and the metropolis, as I said before, is called Lagado.I felt some little satisfaction in finding myself on firm ground.I walked to the city without any concern, being clad like one of the natives, and sufficiently instructed to converse with them.I soon found out the person’s house to whom I was recommended, presented my letter from his friend the grandee in the island, and was received with much kindness.This great lord, whose name was Munodi, ordered me an apartment in his own house, where I continued during my stay, and was entertained in a most hospitable manner.The next morning after my arrival, he took me in his chariot to see the town, which is about half the bigness of London; but the houses very strangely built, and most of them out of repair.The people in the streets walked fast, looked wild, their eyes fixed, and were generally in rags.We passed through one of the town gates, and went about three miles into the country, where I saw many labourers working with several sorts of tools in the ground, but was not able to conjecture what they were about: neither did observe any expectation either of corn or grass, although the soil appeared to be excellent.I could not forbear admiring at these odd appearances, both in town and country; and I made bold to desire my conductor, that he would be pleased to explain to me, what could be meant by so many busy heads, hands, and faces, both in the streets and the fields, because I did not discover any good effects they produced; but, on the contrary, I never knew a soil so unhappily cultivated, houses so ill con trived and so ruinous, or a people whose countenances and habit expressed so much misery and want.This lord Munodi was a person of the first rank, and had been some years governor of Lagado; but, by a cabal of ministers, was discharged for insufficiency.However, the king treated him with tenderness, as a well-meaning man, but of a low contemptible understanding.When I gave that free censure of the country and its inhabitants, he made no further answer than by telling me, “that I had not been long enough among them to form a judgment; and that the different nations of the world had different customs;” with other common topics to the same purpose.But, when we returned to his palace, he asked me “how I liked the building, what absurdities I observed, and what quarrel I had with the dress or looks of his domestics?” This he might safely do; because every thing about him was magnificent, regular, and polite.I answered, “that his excellency’s prudence, quality, and fortune, had exempted him from those defects, which folly and beggary had produced in others.”He said, “if I would go with him to his country-house, about twenty miles distant, where his estate lay, there would be more leisure for this kind of conversation.He said, “if I would go with him to his country-house, about twenty miles distant, where his estate lay, there would be more leisure for this kind of conversation.” I told his excellency “that I was entirely at his disposal;” and accordingly we set out next morning.During our journey he made me observe the several methods used by farmers in managing their lands, which to me were wholly unaccountable; for, except in some very few places, I could not discover one ear of corn or blade of grass.But, in three hours travelling, the scene was wholly altered;we came into a most beautiful country; farmers’ houses, at small distances, neatly built; the fields enclosed, containing vineyards, corngrounds, and meadows.Neither do I remember to have seen a more delightful prospect.His excellency observed my countenance to clear up; he told me, with a sigh, “that there his estate began, and would continue the same, till we should come to his house: that his countrymen ridiculed and despised him, for managing his affairs no better, and for setting so ill an example to the kingdom; which, however, was followed by very few, such as were old, and wilful, and weak like himself.”We came at length to the house, which was indeed a noble structure, built according to the best rules of ancient architecture.The fountains, gardens, walks, avenues, and groves, were all disposed with exact judgment and taste.I gave due praises to every thing I saw, whereof his excellency took not the least notice till after supper;when, there being no third companion, he told me with a very melancholy air “that he doubted he must throw down his houses in town and country, to rebuild them after the present mode; destroy all his plantations, and cast others into such a form as modern usage required, and give the same directions to all his tenants, unless he would submit to incur the censure of pride, singularity, affectation, ignorance, caprice, and perhaps increase his majesty’s displeasure;that the admiration I appeared to be under would cease or diminish, when he had informed me of some particulars which, probably, I never heard of at court, the people there being too much taken up in their own speculations, to have regard to what passed here below.”The sum of his discourse was to this effect:“That about forty years ago, certain persons went up to Laputa, either upon business or diversion, and, after five months continuance, came back with a very little smattering in mathematics, but full of volatile spirits acquired in that airy region:that these persons, upon their return, began to dislike the management of every thing below, and fell into schemes of putting all arts, sciences, languages, and mechanics, upon a new foot.To this end, they procured a royal patent for erecting an academy of projectors in Lagado;and the humour prevailed so strongly among the people, that there is not a town of any consequence in the kingdom without such an academy.In these colleges the professors contrive new rules and methods of agriculture and building, and new instruments, and tools for all trades and manufactures; whereby, as they undertake, one man shall do the work of ten; a palace may be built in a week, of materials so durable as to last for ever without repairing.All the fruits of the earth shall come to maturity at whatever season we think fit to choose, and increase a hundred fold more than they do at present; with innumerable other happy proposals.The only inconvenience is, that none of these projects are yet brought to perfection; and in the mean time, the whole country lies miserably waste, the houses in ruins, and the people without food or clothes.By all which, instead of being discouraged, they are fifty times more violently bent upon prosecuting their schemes, driven equally on by hope and despair:that as for himself, being not of an enterprising spirit, he was content to go on in the old forms, to live in the houses his ancestors had built, and act as they did, in every part of life, without innovation:that some few other persons of quality and gentry had done the same, but were looked on with an eye of contempt and ill-will, as enemies to art, ignorant, and ill common-wealth’s men, preferring their own ease and sloth before the general improvement of their country.”His lordship added, “That he would not, by any further particulars, prevent the pleasure I should certainly take in viewing the grand academy, whither he was resolved I should go.” He only desired me to observe a ruined building, upon the side of a mountain about three miles distant, of which he gave me this account: “That he had a very convenient mill within half a mile of his house, turned by a current from a large river, and sufficient for his own family, as well as a great number of his tenants;that about seven years ago, a club of those projectors came to him with proposals to destroy this mill, and build another on the side of that mountain, on the long ridge whereof a long canal must be cut, for a repository of water, to be conveyed up by pipes and engines to supply the mill, because the wind and air upon a height agitated the water, and thereby made it fitter for motion, and because the water, descending down a declivity, would turn the mill with half the current of a river whose course is more upon a level.” He said, “that being then not very well with the court, and pressed by many of his friends, he complied with the proposal; and after employing a hundred men for two years, the work miscarried, the projectors went off, laying the blame entirely upon him, railing at him ever since, and putting others upon the same experiment, with equal assurance of success, as well as equal disappointment.”In a few days we came back to town;and his excellency, considering the bad character he had in the academy, would not go with me himself, but recommended me to a friend of his, to bear me company thither.My lord was pleased to represent me as a great admirer of projects, and a person of much curiosity and easy belief; which, indeed, was not without truth; for I had myself been a sort of projector in my younger days. CHAPTER VThe author permitted to see the grand academy of Lagado.The academy largely described.The arts wherein the professors employ themselves.THIS ACADEMY is not an entire single building, but a continuation of several houses on both sides of a street, which growing waste, was purchased and applied to that use.I was received very kindly by the warden, and went for many days to the academy.Every room has in it one or more projectors; and I believe I could not be in fewer than five hundred rooms.The first man I saw was of a meagre aspect, with sooty hands and face, his hair and beard long, ragged, and singed in several places.His clothes, shirt, and skin, were all of the same colour.He has been eight years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which were to be put in phials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw inclement summers.He told me, he did not doubt, that, in eight years more, he should be able to supply the governor’s gardens with sunshine, at a reasonable rate: but he complained that his stock was low, and entreated me “to give him something as an encouragement to ingenuity, especially since this had been a very dear season for cucumbers.«I made him a small present, for my lord had furnished me with money on purpose, because he knew their practice of begging from all who go to see them.I went into another chamber, but was ready to hasten back, being almost overcome with a horrible stink.My conductor pressed me forward, conjuring me in a whisper “to give no offence, which would be highly resented;” and therefore I durst not so much as stop my nose.The projector of this cell was the most ancient student of the academy;his face and beard were of a pale yellow; his hands and clothes daubed over with filth.When I was presented to him, he gave me a close embrace, a compliment I could well have excused.His employment, from his first coming into the academy, was an operation to reduce human excrement to its original food, by separating the several parts, removing the tincture which it receives from the gall, making the odour exhale, and scumming off the saliva.He had a weekly allowance, from the society, of a vessel filled with human ordure, about the bigness of a Bristol barrel.I saw another at work to calcine ice into gunpowder;who likewise showed me a treatise he had written concerning the malleability of fire, which he intended to publish.There was a most ingenious architect, who had contrived a new method for building houses, by beginning at the roof, and working downward to the foundation;which he justified to me, by the like practice of those two prudent insects, the bee and the spider.There was a man born blind, who had several apprentices in his own condition:their employment was to mix colours for painters, which their master taught them to distinguish by feeling and smelling.It was indeed my misfortune to find them at that time not very perfect in their lessons, and the professor himself happened to be generally mistaken.This artist is much encouraged and esteemed by the whole fraternity.In another apartment I was highly pleased with a projector who had found a device of ploughing the ground with hogs, to save the charges of ploughs, cattle, and labour.The method is this: in an acre of ground you bury, at six inches distance and eight deep, a quantity of acorns, dates, chestnuts, and other mast or vegetables, whereof these animals are fondest; then you drive six hundred or more of them into the field, where, in a few days, they will root up the whole ground in search of their food, and make it fit for sowing, at the same time manuring it with their dung: it is true, upon experiment, they found the charge and trouble very great, and they had little or no crop.However it is not doubted, that this invention may be capable of great improvement.I went into another room, where the walls and ceiling were all hung round with cobwebs, except a narrow passage for the artist to go in and out.At my entrance, he called aloud to me, “not to disturb his webs.”He lamented “the fatal mistake the world had been so long in, of using silkworms, while we had such plenty of domestic insects who infinitely excelled the former, because they understood how to weave, as well as spin.”And he proposed further, “that by employing spiders, the charge of dyeing silks should be wholly saved;” whereof I was fully convinced, when he showed me a vast number of flies most beautifully coloured, wherewith he fed his spiders, assuring us “that the webs would take a tincture from them;and as he had them of all hues, he hoped to fit everybody’s fancy, as soon as he could find proper food for the flies, of certain gums, oils, and other glutinous matter, to give a strength and consistence to the threads.”There was an astronomer, who had undertaken to place a sun-dial upon the great weatherco*ck on the town-house, by adjusting the annual and diurnal motions of the earth and sun, so as to answer and coincide with all accidental turnings of the wind.I was complaining of a small fit of the colic, upon which my conductor led me into a room where a great physician resided, who was famous for curing that disease, by contrary operations from the same instrument.He had a large pair of bellows, with a long slender muzzle of ivory:this he conveyed eight inches up the anus, and drawing in the wind, he affirmed he could make the guts as lank as a dried bladder.But when the disease was more stubborn and violent, he let in the muzzle while the bellows were full of wind, which he discharged into the body of the patient; then withdrew the instrument to replenish it, clapping his thumb strongly against the orifice of then fundament;and this being repeated three or four times, the adventitious wind would rush out, bringing the noxious along with it, (like water put into a pump), and the patient recovered.I saw him try both experiments upon a dog, but could not discern any effect from the former.After the latter the animal was ready to burst, and made so violent a discharge as was very offensive to me and my companion.The dog died on the spot, and we left the doctor endeavouring to recover him, by the same operation.I visited many other apartments, but shall not trouble my reader with all the curiosities I observed, being studious of brevity.I had hitherto seen only one side of the academy, the other being appropriated to the advancers of speculative learning, of whom I shall say something, when I have mentioned one illustrious person more, who is called among them “the universal artist.”He told us “he had been thirty years employing his thoughts for the improvement of human life.”He had two large rooms full of wonderful curiosities, and fifty men at work.Some were condensing air into a dry tangible substance, by extracting the nitre, and letting the aqueous or fluid particles percolate; others softening marble, for pillows and pin-cushions; others petrifying the hoofs of a living horse, to preserve them from foundering.The artist himself was at that time busy upon two great designs; the first, to sow land with chaff, wherein he affirmed the true seminal virtue to be contained, as he demonstrated by several experiments, which I was not skilful enough to comprehend.We crossed a walk to the other part of the academy, where, as I have already said, the projectors in speculative learning resided.The first professor I saw, was in a very large room, with forty pupils about him.After salutation, observing me to look earnestly upon a frame, which took up the greatest part of both the length and breadth of the room, he said, “Perhaps I might wonder to see him employed in a project for improving speculative knowledge, by practical and mechanical operations.But the world would soon be sensible of its usefulness; and he flattered himself, that a more noble, exalted thought never sprang in any other man’s head.Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences; whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable charge, and with a little bodily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry, politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or study.”He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in ranks.It was twenty feet square, placed in the middle of the room.The superfices was composed of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger than others.They were all linked together by slender wires.These bits of wood were covered, on every square, with paper pasted on them; and on these papers were written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and declensions; but without any order.The professor then desired me “to observe; for he was going to set his engine at work.”The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame; and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the words was entirely changed.He then commanded six-and-thirty of the lads, to read the several lines softly, as they appeared upon the frame; and where they found three or four words together that might make part of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were scribes.This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the engine was so contrived, that the words shifted into new places, as the square bits of wood moved upside down.Six hours a day the young students were employed in this labour; and the professor showed me several volumes in large folio, already collected, of broken sentences, which he intended to piece together, and out of those rich materials, to give the world a complete body of all arts and sciences; which, however, might be still improved, and much expedited, if the public would raise a fund for making and employing five hundred such frames in Lagado, and oblige the managers to contribute in common their several collections.He assured me “that this invention had employed all his thoughts from his youth; that he had emptied the whole vocabulary into his frame, and made the strictest computation of the general proportion there is in books between the numbers of particles, nouns, and verbs, and other parts of speech.”I made my humblest acknowledgment to this illustrious person, for his great communicativeness; and promised, “if ever I had the good fortune to return to my native country, that I would do him justice, as the sole inventor of this wonderful machine;” the form and contrivance of which I desired leave to delineate on paper, as in the figure here annexed. II told him, “although it were the custom of our learned in Europe to steal inventions from each other, who had thereby at least this advantage, that it became a controversy which was the right owner; yet I would take such caution, that he should have the honour entire, without a rival.”We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in consultation upon improving that of their own country.The first project was, to shorten discourse, by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because, in reality, all things imaginable are but norms.The other project was, a scheme for entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a great advantage in point of health, as well as brevity.For it is plain, that every word we speak is, in some degree, a diminution of our lunge by corrosion, and, consequently, contributes to the shortening of our lives.An expedient was therefore offered, “that since words are only names for things, it would be more convenient for all men to carry about them such things as were necessary to express a particular business they are to discourse on.”And this invention would certainly have taken place, to the great ease as well as health of the subject, if the women, in conjunction with the vulgar and illiterate, had not threatened to raise a rebellion unless they might be allowed the liberty to speak with their tongues, after the manner of their forefathers; such constant irreconcilable enemies to science are the common people.However, many of the most learned and wise adhere to the new scheme of expressing themselves by things;which has only this inconvenience attending it, that if a man’s business be very great, and of various kinds, he must be obliged, in proportion, to carry a greater bundle of things upon his back, unless he can afford one or two strong servants to attend him.I have often beheld two of those sages almost sinking under the weight of their packs, like pedlars among us, who, when they met in the street, would lay down their loads, open their sacks, and hold conversation for an hour together; then put up their implements, help each other to resume their burdens, and take their leave.But for short conversations, a man may carry implements in his pockets, and under his arms, enough to supply him; and in his house, he cannot be at a loss.Therefore the room where company meet who practise this art, is full of all things, ready at hand, requisite to furnish matter for this kind of artificial converse.Another great advantage proposed by this invention was, that it would serve as a universal language, to be understood in all civilised nations, whose goods and utensils are generally of the same kind, or nearly resembling, so that their uses might easily be comprehended.And thus ambassadors would be qualified to treat with foreign princes, or ministers of state, to whose tongues they were utter strangers.I was at the mathematical school, where the master taught his pupils after a method scarce imaginable to us in Europe.The proposition, and demonstration, were fairly written on a thin wafer, with ink composed of a cephalic tincture.This, the student was to swallow upon a fasting stomach, and for three days following, eat nothing but bread and water.As the wafer digested, the tincture mounted to his brain, bearing the proposition along with it.But the success has not hitherto been answerable, partly by some error in the quantum or composition, and partly by the perverseness of lads, to whom this bolus is so nauseous, that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upwards, before it can operate; neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an abstinence, as the prescription requires. CHAPTER VIA further account of the academy.The author proposes some improvements, which are honourably received.IN THE SCHOOL of political projectors, I was but ill entertained;the professors appearing, in my judgment, wholly out of their senses, which is a scene that never fails to make me melancholy.These unhappy people were proposing schemes for persuading monarchs to choose favourites upon the score of their wisdom, capacity, and virtue; of teaching ministers to consult the public good; of rewarding merit, great abilities, eminent services; of instructing princes to know their true interest, by placing it on the same foundation with that of their people; of choosing for employments persons qualified to exercise them, with many other wild, impossible chimeras, that never entered before into the heart of man to conceive;and confirmed in me the old observation, “that there is nothing so extravagant and irrational, which some philosophers have not maintained for truth.”But, however, I shall so far do justice to this part of the Academy, as to acknowledge that all of them were not so visionary.There was a most ingenious doctor, who seemed to be perfectly versed in the whole nature and system of government.This illustrious person had very usefully employed his studies, in finding out effectual remedies for all diseases and corruptions to which the several kinds of public administration are subject, by the vices or infirmities of those who govern, as well as by the licentiousness of those who are to obey.For instance: whereas all writers and reasoners have agreed, that there is a strict universal resemblance between the natural and the political body; can there be any thing more evident, than that the health of both must be preserved, and the diseases cured, by the same prescriptions?It is allowed, that senates and great councils are often troubled with redundant, ebullient, and other peccant humours; with many diseases of the head, and more of the heart; with strong convulsions, with grievous contractions of the nerves and sinews in both hands, but especially the right; with spleen, flatus, vertigos, and deliriums; with scrofulous tumours, full of fetid purulent matter; with sour frothy ructations: with canine appetites, and crudeness of digestion, besides many others, needless to mention.This doctor therefore proposed, “that upon the meeting of the senate, certain physicians should attend it the three first days of their sitting, and at the close of each day’s debate feel the pulses of every senator; after which, having maturely considered and consulted upon the nature of the several maladies, and the methods of cure, they should on the fourth day return to the senate house, attended by their apothecaries stored with proper medicines; and before the members sat, administer to each of them lenitives, aperitives, abstersives, corrosives, restringents, palliatives, laxatives, cephalalgics, icterics, apophlegmatics, acoustics, as their several cases required; and, according as these medicines should operate, repeat, alter, or omit them, at the next meeting.”This project could not be of any great expense to the public; and might in my poor opinion, be of much use for the despatch of business, in those countries where senates have any share in the legislative power; beget unanimity, shorten debates, open a few mouths which are now closed, and close many more which are now open; curb the petulancy of the young, and correct the positiveness of the old; rouse the stupid, and damp the pert.Again: because it is a general complaint, that the favourites of princes are troubled with short and weak memories; the same doctor proposed, “that whoever attended a first minister, after having told his business, with the utmost brevity and in the plainest words, should, at his departure, give the said minister a tweak by the nose, or a kick in the belly, or tread on his corns, or lug him thrice by both ears, or run a pin into his breech; or pinch his arm black and blue, to prevent forgetfulness;and at every levee day, repeat the same operation, till the business were done, or absolutely refused.”He likewise directed, “that every senator in the great council of a nation, after he had delivered his opinion, and argued in the defence of it, should be obliged to give his vote directly contrary; because if that were done, the result would infallibly terminate in the good of the public.”When parties in a state are violent, he offered a wonderful contrivance to reconcile them.The method is this: You take a hundred leaders of each party; you dispose them into couples of such whose heads are nearest of a size; then let two nice operators saw off the occiput of each couple at the same time, in such a manner that the brain may be equally divided.Let the occiputs, thus cut off, be interchanged, applying each to the head of his opposite party-man.It seems indeed to be a work that requires some exactness, but the professor assured us, “that if it were dexterously performed, the cure would be infallible.For he argued thus: “that the two half brains being left to debate the matter between themselves within the space of one skull, would soon come to a good understanding, and produce that moderation, as well as regularity of thinking, so much to be wished for in the heads of those, who imagine they come into the world only to watch and govern its motion:and as to the difference of brains, in quantity or quality, among those who are directors in faction, the doctor assured us, from his own knowledge, that “it was a perfect trifle.”I heard a very warm debate between two professors, about the most commodious and effectual ways and means of raising money, without grieving the subject.The first affirmed, “the justest method would be, to lay a certain tax upon vices and folly; and the sum fixed upon every man to be rated, after the fairest manner, by a jury of his neighbours.”The second was of an opinion directly contrary; “to tax those qualities of body and mind, for which men chiefly value themselves; the rate to be more or less, according to the degrees of excelling; the decision whereof should be left entirely to their own breast.”The highest tax was upon men who are the greatest favourites of the other sex, and the assessments, according to the number and nature of the favours they have received; for which, they are allowed to be their own vouchers.Wit, valour, and politeness, were likewise proposed to be largely taxed, and collected in the same manner, by every person’s giving his own word for the quantum of what he possessed.But as to honour, justice, wisdom, and learning, they should not be taxed at all; because they are qualifications of so singular a kind, that no man will either allow them in his neighbour or value them in himself.The women were proposed to be taxed according to their beauty and skill in dressing, wherein they had the same privilege with the men, to be determined by their own judgment.But constancy, chastity, good sense, and good nature, were not rated, because they would not bear the charge of collecting.To keep senators in the interest of the crown, it was proposed that the members should raffle for employment; every man first taking an oath, and giving security, that he would vote for the court, whether he won or not; after which, the losers had, in their turn, the liberty of raffling upon the next vacancy.Thus, hope and expectation would be kept alive; none would complain of broken promises, but impute their disappointments wholly to fortune, whose shoulders are broader and stronger than those of a ministry.Another professor showed me a large paper of instructions for discovering plots and conspiracies against the government.He advised great statesmen to examine into the diet of all suspected persons; their times of eating; upon which side they lay in bed; with which hand they wipe their posteriors; take a strict view of their excrements, and, from the colour, the odour, the taste, the consistence, the crudeness or maturity of digestion, form a judgment of their thoughts and designs; because men are never so serious, thoughtful, and intent, as when they are at stool, which he found by frequent experiment; for, in such conjunctures, when he used, merely as a trial, to consider which was the best way of murdering the king, his ordure would have a tincture of green; but quite different, when he thought only of raising an insurrection, or burning the metropolis.The whole discourse was written with great acuteness, containing many observations, both curious and useful for politicians; but, as I conceived, not altogether complete.This I ventured to tell the author, and offered, if he pleased, to supply him with some additions.He received my proposition with more compliance than is usual among writers, especially those of the projecting species, professing “he would be glad to receive further information.”I told him, “that in the kingdom of Tribnia,* by the natives called Langdon,** where I had sojourned some time in my travels, the bulk of the people consist in a manner wholly of discoverers, witnesses, informers, accusers, prosecutors, evidences, swearers, together with their several subservient and subaltern instruments, all under the colours, the conduct, and the pay of ministers of state, and their deputies.The plots, in that kingdom, are usually the workmanship of those persons who desire to raise their own characters of profound politicians; to restore new vigour to a crazy administration; to stifle or divert general discontents; to fill their coffers with forfeitures; and raise, or sink the opinion of public credit, as either shall best answer their private advantage.It is first agreed and settled among them, what suspected persons shall be accused of a plot; then, effectual care is taken to secure all their letters and papers, and put the owners in chains.These papers are delivered to a set of artists, very dexterous in finding out the mysterious meanings of words, syllables, and letters:for instance, they can discover a close stool, to signify a privy council;a flock of geese, a senate; a lame dog, an invader; the plague, a standing army; a buzzard, a prime minister; the gout, a high priest; a gibbet, a secretary of state; a chamber pot, a committee of grandees; a sieve, a court lady; a broom, a revolution; a mouse-trap, an employment; a bottomless pit, a treasury; a sink, a court; a cap and bells, a favourite; a broken reed, a court of justice; an empty tun, a general; a running sore, the administration.*“When this method fails, they have two others more effectual, which the learned among them call acrostics and anagrams. First, they can decipher all initial letters into political meanings.Thus N, shall signify a plot; B, a regiment of horse; L, a fleet at sea; or, secondly, by transposing the letters of the alphabet in any suspected paper, they can lay open the deepest designs of a discontented party.So, for example, if I should say, in a letter to a friend, ‘Our brother Tom has just got the piles,’ a skilful decipherer would discover, that the same letters which compose that sentence, may be analysed into the following words, ‘Resist –, a plot is brought home – The tour.’ And this is the anagrammatic method.”The professor made me great acknowledgments for communicating these observations, and promised to make honourable mention of me in his treatise.I saw nothing in this country that could invite me to a longer continuance, and began to think of returning home to England. CHAPTER VIIThe author leaves Lagado: arrives at Maldonada.No ship ready.He takes a short voyage to Glubbdubdrib.His reception by the governor.The continent, of which this kingdom is apart, extends itself, as I have reason to believe, eastward, to that unknown tract of America westward of California; and north, to the Pacific Ocean, which is not above a hundred and fifty miles from Lagado; where there is a good port, and much commerce with the great island of Luggnagg, situated to the north-west about 29 degrees north latitude, and 140 longitude.This island of Luggnagg stands south-eastward of Japan, about a hundred leagues distant.There is a strict alliance between the Japanese emperor and the king of Luggnagg; which affords frequent opportunities of sailing from one island to the other.I determined therefore to direct my course this way, in order to my return to Europe.I hired two mules, with a guide, to show me the way, and carry my small baggage.I took leave of my noble protector, who had shown me so much favour, and made me a generous present at my departure.My journey was without any accident or adventure worth relating.When I arrived at the port of Maldonada (for so it is called) there was no ship in the harbour bound for Luggnagg, nor likely to be in some time.The town is about as large as Portsmouth.I soon fell into some acquaintance, and was very hospitably received.gentleman of distinction said to me, “that since the ships bound for Luggnagg could not be ready in less than a month, it might be no disagreeable amusem*nt for me to take a trip to the little island of Glubbdubdrib, about five leagues off to the south-west.”He offered himself and a friend to accompany me, and that I should be provided with a small convenient bark for the voyage.Glubbdubdrib, as nearly as I can interpret the word, signifies the island of sorcerers or magicians.It is about one third as large as the Isle of Wight, and extremely fruitful:it is governed by the head of a certain tribe, who are all magicians.This tribe marries only among each other, and the eldest in succession is prince or governor.He has a noble palace, and a park of about three thousand acres, surrounded by a wall of hewn stone twenty feet high.In this park are several small enclosures for cattle, corn, and gardening.The governor and his family are served and attended by domestics of a kind somewhat unusual.By his skill in necromancy he has a power of calling whom he pleases from the dead, and commanding their service for twenty-four hours, but no longer; nor can he call the same persons up again in less than three months, except upon very extraordinary occasions.When we arrived at the island, which was about eleven in the morning, one of the gentlemen who accompanied me went to the governor, and desired admittance for a stranger, who came on purpose to have the honour of attending on his highness.This was immediately granted, and we all three entered the gate of the palace between two rows of guards, armed and dressed after a very antic manner, and with something in their countenances that made my flesh creep with a horror I cannot express.We passed through several apartments, between servants of the same sort, ranked on each side as before, till we came to the chamber of presence; where, after three profound obeisances, and a few general questions, we were permitted to sit on three stools, near the lowest step of his highness’s throne.He understood the language of Balnibarbi, although it was different from that of this island.He desired me to give him some account of my travels; and, to let me see that I should be treated without ceremony, he dismissed all his attendants with a turn of his finger; at which, to my great astonishment, they vanished in an instant, like visions in a dream when we awake on a sudden.I could not recover myself in some time, till the governor assured me, “that I should receive no hurt:”and observing my two companions to be under no concern, who had been often entertained in the same manner, I began to take courage, and related to his highness a short history of my several adventures; yet not without some hesitation, and frequently looking behind me to the place where I had seen those domestic spectres.I had the honour to dine with the governor, where a new set of ghosts served up the meat, and waited at table.I now observed myself to be less terrified than I had been in the morning.I stayed till sunset, but humbly desired his highness to excuse me for not accepting his invitation of lodging in the palace.My two friends and I lay at a private house in the town adjoining, which is the capital of this little island; and the next morning we returned to pay our duty to the governor, as he was pleased to command us.After this manner we continued in the island for ten days, most part of every day with the governor, and at night in our lodging.I soon grew so familiarized to the sight of spirits, that after the third or fourth time they gave me no emotion at all: or, if I had any apprehensions left, my curiosity prevailed over them.For his highness the governor ordered me “to call up whatever persons I would choose to name, and in whatever numbers, among all the dead from the beginning of the world to the present time, and command them to answer any questions I should think fit to ask; with this condition, that my questions must be confined within the compass of the times they lived in.And one thing I might depend upon, that they would certainly tell me the truth, for lying was a talent of no use in the lower world.”I made my humble acknowledgments to his highness for so great a favour.We were in a chamber, from whence there was a fair prospect into the park.which, upon a motion of the governor’s finger, immediately appeared in a large field, under the window where we stood.Alexander was called up into the room: it was with great difficulty that I understood his Greek, and had but little of my own.He assured me upon his honour “that he was not poisoned, but died of a bad fever by excessive drinking.”Next, I saw Hannibal passing the Alps, who told me “he had not a drop of vinegar in his camp.”I saw Caesar and Pompey at the head of their troops, just ready to engage.I saw the former, in his last great triumph.I desired that the senate of Rome might appear before me, in one large chamber, and an assembly of somewhat a later age in counter view, in another.The first seemed to be an assembly of heroes and demigods; the other, a knot of pedlars, pickpockets, highwayman, and bullies.The governor, at my request, gave the sign for Caesar and Brutus to advance towards us.I was struck with a profound veneration at the sight of Brutus, and could easily discover the most consummate virtue, the greatest intrepidity and firmness of mind, the truest love of his country, and general benevolence for mankind, in every lineament of his countenance.I observed, with much pleasure, that these two persons were in good intelligence with each other; and Caesar freely confessed to me, “that the greatest actions of his own life were not equal, by many degrees, to the glory of taking it away.” I had the honour to have much conversation with Brutus; and was told, “that his ancestor Junius, Socrates, Epaminondas, Cato the younger, Sir Thomas More, and himself were perpetually together:” a sextumvirate, to which all the ages of the world cannot add a seventh.It would be tedious to trouble the reader with relating what vast numbers of illustrious persons were called up to gratify that insatiable desire I had to see the world in every period of antiquity placed before me.I chiefly fed mine eyes with beholding the destroyers of tyrants and usurpers, and the restorers of liberty to oppressed and injured nations.But it is impossible to express the satisfaction I received in my own mind, after such a manner as to make it a suitable entertainment to the reader. CHAPTER VIIIA further account of Glubbdubdrib.Ancient and modern history corrected.HAVING A DESIRE to see those ancients who were most renowned for wit and learning, I set apart one day on purpose.I proposed that Homer and Aristotle might appear at the head of all their commentators; but these were so numerous, that some hundreds were forced to attend in the court, and outward rooms of the palace.I knew, and could distinguish those two heroes, at first sight, not only from the crowd, but from each other.Homer was the taller and comelier person of the two, walked very erect for one of his age, and his eyes were the most quick and piercing I ever beheld.Aristotle stooped much, and made use of a staff.I soon discovered that both of them were perfect strangers to the rest of the company, and had never seen or heard of them before;and I had a whisper from a ghost who shall be nameless, “that these commentators always kept in the most distant quarters from their principals, in the lower world, through a consciousness of shame and guilt, because they had so horribly misrepresented the meaning of those authors to posterity.”I introduced Didymus and Eustathius to Homer, and prevailed on him to treat them better than perhaps they deserved, for he soon found they wanted a genius to enter into the spirit of a poet.But Aristotle was out of all patience with the account I gave him of Scotus and Ramus, as I presented them to him; and he asked them, “whether the rest of the tribe were as great dunces as themselves?”I then desired the governor to call up Descartes and Gassendi, with whom I prevailed to explain their systems to Aristotle.This great philosopher freely acknowledged his own mistakes in natural philosophy, because he proceeded in many things upon conjecture, as all men must do; and he found that Gassendi, who had made the doctrine of Epicurus as palatable as he could, and the vortices of Descartes, were equally to be exploded.He predicted the same fate to attraction, whereof the present learned are such zealous asserters.He said, “that new systems of nature were but new fashions, which would vary in every age; and even those, who pretend to demonstrate them from mathematical principles, would flourish but a short period of time, and be out of vogue when that was determined.”I spent five days in conversing with many others of the ancient learned.I saw most of the first Roman emperors.I prevailed on the governor to call up Heliogabalus’s cooks to dress us a dinner, but they could not show us much of their skill, for want of materials.A helot of Agesilaus made us a dish of Spartan broth, but I was not able to get down a second spoonful.The two gentlemen, who conducted me to the island, were pressed by their private affairs to return in three days, which I employed in seeing some of the modern dead, who had made the greatest figure, for two or three hundred years past, in our own and other countries of Europe;and having been always a great admirer of old illustrious families, I desired the governor would call up a dozen or two of kings, with their ancestors in order for eight or nine generations.But my disappointment was grievous and unexpected.For, instead of a long train with royal diadems, I saw in one family two fiddlers, three spruce courtiers, and an Italian prelate.In another, a barber, an abbot, and two cardinals.But as to counts, marquises, dukes, earls, and the like, I was not so scrupulous.I could plainly discover whence one family derives a long chin; why a second has abounded with knaves for two generations, and fools for two more; why a third happened to be crack-brained, and a fourth to be sharpers; whence it came, what Polydore Virgil says of a certain great house, nec vir fortis, nec foemina casta; how cruelty, falsehood, and cowardice, grew to be characteristics by which certain families are distinguished as much as by their coats of arms; who first brought the pox into a noble house, which has lineally descended scrofulous tumours to their posterity.Neither could I wonder at all this, when I saw such an interruption of lineages, by pages, lackeys, valets, coachmen, gamesters, fiddlers, players, captains, and pickpockets.I was chiefly disgusted with modern history.For having strictly examined all the persons of greatest name in the courts of princes, for a hundred years past, I found how the world had been misled by prostitute writers, to ascribe the greatest exploits in war, to cowards; the wisest counsel, to fools; sincerity, to flatterers; Roman virtue, to betrayers of their country; piety, to atheists; chastity, to sodomites; truth, to informers: how many innocent and excellent persons had been condemned to death or banishment by the practising of great ministers upon the corruption of judges, and the malice of factions: how many villains had been exalted to the highest places of trust, power, dignity, and profit: how great a share in the motions and events of courts, councils, and senates might be challenged by bawds, whor*s, pimps, parasites, and buffoons.How low an opinion I had of human wisdom and integrity, when I was truly informed of the springs and motives of great enterprises and revolutions in the world, and of the contemptible accidents to which they owed their success.Here I discovered the roguery and ignorance of those who pretend to write anecdotes, or secret history; who send so many kings to their graves with a cup of poison; will repeat the discourse between a prince and chief minister, where no witness was by; unlock the thoughts and cabinets of ambassadors and secretaries of state; and have the perpetual misfortune to be mistaken.Here I discovered the true causes of many great events that have surprised the world; how a whor* can govern the back-stairs, the back-stairs a council, and the council a senate.A general confessed, in my presence, “that he got a victory purely by the force of cowardice and ill conduct;” and an admiral, “that, for want of proper intelligence, he beat the enemy, to whom he intended to betray the fleet.”Three kings protested to me, “that in their whole reigns they never did once prefer any person of merit, unless by mistake, or treachery of some minister in whom they confided; neither would they do it if they were to live again:” and they showed, with great strength of reason, “that the royal throne could not be supported without corruption, because that positive, confident, restiff temper, which virtue infused into a man, was a perpetual clog to public business.”I had the curiosity to inquire in a particular manner, by what methods great numbers had procured to themselves high titles of honour, and prodigious estates; and I confined my inquiry to a very modern period:however, without grating upon present times, because I would be sure to give no offence even to foreigners (for I hope the reader need not be told, that I do not in the least intend my own country, in what I say upon this occasion,) a great number of persons concerned were called up;and, upon a very slight examination, discovered such a scene of infamy, that I cannot reflect upon it without some seriousness.Perjury, oppression, subornation, fraud, pandarism, and the like infirmities, were among the most excusable arts they had to mention; and for these I gave, as it was reasonable, great allowance.But when some confessed they owed their greatness and wealth to sodomy, or incest; others, to the prostituting of their own wives and daughters; others, to the betraying of their country or their prince; some, to poisoning; more to the perverting of justice, in order to destroy the innocent, I hope I may be pardoned, if these discoveries inclined me a little to abate of that profound veneration, which I am naturally apt to pay to persons of high rank, who ought to be treated with the utmost respect due to their sublime dignity, by us their inferiors.I had often read of some great services done to princes and states, and desired to see the persons by whom those services were performed.Upon inquiry I was told, “that their names were to be found on no record, except a few of them, whom history has represented as the vilest of rogues and traitors.”As to the rest, I had never once heard of them.They all appeared with dejected looks, and in the meanest habit; most of them telling me, “they died in poverty and disgrace, and the rest on a scaffold or a gibbet.”Among others, there was one person, whose case appeared a little singular.He had a youth about eighteen years old standing by his side.He told me, “he had for many years been commander of a ship; and in the sea fight at Actium had the good fortune to break through the enemy’s great line of battle, sink three of their capital ships, and take a fourth, which was the sole cause of Antony’s flight, and of the victory that ensued; that the youth standing by him, his only son, was killed in the action.”He added, “that upon the confidence of some merit, the war being at an end, he went to Rome, and solicited at the court of Augustus to be preferred to a greater ship, whose commander had been killed; but, without any regard to his pretensions, it was given to a boy who had never seen the sea, the son of Libertina, who waited on one of the emperor’s mistresses.Returning back to his own vessel, he was charged with neglect of duty, and the ship given to a favourite page of Publicola, the vice-admiral; whereupon he retired to a poor farm at a great distance from Rome, and there ended his life.”I was so curious to know the truth of this story, that I desired Agrippa might be called, who was admiral in that fight.He appeared, and confirmed the whole account: but with much more advantage to the captain, whose modesty had extenuated or concealed a great part of his merit.I was surprised to find corruption grown so high and so quick in that empire, by the force of luxury so lately introduced;which made me less wonder at many parallel cases in other countries, where vices of all kinds have reigned so much longer, and where the whole praise, as well as pillage, has been engrossed by the chief commander, who perhaps had the least title to either.As every person called up made exactly the same appearance he had done in the world, it gave me melancholy reflections to observe how much the race of human kind was degenerated among us within these hundred years past; how the pox, under all its consequences and denominations had altered every lineament of an English countenance; shortened the size of bodies, unbraced the nerves, relaxed the sinews and muscles, introduced a sallow complexion, and rendered the flesh loose and rancid.I descended so low, as to desire some English yeoman of the old stamp might be summoned to appear; once so famous for the simplicity of their manners, diet, and dress; for justice in their dealings; for their true spirit of liberty; for their valour, and love of their country.Neither could I be wholly unmoved, after comparing the living with the dead, when I considered how all these pure native virtues were prostituted for a piece of money by their grand-children; who, in selling their votes and managing at elections, have acquired every vice and corruption that can possibly be learned in a court. CHAPTER IXThe author returns to Maldonada. Sails to the kingdom of Luggnagg.The author confined. He is sent for to court.The manner of his admittance.The king’s great lenity to his subjects.THE DAY OF OUR DEPARTURE being come, I took leave of his highness, the Governor of Glubbdubdrib, and returned with my two companions to Maldonada, where, after a fortnight’s waiting, a ship was ready to sail for Luggnagg.The two gentlemen, and some others, were so generous and kind as to furnish me with provisions, and see me on board.I was a month in this voyage.We had one violent storm, and were under a necessity of steering westward to get into the trade wind, which holds for above sixty leagues. On the 21st of April, 1708, we sailed into the river of Clumegnig, which is a seaport town, at the south-east point of Luggnagg.We cast anchor within a league of the town, and made a signal for a pilot.Two of them came on board in less than half an hour, by whom we were guided between certain shoals and rocks, which are very dangerous in the passage, to a large basin, where a fleet may ride in safety within a cable’s length of the town-wall.Some of our sailors, whether out of treachery or inadvertence, had informed the pilots “that I was a stranger, and great traveller;”whereof these gave notice to a custom-house officer, by whom I was examined very strictly upon my landing.This officer spoke to me in the language of Balnibarbi, which, by the force of much commerce, is generally understood in that town, especially by seamen and those employed in the customs.I gave him a short account of some particulars, and made my story as plausible and consistent as I could;but I thought it necessary to disguise my country, and call myself a Hollander; because my intentions were for Japan, and I knew the Dutch were the only Europeans permitted to enter into that kingdom.I therefore told the officer, “that having been shipwrecked on the coast of Balnibarbi, and cast on a rock, I was received up into Laputa, or the flying island (of which he had often heard), and was now endeavouring to get to Japan, whence I might find a convenience of returning to my own country.” The officer said, “I must be confined till he could receive orders from court, for which he would write immediately, and hoped to receive an answer in a fortnight.”I was carried to a convenient lodging with a sentry placed at the door;however, I had the liberty of a large garden, and was treated with humanity enough, being maintained all the time at the king’s charge.I was invited by several persons, chiefly out of curiosity, because it was reported that I came from countries very remote, of which they had never heard.I hired a young man, who came in the same ship, to be an interpreter; he was a native of Luggnagg, but had lived some years at Maldonada, and was a perfect master of both languages.By his assistance, I was able to hold a conversation with those who came to visit me; but this consisted only of their questions, and my answers.The despatch came from court about the time we expected.It contained a warrant for conducting me and my retinue to Traldragdubh, or Trildrogdrib (for it is pronounced both ways as near as I can remember), by a party of ten horse.All my retinue was that poor lad for an interpreter, whom I persuaded into my service, and, at my humble request, we had each of us a mule to ride on.A messenger was despatched half a day’s journey before us, to give the king notice of my approach, and to desire, “that his majesty would please to appoint a day and hour, when it would by his gracious pleasure that I might have the honour to lick the dust before his footstool.”This is the court style, and I found it to be more than matter of form:for, upon my admittance two days after my arrival, I was commanded to crawl upon my belly, and lick the floor as I advanced; but, on account of my being a stranger, care was taken to have it made so clean, that the dust was not offensive.However, this was a peculiar grace, not allowed to any but persons of the highest rank, when they desire an admittance.Nay, sometimes the floor is strewed with dust on purpose, when the person to be admitted happens to have powerful enemies at court;and I have seen a great lord with his mouth so crammed, that when he had crept to the proper distance from the throne; he was not able to speak a word.Neither is there any remedy; because it is capital for those, who receive an audience to spit or wipe their mouths in his majesty’s presence.There is indeed another custom, which I cannot altogether approve of:when the king has a mind to put any of his nobles to death in a gentle indulgent manner, he commands the floor to be strewed with a certain brown powder of a deadly composition, which being licked up, infallibly kills him in twenty-four hours.But in justice to this prince’s great clemency, and the care he has of his subjects’ lives (wherein it were much to be wished that the Monarchs of Europe would imitate him), it must be mentioned for his honour, that strict orders are given to have the infected parts of the floor well washed after every such execution, which, if his domestics neglect, they are in danger of incurring his royal displeasure.I myself heard him give directions, that one of his pages should be whipped, whose turn it was to give notice about washing the floor after an execution, but maliciously had omitted it; by which neglect a young lord of great hopes, coming to an audience, was unfortunately poisoned, although the king at that time had no design against his life.But this good prince was so gracious as to forgive the poor page his whipping, upon promise that he would do so no more, without special orders.To return from this digression. When I had crept within four yards of the throne, I raised myself gently upon my knees, and then striking my forehead seven times against the ground, I pronounced the following words, as they had been taught me the night before, inckpling gloffthrobb squut serummblhiop mlashnalt zwing tnodbalkuffh slhiophad burdlubh asht.This is the compliment, established by the laws of the land, for all persons admitted to the king’s presence.It may be rendered into English thus: “May your celestial majesty outlive the sun, eleven moons and a half!”To this the king returned some answer, which, although I could not understand, yet I replied as I had been directed: fluft drin yakerick dwuldom prastrad mirpush, which properly signifies, “My tongue is in the mouth of my friend;”and by this expression was meant, that I desired leave to bring my interpreter;whereupon the young man already mentioned was accordingly introduced, by whose intervention I answered as many questions as his majesty could put in above an hour.I spoke in the Balnibarbian tongue, and my interpreter delivered my meaning in that of Luggnagg.The king was much delighted with my company, and ordered his bliffmarklub, or high-chamberlain, to appoint a lodging in the court for me and my interpreter; with a daily allowance for my table, and a large purse of gold for my common expenses.I staid three months in this country, out of perfect obedience to his majesty; who was pleased highly to favour me, and made me very honourable offers.But I thought it more consistent with prudence and justice to pass the remainder of my days with my wife and family. CHAPTER XThe Luggnaggians commended.A particular description of the Struldbrugs, with many conversations between the author and some eminent persons upon that subject.THE LUGGNAGGIANS are a polite and generous people;and although they are not without some share of that pride which is peculiar to all Eastern countries, yet they show themselves courteous to strangers, especially such who are countenanced by the court.I had many acquaintance, and among persons of the best fashion; and being always attended by my interpreter, the conversation we had was not disagreeable.One day, in much good company, I was asked by a person of quality, “whether I had seen any of their struldbrugs, or immortals?”I said, “I had not;” and desired he would explain to me “what he meant by such an appellation, applied to a mortal creature.”He told me “that sometimes, though very rarely, a child happened to be born in a family, with a red circular spot in the forehead, directly over the left eyebrow, which was an infallible mark that it should never die.”The spot, as he described it, “was about the compass of a silver threepence, but in the course of time grew larger, and changed its colour; for at twelve years old it became green, so continued till five and twenty, then turned to a deep blue: at five and forty it grew coal black, and as large as an English shilling; but never admitted any further alteration.”He said, “these births were so rare, that he did not believe there could be above eleven hundred struldbrugs, of both sexes, in the whole kingdom; of which he computed about fifty in the metropolis, and, among the rest, a young girl born;about three years ago: that these productions were not peculiar to any family, but a mere effect of chance; and the children of the Struldbrugs themselves were equally mortal with the rest of the people.”I freely own myself to have been struck with inexpressible delight, upon hearing this account: and the person who gave it me happening to understand the Balnibarbian language, which I spoke very well, I could not forbear breaking out into expressions, perhaps a little too extravagant.I cried out, as in a rapture, “Happy nation, where every child hath at least a chance for being immortal! Happy people, who enjoy so many living examples of ancient virtue, and have masters ready to instruct them in the wisdom of all former ages!but happiest, beyond all comparison, are those excellent Struldbrugs , who, being born exempt from that universal calamity of human nature, have their minds free and disengaged, without the weight and depression of spirits caused by the continual apprehensions of death!”I discovered my admiration that I had not observed any of these illustrious persons at court; the black spot on the forehead being so remarkable a distinction, that I could not have easily overlooked it: and it was impossible that his majesty, a most judicious prince, should not provide himself with a good number of such wise and able counsellors.Yet perhaps the virtue of those reverend sages was too strict for the corrupt and libertine manners of a court: and we often find by experience, that young men are too opinionated and volatile to be guided by the sober dictates of their seniors.However, since the king was pleased to allow me access to his royal person, I was resolved, upon the very first occasion, to deliver my opinion to him on this matter freely and at large, by the help of my interpreter;and whether he would please to take my advice or not, yet in one thing I was determined, that his majesty having frequently offered me an establishment in this country, I would, with great thankfulness, accept the favour, and pass my life here in the conversation of those superior beings the Struldbrugs, if they would please to admit me.”The gentleman to whom I addressed my discourse, because (as I have already observed) he spoke the language of Balnibarbi, said to me, with a sort of a smile which usually arises from pity to the ignorant, “that he was glad of any occasion to keep me among them, and desired my permission to explain to the company what I had spoke.”He did so, and they talked together for some time in their own language, whereof I understood not a syllable, neither could I observe by their countenances, what impression my discourse had made on them.After a short silence, the same person told me, “that his friends and mine (so he thought fit to express himself ) were very much pleased with the judicious remarks I had made on the great happiness and advantages of immortal life, and they were desirous to know, in a particular manner, what scheme of living I should have formed to myself, if it had fallen to my lot to have been born a Struldbrug.”I answered, “it was easy to be eloquent on so copious and delightful a subject, especially to me, who had been often apt to amuse myself with visions of what I should do, if I were a king, a general, or a great lord: and upon this very case, I had frequently run over the whole system how I should employ myself, and pass the time, if I were sure to live for ever.“That, if it had been my good fortune to come into the world a Struldbrug, as soon as I could discover my own happiness, by understanding the difference between life and death, I would first resolve, by all arts and methods, whatsoever, to procure myself riches.In the pursuit of which, by thrift and management, I might reasonably expect, in about two hundred years, to be the wealthiest man in the kingdom.In the second place, I would, from my earliest youth, apply myself to the study of arts and sciences, by which I should arrive in time to excel all others in learning.Lastly, I would carefully record every action and event of consequence, that happened in the public, impartially draw the characters of the several successions of princes and great ministers of state, with my own observations on every point.I would exactly set down the several changes in customs, language, fashions of dress, diet, and diversions.By all which acquirements, I should be a living treasure of knowledge and wisdom, and certainly become the oracle of the nation.(“I would never marry after threescore, but live in a hospitable manner, yet still on the saving side.I would entertain myself in forming and directing the minds of hopeful young men, by convincing them, from my own remembrance, experience, and observation, fortified by numerous examples, of the usefulness of virtue in public and private life.But my choice and constant companions should be a set of my own immortal brotherhood; among whom, I would elect a dozen from the most ancient, down to my own contemporaries.Where any of these wanted fortunes, I would provide them with convenient lodges round my own estate, and have some of them always at my table; only mingling a few of the most valuable among you mortals, whom length of time would harden me to lose with little or no reluctance, and treat your posterity after the same manner; just as a man diverts himself with the annual succession of pinks and tulips in his garden, without regretting the loss of those which withered the preceding year.“These Struldbrugs and I would mutually communicate our observations and memorials, through the course of time; remark the several gradations by which corruption steals into the world, and oppose it in every step, by giving perpetual warning and instruction to mankind; which, added to the strong influence of our own example, would probably prevent that continual degeneracy of human nature so justly complained of in all ages.“Add to this, the pleasure of seeing the various revolutions of states and empires; the changes in the lower and upper world; ancient cities in ruins, and obscure villages become the seats of kings; famous rivers lessening into shallow brooks; the ocean leaving one coast dry, and overwhelming another; the discovery of many countries yet unknown; barbarity overrunning the politest nations, and the most barbarous become civilized.I should then see the discovery of the longitude, the perpetual motion, the universal medicine, and many other great inventions, brought to the utmost perfection.“What wonderful discoveries should we make in astronomy, by outliving and confirming our own predictions; by observing the progress and return of comets, with the changes of motion in the sun, moon, and stars!”I enlarged upon many other topics, which the natural desire of endless life, and sublunary happiness, could easily furnish me with.When I had ended, and the sum of my discourse had been interpreted, as before, to the rest of the company, there was a good deal of talk among them in the language of the country, not without some laughter at my expense.At last, the same gentleman who had been my interpreter, said, “he was desired by the rest to set me right in a few mistakes, which I had fallen into through the common imbecility of human nature, and upon that allowance was less answerable for them.That this breed of Struldbrugs was peculiar to their country, for there were no such people either in Balnibarbi or Japan, where he had the honour to be ambassador from his majesty, and found the natives in both those kingdoms very hard to believe that the fact was possible: and it appeared from my astonishment when he first mentioned the matter to me, that I received it as a thing wholly new, and scarcely to be credited.That in the two kingdoms above mentioned, where, during his residence, he had conversed very much, he observed long life to be the universal desire and wish of mankind.That whoever had one foot in the grave was sure to hold back the other as strongly as he could.That the oldest had still hopes of living one day longer, and looked on death as the greatest evil, from which nature always prompted him to retreat.Only in this island of Luggnagg the appetite for living was not so eager, from the continual example of the Struldbrugs before their eyes.“That the system of living contrived by me, was unreasonable and unjust; because it supposed a perpetuity of youth, health, and vigour, which no man could be so foolish to hope, however extravagant he may be in his wishes.That the question therefore was not, whether a man would choose to be always in the prime of youth, attended with prosperity and health; but how he would pass a perpetual life under all the usual disadvantages which old age brings along with it.For although few men will avow their desires of being immortal, upon such hard conditions, yet in the two kingdoms before mentioned, of Balnibarbi and Japan, he observed that every man desired to put off death some time longer, let it approach ever so late: and he rarely heard of any man who died willingly, except he were incited by the extremity of grief or torture.And he appealed to me, whether in those countries I had travelled, as well as my own, I had not observed the same general disposition.”After this preface, he gave me a particular account of the Struldbrugs among them.He said, “they commonly acted like mortals till about thirty years old; after which, by degrees, they grew melancholy and dejected, increasing in both till they came to fourscore.This he learned from their own confession: for otherwise, there not being above two or three of that species born in an age, they were too few to form a general observation byWhen they came to fourscore years, which is reckoned the extremity of living in this country, they had not only all the follies and infirmities of other old men, but many more which arose from the dreadful prospect of never dying.They were not only opinionative, peevish, covetous, morose, vain, talkative, but incapable of friendship, and dead to all natural affection, which never descended below their grandchildren.Envy and impotent desires are their prevailing passions.By reflecting on the former, they find themselves cut off from all possibility of pleasure; and whenever they see a funeral, they lament and repine that others have gone to a harbour of rest to which they themselves never can hope to arrive.They have no remembrance of anything but what they learned and observed in their youth and middle-age, and even that is very imperfect; and for the truth or particulars of any fact, it is safer to depend on common tradition, than upon their best recollections.The least miserable among them appear to be those who turn to dotage, and entirely lose their memories; these meet with more pity and assistance, because they want many bad qualities which abound in others.“If a Struldbrug happen to marry one of his own kind, the marriage is dissolved of course, by the courtesy of the kingdom, as soon as the younger of the two comes to be fourscore;for the law thinks it a reasonable indulgence, that those who are condemned, without any fault of their own, to a perpetual continuance in the world, should not have their misery doubled by the load of a wife.“As soon as they have completed the term of eighty years, they are looked on as dead in law; their heirs immediately succeed to their estates; only a small pittance is reserved for their support; and the poor ones are maintained at the public charge.After that period, they are held incapable of any employment of trust or profit; they cannot purchase lands, or take leases; neither are they allowed to be witnesses in any cause, either civil or criminal, not even for the decision of meers and bounds.“At ninety, they lose their teeth and hair; they have at that age no distinction of taste, but eat and drink whatever they can get, without relish or appetite.The diseases they were subject to still continue, without increasing or diminishing.In talking, they forget the common appellation of things, and the names of persons, even of those who are their nearest friends and relations.For the same reason, they never can amuse themselves with reading, because their memory will not serve to carry them from the beginning of a sentence to the end; and by this defect, they are deprived of the only entertainment whereof they might otherwise be capable.The language of this country being always upon the flux, the Struldbrugs of one age do not understand those of another; neither are they able, after two hundred years, to hold any conversation (farther than by a few general words) with their neighbours the mortals; and thus they lie under the disadvantage of living like foreigners in their own country.”This was the account given me of the Struldbrugs , as near as I can remember.I afterwards saw five or six of different ages, the youngest not above two hundred years old, who were brought to me at several times by some of my friends; but although they were told, “that I was a great traveller, and had seen all the world,” they had not the least curiosity to ask me a question; only desired “I would give them slumskudask,” or a token of remembrance;which is a modest way of begging, to avoid the law, that strictly forbids it, because they are provided for by the public, although indeed with a very scanty allowance.They are despised and hated by all sorts of people.When one of them is born, it is reckoned ominous, and their birth is recorded very particularly so that you may know their age by consulting the register, which, however, has not been kept above a thousand years past, or at least has been destroyed by time or public disturbances.But the usual way of computing how old they are, is by asking them what kings or great persons they can remember, and then consulting history; for infallibly the last prince in their mind did not begin his reign after they were four-score years old.They were the most mortifying sight I ever beheld; and the women more horrible than the men.Besides the usual deformities in extreme old age, they acquired an additional ghastliness, in proportion to their number of years, which is not to be described;and among half a dozen, I soon distinguished which was the eldest, although there was not above a century or two between them.The reader will easily believe, that from what I had hear and seen, my keen appetite for perpetuity of life was much abated.I grew heartily ashamed of the pleasing visions I had formed; and thought no tyrant could invent a death into which I would not run with pleasure, from such a life.The king heard of all that had passed between me and my friends upon this occasion, and rallied me very pleasantly; wishing I could send a couple of Struldbrugs to my own country, to arm our people against the fear of death;but this, it seems, is forbidden by the fundamental laws of the kingdom, or else I should have been well content with the trouble and expense of transporting them.I could not but agree, that the laws of this kingdom relative to the Struldbrugs were founded upon the strongest reasons, and such as any other country would be under the necessity of enacting, in the like circ*mstances.Otherwise, as avarice is the necessary consequence of old age, those immortals would in time become proprietors of the whole nation, and engross the civil power, which, for want of abilities to manage, must end in the ruin of the public. CHAPTER XIThe author leaves Luggnagg, and sails to Japan.From thence he returns in a Dutch ship to Amsterdam, and from Amsterdam to England.I THOUGHT THIS ACCOUNT of the Struldbrugs might be some entertainment to the reader, because it seems to be a little out of the common way; at least I do not remember to have met the like in any book of travels that has come to my hands:and if I am deceived, my excuse must be, that it is necessary for travellers who describe the same country, very often to agree in dwelling on the same particulars, without deserving the censure of having borrowed or transcribed from those who wrote before them.There is indeed a perpetual commerce between this kingdom and the great empire of Japan; and it is very probable, that the Japanese authors may have given some account of the Struldbrugs; but my stay in Japan was so short, and I was so entirely a stranger to the language, that I was not qualified to make any inquiries.But I hope the Dutch, upon this notice, will be curious and able enough to supply my defects.His majesty having often pressed me to accept some employment in his court, and finding me absolutely determined to return to my native country, was pleased to give me his license to depart; and honoured me with a letter of recommendation, under his own hand, to the Emperor of Japan.He likewise presented me with four hundred and forty-four large pieces of gold (this nation delighting in even numbers), and a red diamond, which I sold in England for eleven hundred pounds.On the 6th of May, 1709, I took a solemn leave of his majesty, and all my friends.This prince was so gracious as to order a guard to conduct me to Glanguenstald, which is a royal port to the south-west part of the island.In six days I found a vessel ready to carry me to Japan, and spent fifteen days in the voyage.We landed at a small port-town called Xamoschi, situated on the southeast part of Japan;the town lies on the western point, where there is a narrow strait leading northward into along arm of the sea, upon the north-west part of which, Yedo, the metropolis, stands.At landing, I showed the custom-house officers my letter from the king of Luggnagg to his imperial majesty.They knew the seal perfectly well; it was as broad as the palm of my hand.The impression was, a king lifting up a lame beggar from the earth.The magistrates of the town, hearing of my letter, received me as a public minister.They provided me with carriages and servants, and bore my charges to Yedo;where I was admitted to an audience, and delivered my letter, which was opened with great ceremony, and explained to the Emperor by an interpreter, who then gave me notice, by his majesty’s order, “that I should signify my request, and, whatever it were, it should be granted, for the sake of his royal brother of Luggnagg.”This interpreter was a person employed to transact affairs with the Hollanders.I answered, as I had before determined, “that I was a Dutch merchant, shipwrecked in a very remote country, whence I had travelled by sea and land to Luggnagg, and then took shipping for Japan; where I knew my countrymen often traded, and with some of these I hoped to get an opportunity of returning into Europe: I therefore most humbly entreated his royal favour, to give order that I should be conducted in safety to Nangasac.”To this I added another petition, “that for the sake of my patron the king of Luggnagg, his majesty would condescend to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed on my countrymen, of trampling upon the crucifix: because I had been thrown into his kingdom by my misfortunes, without any intention of trading.When this latter petition was interpreted to the Emperor, he seemed a little surprised; and said, “he believed I was the first of my countrymen who ever made any scruple in this point; and that he began to doubt, whether I was a real Hollander, or not; but rather suspected I must be a Christian.However, for the reasons I had offered, but chiefly to gratify the king of Luggnagg by an uncommon mark of his favour, he would comply with the singularity of my humour; but the affair must be managed with dexterity, and his officers should be commanded to let me pass, as it were by forgetfulness.For he assured me, that if the secret should be discovered by my countrymen the Dutch, they would cut my throat in the voyage.”I returned my thanks, by the interpreter, for so unusual a favour; and some troops being at that time on their march to Nangasac, the commanding officer had orders to convey me safe thither, with particular instructions about the business of the crucifix.On the 9th day of June, 1709, I arrived at Nangasac, after a very long and troublesome journey.I soon fell into the company of some Dutch sailors belonging to the Amboyna, of Amsterdam, a stout ship of 450 tons.I had lived long in Holland, pursuing my studies at Leyden, and I spoke Dutch well.The seamen soon knew whence I came last: they were curious to inquire into my voyages and course of life.I made up a story as short and probable as I could, but concealed the greatest part.I knew many persons in Holland.I would have given the captain (one Theodorus Vangrult) what he pleased to ask for my voyage to Holland; but understanding I was a surgeon, he was contented to take half the usual rate, on condition that I would serve him in the way of my calling.Before we took shipping, I was often asked by some of the crew, whether I had performed the ceremony above mentioned? I evaded the question by general answers; “that I had satisfied the Emperor and court in all particulars.”However, a malicious rogue of a skipper went to an officer, and pointing to me, told him, “I had not yet trampled on the crucifix;” but the other, who had received instructions to let me pass, gave the rascal twenty strokes on the shoulders with a bamboo; after which I was no more troubled with such questions.Nothing happened worth mentioning in this voyage.We sailed with a fair wind to the Cape of Good Hope, where we staid only to take in fresh water.On the 10th of April, 1710, we arrived safe at Amsterdam, having lost only three men by sickness in the voyage, and a fourth, who fell from the foremast into the sea, not far from the coast of Guinea.From Amsterdam I soon after set sail for England, in a small vessel belonging to that city.On the 16th of April we put in at the Downs.I landed next morning, and saw once more my native country, after an absence of five years and six months complete.I went straight to Redriff, where I arrived the same day at two in the afternoon, and found my wife and family in good health. CHAPTER I The author sets out as captain of a ship.His men conspire against him, confine him a long time to his cabin, and set him on shore in an unknown land.He travels up into the country.The Yahoos, a strange sort of animal, described.The author meets two Houyhnhnms.I CONTINUED at home with my wife and children about five months, in a very happy condition, if I could have learned the lesson of knowing when I was well.I left my poor wife big with child, and accepted an advantageous offer made me to be captain of the Adventurer, a stout merchantman of 350 tons: for I understood navigation well, and being grown weary of a surgeon’s employment at sea, which, however, I could exercise upon occasion, I took a skilful young man of that calling, one Robert Purefoy, into my ship.We set sail from Portsmouth upon the 7th day of September, 1710; on the 14th we met with Captain Poco*ck, of Bristol, at Teneriffe, who was going to the bay of Campechy to cut logwood.On the 16th, he was parted from us by a storm; I heard since my return, that his ship foundered, and none escaped but one cabin boy.He was an honest man, and a good sailor, but a little too positive in his own opinions, which was the cause of his destruction, as it has been with several others; for if he had followed my advice, he might have been safe at home with his family at this time, as well as myself.I had several men who died in my ship of calentures, so that I was forced to get recruits out of Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands, where I touched, by the direction of the merchants who employed me; which I had soon too much cause to repent: for I found afterwards, that most of them had been buccaneers.I had fifty hands onboard; and my orders were, that I should trade with the Indians in the South-Sea, and make what discoveries I could.These rogues, whom I had picked up, debauched my other men, and they all formed a conspiracy to seize the ship, and secure me; which they did one morning, rushing into my cabin, and binding me hand and foot, threatening to throw me overboard, if I offered to stir.I told them, “I was their prisoner, and would submit.”This they made me swear to do, and then they unbound me, only fastening one of my legs with a chain, near my bed, and placed a sentry at my door with his piece charged, who was commanded to shoot me dead if I attempted my liberty.They sent me own victuals and drink, and took the government of the ship to themselves.Their design was to turn pirates and, plunder the Spaniards, which they could not do till they got more men.But first they resolved to sell the goods the ship, and then go to Madagascar for recruits, several among them having died since my confinement.They sailed many weeks, and traded with the Indians; but I knew not what course they took, being kept a close prisoner in my cabin, and expecting nothing less than to be murdered, as they often threatened me.Upon the 9th day of May, 1711, one James Welch came down to my cabin, and said, “he had orders from the captain to set me ashore.”I expostulated with him, but in vain; neither would he so much as tell me who their new captain was.They forced me into the long-boat, letting me put on my best suit of clothes, which were as good as new, and take a small bundle of linen, but no arms, except my hanger; and they were so civil as not to search my pockets, into which I conveyed what money I had, with some other little necessaries.They rowed about a league, and then set me down on a strand.I desired them to tell me what country it was.They all swore, “they knew no more than myself;” but said, “that the captain” (as they called him) “was resolved, after they had sold the lading, to get rid of me in the first place where they could discover land.”They pushed off immediately, advising me to make haste for fear of being overtaken by the tide, and so bade me farewell.In this desolate condition I advanced forward, and soon got upon firm ground, where I sat down on a bank to rest myself, and consider what I had best do.When I was a little refreshed, I went up into the country, resolving to deliver myself to the first savages I should meet, and purchase my life from them by some bracelets, glass rings, and other toys, which sailors usually provide themselves with in those voyages, and whereof I had some about me.The land was divided by long rows of trees, not regularly planted, but naturally growing; there was great plenty of grass, and several fields of oats.I walked very circ*mspectly, for fear of being surprised, or suddenly shot with an arrow from behind, or on either side.I fell into a beaten road, where I saw many tracts of human feet, and some of cows, but most of horses.At last I beheld several animals in a field, and one or two of the same kind sitting in trees.Their shape was very singular and deformed, which a little discomposed me, so that I lay down behind a thicket to observe them better.Some of them coming forward near the place where I lay, gave me an opportunity of distinctly marking their form.Their heads and breasts were covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beards like goats, and a long ridge of hair down their backs, and the fore parts of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodies was bare, so that I might see their skins, which were of a brown buff colour.They had no tails, nor any hair at all on their buttocks, except about the anus, which, I presume, nature had placed there to defend them as they sat on the ground, for this posture they used, as well as lying down, and often stood on their hind feet.They climbed high trees as nimbly as a squirrel, for they had strong extended claws before and behind, terminating in sharp points, and hooked.They would often spring, and bound, and leap, with prodigious agility.The females were not so large as the males; they had long lank hair on their heads, but none on their faces, nor any thing more than a sort of down on the rest of their bodies, except about the anus and pudenda. The dugs hung between their fore feet, and often reached almost to the ground as they walked.The hair of both sexes was of several colours, brown, red, black, and yellow.Upon the whole, I never beheld, in all my travels, so disagreeable an animal, or one against which I naturally conceived so strong an antipathy.So that, thinking I had seen enough, full of contempt and aversion, I got up, and pursued the beaten road, hoping it might direct me to the cabin of some Indian.I had not got far, when I met one of these creatures full in my way, and coming up directly to me.The ugly monster, when he saw me, distorted several ways, every feature of his visage, and stared, as at an object he had never seen before; then approaching nearer, lifted up his fore-paw, whether out of curiosity or mischief I could not tell; but I drew my hanger, and gave him a good blow with the flat side of it, for I durst not strike with the edge, fearing the inhabitants might be provoked against me, if they should come to know that I had killed or maimed any of their cattle.When the beast felt the smart, he drew back, and roared so loud, that a herd of at least forty came flocking about me from the next field, howling and making odious faces; but I ran to the body of a tree, and leaning my back against it, kept them off by waving my hanger.Several of this cursed brood, getting hold of the branches behind, leaped up into the tree, whence they began to discharge their excrements on my head; however, I escaped pretty well by sticking close to the stem of the tree, but was almost stifled with the filth, which fell about me on every side.In the midst of this distress, I observed them all to run away on a sudden as fast as they could; at which I ventured to leave the tree and pursue the road, wondering what it was that could put them into this fright.But looking on my left hand, I saw a horse walking softly in the field; which my persecutors having sooner discovered, was the cause of their flight.The horse started a little, when he came near me, but soon recovering himself, looked full in my face with manifest tokens of wonder; he viewed my hands and feet, walking round me several times.I would have pursued my journey, but he placed himself directly in the way, yet looking with a very mild aspect, never offering the least violence.We stood gazing at each other for some time; at last I took the boldness to reach my hand towards his neck with a design to stroke it, using the common style and whistle of jockeys, when they are going to handle a strange horse.But this animal seemed to receive my civilities with disdain, shook his head, and bent his brows, softly raising up his right fore-foot to remove my hand.Then he neighed three or four times, but in so different a cadence, that I almost began to think he was speaking to himself, in some language of his own.While he and I were thus employed, another horse came up; who applying himself to the first in a very formal manner, they gently struck each other’s right hoof before, neighing several times by turns, and varying the sound, which seemed to be almost articulate.They went some paces off, as if it were to confer together, walking side by side, backward and forward, like persons deliberating upon some affair of weight, but often turning their eyes towards me, as it were to watch that I might not escape.I was amazed to see such actions and behaviour in brute beasts; and concluded with myself, that if the inhabitants of this country were endued with a proportionable degree of reason, they must needs be the wisest people upon earth.This thought gave me so much comfort, that I resolved to go forward, until I could discover some house or village, or meet with any of the natives, leaving the two horses to discourse together as they pleased.But the first, who was a dapple gray, observing me to steal off, neighed after me in so expressive a tone, that I fancied myself to understand what he meant; whereupon I turned back, and came near to him to expect his farther commands: but concealing my fear as much as I could, for I began to be in some pain how this adventure might terminate; and the reader will easily believe I did not much like my present situation.The two horses came up close to me, looking with great earnestness upon my face and hands.The gray steed rubbed my hat all round with his right fore-hoof, and discomposed it so much that I was forced to adjust it better by taking it off and settling it again; whereat, both he and his companion (who was a brown bay) appeared to be much surprised: the latter felt the lappet of my coat, and finding it to hang loose about me, they both looked with new signs of wonder.He stroked my right hand, seeming to admire the softness and colour; but he squeezed it so hard between his hoof and his pastern, that I was forced to roar; after which they both touched me with all possible tenderness.They were under great perplexity about my shoes and stockings, which they felt very often, neighing to each other, and using various gestures, not unlike those of a philosopher, when he would attempt to solve some new and difficult phenomenon.Upon the whole, the behaviour of these animals was so orderly and rational, so acute and judicious, that I at last concluded they must needs be magicians, who had thus metamorphosed themselves upon some design, and seeing a stranger in the way, resolved to divert themselves with him; or, perhaps, were really amazed at the sight of a man so very different in habit, feature, and complexion, from those who might probably live in so remote a climate.Upon the strength of this reasoning, I ventured to address them in the following manner: “Gentlemen, if you be conjurers, as I have good cause to believe, you can understand my language; therefore I make bold to let your worships know that I am a poor distressed Englishman, driven by his misfortunes upon your coast; and I entreat one of you to let me ride upon his back, as if he were a real horse, to some house or village where I can be relieved.In return of which favour, I will make you a present of this knife and bracelet,” taking them out of my pocket.The two creatures stood silent while I spoke, seeming to listen with great attention, and when I had ended, they neighed frequently towards each other, as if they were engaged in serious conversation.I plainly observed that their language expressed the passions very well, and the words might, with little pains, be resolved into an alphabet more easily than the Chinese.I could frequently distinguish the word Yahoo, which was repeated by each of them several times: and although it was impossible for me to conjecture what it meant, yet while the two horses were busy in conversation, I endeavoured to practise this word upon my tongue; and as soon as they were silent, I boldly pronounced Yahoo in a loud voice, imitating at the same time, as near as I could, the neighing of a horse; at which they were both visibly surprised; and the gray repeated the same word twice, as if he meant to teach me the right accent; wherein I spoke after him as well as I could, and found myself perceivably to improve every time, though very far from any degree of perfection.Then the bay tried me with a second word, much harder to be pronounced; but reducing it to the English orthography, may be spelt thus, Houyhnhnm.I did not succeed in this so well as in the former; but after two or three farther trials, I had better fortune; and they both appeared amazed at my capacity.After some further discourse, which I then conjectured might relate to me, the two friends took their leaves, with the same compliment of striking each other’s hoof; and the gray made me signs that I should walk before him; wherein I thought it prudent to comply, till I could find a better director.When I offered to slacken my pace, he would cry Hhuun Hhuunn: I guessed his meaning, and gave him to understand, as well as I could, “that I was weary, and not able to walk faster;” upon which he would stand awhile to let me rest.The author conducted by a Houyhnhnm to his house.The house described.The author’s reception.The food of the Houyhnhnms.The author in distress for want of meat. Is at last relieved.His manner of feeding in this country.HAVING TRAVELLED about three miles, we came to a long kind of building, made of timber stuck in the ground, and wattled across; the roof was low and covered with straw.I now began to be a little comforted; and took out some toys, which travellers usually carry for presents to the savage Indians of America, and other parts, in hopes the people of the house would be thereby encouraged to receive me kindly.The horse made me a sign to go in first; it was a large room with a smooth clay floor, and a rack and manger, extending the whole length on one side.There were three nags and two mares, not eating, but some of them sitting down upon their hams, which I very much wondered at; but wondered more to see the rest employed in domestic business; these seemed but ordinary cattle.However, this confirmed my first opinion, that a people who could so far civilise brute animals, must needs excel in wisdom all the nations of the world.The gray came in just after, and thereby prevented any ill treatment which the others might have given me.He neighed to them several times in a style of authority, and received answers.Beyond this room there were three others, reaching the length of the house, to which you passed through three doors, opposite to each other, in the manner of a vista.We went through the second room towards the third.Here the gray walked in first, beckoning me to attend: I waited in the second room, and got ready my presents for the master and mistress of the house; they were two knives, three bracelets of false pearls, a small looking-glass, and a bead necklace.The horse neighed three or four times, and I waited to hear some answers in a human voice, but I heard no other returns than in the same dialect, only one or two a little shriller than his.I began to think that this house must belong to some person of great note among them, because there appeared so much ceremony before I could gain admittance.But, that a man of quality should be served all by horses, was beyond my comprehension.I feared my brain was disturbed by my sufferings and misfortunes.I roused myself, and looked about me in the room where I was left alone: this was furnished like the first, only after a more elegant manner.I rubbed my eyes often, but the same objects still occurred.I pinched my arms and sides to awake myself, hoping I might be in a dream.I then absolutely concluded, that all these appearances could be nothing else but necromancy and magic.But I had no time to pursue these reflections; for the gray horse came to the door, and made me a sign to follow him into the third room where I saw a very comely mare, together with a colt and foal, sitting on their haunches upon mats of straw, not unartfully made, and perfectly neat and clean.The mare soon after my entrance rose from her mat, and coming up close, after having nicely observed my hands and face, gave me a most contemptuous look; and turning to the horse, I heard the word Yahoo often repeated betwixt them; the meaning of which word I could not then comprehend, although it was the first I had learned to pronounce.But I was soon better informed, to my everlasting mortification; for the horse, beckoning to me with his head, and repeating the Hhuun, Hhuun, as he did upon the road, which I understood was to attend him, led me out into a kind of court, where was another building, at some distance from the house.Here we entered, and I saw three of those detestable creatures, which I first met after my landing, feeding upon roots, and the flesh of some animals, which I afterwards found to be that of asses and dogs, and now and then a cow, dead by accident or disease.They were all tied by the neck with strong withes fastened to a beam; they held their food between the claws of their fore feet, and tore it with their teeth.The master horse ordered a sorrel nag, one of his servants, to untie the largest of these animals, and take him into the yard. The beast and I were brought close together, and by our countenances diligently compared both by master and servant, who thereupon repeated several times the word Yahoo.My horror and astonishment are not to be described, when I observed in this abominable animal, a perfect human figure: the face of it indeed was flat and broad, the nose depressed, the lips large, and the mouth wide; but these differences are common to all savage nations, where the lineaments of the countenance are distorted, by the natives suffering their infants to lie grovelling on the earth, or by carrying them on their backs, nuzzling with their face against the mothers’ shoulders.The fore-feet of the Yahoo differed from my hands in nothing else but the length of the nails, the coarseness and brownness of the palms, and the hairiness on the backs.There was the same resemblance between our feet, with the same differences; which I knew very well, though the horses did not, because of my shoes and stockings; the same in every part of our bodies except as to hairiness and colour, which I have already described.The great difficulty that seemed to stick with the two horses, was to see the rest of my body so very different from that of a Yahoo, for which I was obliged to my clothes, whereof they had no conception.The sorrel nag offered me a root, which he held (after their manner, as we shall describe in its proper place) between his hoof and pastern; I took it in my hand, and, having smelt it, returned it to him again as civilly as I could. He brought out of the Yahoos’ kennel a piece of ass’s flesh; but it smelt so offensively that I turned from it with loathing: he then threw it to the Yahoo, by whom it was greedily devoured.He afterwards showed me a wisp of hay, and a fetlock full of oats; but I shook my head, to signify that neither of these were food for me.And indeed I now apprehended that I must absolutely starve, if I did not get to some of my own species; for as to those filthy Yahoos, although there were few greater lovers of mankind at that time than myself, yet I confess I never saw any sensitive being so detestable on all accounts; and the more I came near them the more hateful they grew, while I stayed in that country.This the master horse observed by my behaviour, and therefore sent the Yahoo back to his kennel.He then put his fore-hoof to his mouth, at which I was much surprised, although he did it with ease, and with a motion that appeared perfectly natural, and made other signs, to know what I would eat; but I could not return him such an answer as he was able to apprehend; and if he had understood me, I did not see how it was possible to contrive any way for finding myself nourishment.While we were thus engaged, I observed a cow passing by, whereupon I pointed to her, and expressed a desire to go and milk her.This had its effect; for he led me back into the house, and ordered a mare-servant to open a room, where a good store of milk lay in earthen and wooden vessels, after a very orderly and cleanly manner. She gave me a large bowlful, of which I drank very heartily, and found myself well refreshed.About noon, I saw coming towards the house a kind of vehicle drawn like a sledge by four Yahoos.There was in it an old steed, who seemed to be of quality; he alighted with his hind-feet forward, having by accident got a hurt in his left fore-foot.He came to dine with our horse, who received him with great civility.They dined in the best room, and had oats boiled in milk for the second course, which the old horse ate warm, but the rest cold.Their mangers were placed circular in the middle of the room, and divided into several partitions, round which they sat on their haunches, upon bosses of straw.In the middle was a large rack, with angles answering to every partition of the manger; so that each horse and mare ate their own hay, and their own mash of oats and milk, with much decency and regularity.The behaviour of the young colt and foal appeared very modest, and that of the master and mistress extremely cheerful and complaisant to their guest.The gray ordered me to stand by him; and much discourse passed between him and his friend concerning me, as I found by the stranger’s often looking on me, and the frequent repetition of the word Yahoo.I happened to wear my gloves, which the master gray observing, seemed perplexed, discovering signs of wonder what I had done to my fore-feet. He put his hoof three or four times to them, as if he would signify, that I should reduce them to their former shape, which I presently did, pulling off both my gloves, and putting them into my pocket.This occasioned farther talk; and I saw the company was pleased with my behaviour, whereof I soon found the good effects.I was ordered to speak the few words I understood; and while they were at dinner, the master taught me the names for oats, milk, fire, water, and some others, which I could readily pronounce after him, having from my youth a great facility in learning languages.When dinner was done, the master horse took me aside, and by signs and words made me understand the concern he was in that I had nothing to eat.Oats in their tongue are called hlunnh.This word I pronounced two or three times; for although I had refused them at first, yet, upon second thoughts, I considered that I could contrive to make of them a kind of bread, which might be sufficient, with milk, to keep me alive, till I could make my escape to some other country, and to creatures of my own species.The horse immediately ordered a white mare servant of his family to bring me a good quantity of oats in a sort of wooden tray.These I heated before the fire, as well as I could, and rubbed them till the husks came off, which I made a shift to winnow from the grain. I ground and beat them between two stones; then took water, and made them into a paste or cake, which I toasted at the fire and eat warm with milk.It was at first a very insipid diet, though common enough in many parts of Europe, but grew tolerable by time; and having been often reduced to hard fare in my life, this was not the first experiment I had made how easily nature is satisfied.And I cannot but observe, that I never had one hours sickness while I stayed in this island.It is true, I sometimes made a shift to catch a rabbit, or bird, by springs made of Yahoo’s hairs; and I often gathered wholesome herbs, which I boiled, and ate as salads with my bread; and now and then, for a rarity, I made a little butter, and drank the whey.I was at first at a great loss for salt, but custom soon reconciled me to the want of it; and I am confident that the frequent use of salt among us is an effect of luxury, and was first introduced only as a provocative to drink, except where it is necessary for preserving flesh in long voyages, or in places remote from great markets; for we observe no animal to be fond of it but man, and as to myself, when I left this country, it was a great while before I could endure the taste of it in anything that I ate.This is enough to say upon the subject of my diet, wherewith other travellers fill their books, as if the readers were personally concerned whether we fare well or ill.However, it was necessary to mention this matter, lest the world should think it impossible that I could find sustenance for three years in such a country, and among such inhabitants.When it grew towards evening, the master horse ordered a place for me to lodge in; it was but six yards from the house and separated from the stable of the Yahoos.Here I got some straw, and covering myself with my own clothes, slept very sound.But I was in a short time better accommodated, as the reader shall know hereafter, when I come to treat more particularly about my way of living. CHAPTER IIIThe author studies to learn the language.The Houyhnhnm, his master, assists in teaching him.The language described.Several Houyhnhnms of quality come out of curiosity to see the author.He gives his master a short account of his voyage.My principal endeavour was to learn the language, which my master (for so I shall hence forth call him), and his children, and every servant of his house, were desirous to teach me; for they looked upon it as a prodigy, that a brute animal should discover such marks of a rational creature.I pointed to every thing, and inquired the name of it, which I wrote down in my journal-book when I was alone, and corrected my bad accent by desiring those of the family to pronounce it often.In this employment, a sorrel nag, one of the under-servants, was very ready to assist me.In speaking, they pronounced through the nose and throat, and their language approaches nearest to the High-Dutch, or German, of any I know in Europe; but is much more graceful and significant.The emperor Charles V. made almost the same observation, when he said “that if he were to speak to his horse, it should be in High-Dutch.” The curiosity and impatience of my master were so great, that he spent many hours of his leisure to instruct me.He was convinced (as he afterwards told me) that I must be a Yahoo; but my teachableness, civility, and cleanliness, astonished him; which were qualities altogether opposite to those animals.He was most perplexed about my clothes, reasoning sometimes with himself, whether they were a part of my body: for I never pulled them off till the family were asleep, and got them on before they waked in the morning.My master was eager to learn “whence I came; how I acquired those appearances of reason, which I discovered in all my actions; and to know my story from my own mouth, which he hoped he should soon do by the great proficiency I made in learning and pronouncing their words and sentences.”To help my memory, I formed all I learned into the English alphabet, and writ the words down, with the translations.This last, after some time, I ventured to do in my master’s presence.It cost me much trouble to explain to him what I was doing; for the inhabitants have not the least idea of books or literature.In about ten weeks time, I was able to understand most of his questions; and in three months, could give him some tolerable answers.He was extremely curious to know “from what part of the country I came, and how I was taught to imitate a rational creature; because the Yahoos (whom he saw I exactly resembled in my head, hands, and face, that were only visible), with some appearance of cunning, and the strongest disposition to mischief, were observed to be the most unteachable of all brutes.”I answered, “that I came over the sea, from a far place, with many others of my own kind, in a great hollow vessel made of the bodies of trees: that my companions forced me to land on this coast, and then left me to shift for myself.”It was with some difficulty, and by the help of many signs, that I brought him to understand me.He replied, “that I must needs be mistaken, or that I said the thing which was not;” for they have no word in their language to express lying or falsehood.“He knew it was impossible that there could be a country beyond the sea, or that a parcel of brutes could move a wooden vessel whither they pleased upon water.He was sure no Houyhnhnm alive could make such a vessel, nor would trust Yahoos to manage it.”The word Houyhnhnm, in their tongue, signifies a horse, and, in its etymology, the perfection of nature.I told my master, “that I was at a loss for expression, but would improve as fast as I could; and hoped, in a short time, I should be able to tell him wonders.”He was pleased to direct his own mare, his colt, and foal, and the servants of the family, to take all opportunities of instructing me; and every day, for two or three hours, he was at the same pains himself.Several horses and mares of quality in the neighbourhood came often to our house, upon the report spread of “a wonderful Yahoo, that could speak like a Houyhnhnm, and seemed, in his words and actions, to discover some glimmerings of reason.”These delighted to converse with me: they put many questions, and received such answers as I was able to return.By all these advantages I made so great a progress, that, in five months from my arrival I understood whatever was spoken, and could express myself tolerably well.The Houyhnhnms, who came to visit my master out of a design of seeing and talking with me, could hardly believe me to be a right Yahoo, because my body had a different covering from others of my kind.They were astonished to observe me without the usual hair or skin, except on my head, face, and hands; but I discovered that secret to my master upon an accident which happened about a fortnight before.I have already told the reader, that every night, when the family were gone to bed, it was my custom to strip, and cover myself with my clothes.It happened, one morning early, that my master sent for me by the sorrel nag, who was his valet. When he came I was fast asleep, my clothes fallen off on one side, and my shirt above my waist.I awaked at the noise he made, and observed him to deliver his message in some disorder; after which he went to my master, and in a great fright gave him a very confused account of what he had seen.This I presently discovered, for, going as soon as I was dressed to pay my attendance upon his honour, he asked me “the meaning of what his servant had reported, that I was not the same thing when I slept, as I appeared to be at other times; that his vale assured him, some part of me was white, some yellow, at least not so white, and some brown.”I had hitherto concealed the secret of my dress, in order to distinguish myself, as much as possible, from that cursed race of Yahoos; but now I found it in vain to do so any longer.Besides, I considered that my clothes and shoes would soon wear out, which already were in a declining condition, and must be supplied by some contrivance from the hides of Yahoos, or other brutes; whereby the whole secret would be known.I therefore told my master, “that in the country whence I came, those of my kind always covered their bodies with the hairs of certain animals prepared by art, as well for decency as to avoid the inclemencies of air, both hot and cold; of which, as to my own person, I would give him immediate conviction, if he pleased to command me: only desiring his excuse, if I did not expose those parts that nature taught us to conceal.”He said, “my discourse was all very strange, but especially the last part; for he could not understand, why nature should teach us to conceal what nature had given; that neither himself nor family were ashamed of any parts of their bodies; but, however, I might do as I pleased.”Whereupon I first unbuttoned my coat, and pulled it off. I did the same with my waistcoat.I drew off my shoes, stockings, and breeches. I let my shirt down to my waist, and drew up the bottom; fastening it like a girdle about my middle, to hide my nakedness.My master observed the whole performance with great signs of curiosity and admiration.He took up all my clothes in his pastern, one piece after another, and examined them diligently; he then stroked my body very gently, and looked round me several times; after which, he said, it was plain I must be a perfect Yahoo; but that I differed very much from the rest of my species in the softness, whiteness, and smoothness of my skin; my want of hair in several parts of my body; the shape and shortness of my claws behind and before; and my affectation of walking continually on my two hinder feet.He desired to see no more; and gave me leave to put on my clothes again, for I was shuddering with cold.I expressed my uneasiness at his giving me so often the appellation of Yahoo, an odious animal, for which I had so utter a hatred and contempt: I begged he would forbear applying that word to me, and make the same order in his family and among his friends whom he suffered to see me.I requested likewise, “that the secret of my having a false covering to my body, might be known to none but himself, at least as long as my present clothing should last; for as to what the sorrel nag, his valet, had observed, his honour might command him to conceal it.”All this my master very graciously consented to; and thus the secret was kept till my clothes began to wear out, which I was forced to supply by several contrivances that shall hereafter be mentioned.In the meantime, he desired “I would go on with my utmost diligence to learn their language, because he was more astonished at my capacity for speech and reason, than at the figure of my body, whether it were covered or not;” adding, “that he waited with some impatience to hear the wonders which I promised to tell him.”Thenceforward he doubled the pains he had been at to instruct me: he brought me into all company, and made them treat me with civility; “because,” as he told them, privately, “this would put me into good humour, and make me more diverting.”Every day, when I waited on him, beside the trouble he was at in teaching, he would ask me several questions concerning myself, which I answered as well as I could, and by these means he had already received some general ideas, though very imperfect.It would be tedious to relate the several steps by which I advanced to a more regular conversation; but the first account I gave of myself in any order and length was to this purpose: “That I came from a very far country, as I already had attempted to tell him, with about fifty more of my own species; that we travelled upon the seas in a great hollow vessel made of wood, and larger than his honour’s house.I described the ship to him in the best terms I could, and explained, by the help of my handkerchief displayed, how it was driven forward by the wind.That upon a quarrel among us, I was set on shore on this coast, where I walked forward, without knowing whither, till he delivered me from the persecution of those execrable Yahoos.”He asked me, “who made the ship, and how it was possible that the Houyhnhnms of my country would leave it to the management of brutes?”My answer was, “that I durst proceed no further in my relation, unless he would give me his word and honour that he would not be offended, and then I would tell him the wonders I had so often promised.”He agreed; and I went on by assuring him, that the ship was made by creatures like myself; who, in all the countries I had travelled, as well as in my own, were the only governing rational animals; and that upon my arrival hither, I was as much astonished to see the Houyhnhnms act like rational beings, as he, or his friends, could be, in finding some marks of reason in a creature he was pleased to call a Yahoo; to which I owned my resemblance in every part, but could not account for their degenerate and brutal nature.I said farther, “that if good fortune ever restored me to my native country, to relate my travels hither, as I resolved to do, everybody would believe, that I said the thing that was not, that I invented the story out of my own head; and (with all possible respect to himself, his family, and friends, and under his promise of not being offended) our countrymen would hardly think it probable that a Houyhnhnm should be the presiding creature of a nation, and a Yahoo the brute.”CHAPTER IVThe Houyhnhnm’s notion of truth and falsehood.The author’s discourse disapproved by his master.The author gives a more particular account of himself, and the accidents of his voyage.MY MASTER HEARD me with great appearances of uneasiness in his countenance; because doubting, or not believing, are so little known in this country, that the inhabitants cannot tell how to behave themselves under such circ*mstances.And I remember, in frequent discourses with my master concerning the nature of manhood in other parts of the world, having occasion to talk of lying and false representation, it was with much difficulty that he comprehended what I meant, although he had otherwise a most acute judgment.For he argued thus: “that the use of speech was to make us understand one another, and to receive information of facts; now, if any one said the thing which was not, these ends were defeated, because I cannot properly be said to understand him; and I am so far from receiving information, that he leaves me worse than in ignorance; for I am led to believe a thing black, when it is white, and short, when it is long.”And these were all the notions he had concerning that faculty of lying, so perfectly well understood, and so universally practised, among human creatures.To return from this digression.When I asserted that the Yahoos were the only governing animals in my country, which my master said was altogether past his conception, he desired to know, “whether we had Houyhnhnms among us, and what was their employment?”I told him, “we had great numbers; that in summer they grazed in the fields, and in winter were kept in houses with hay and oats, where Yahoo servants were employed to rub their skins smooth, comb their manes, pick their feet, serve them with food, and make their beds.”“I understand you well,” said my master: “it is now very plain, from all you have spoken, that whatever share of reason the Yahoos pretend to, the Houyhnhnms are your masters; I heartily wish our Yahoos would be so tractable.”I begged “his honour would please to excuse me from proceeding any further, because I was very certain that the account he expected from me would be highly displeasing.”But he insisted in commanding me to let him know the best and the worst.I told him “he should be obeyed.”I owned “that the Houyhnhnms among us, whom we called horses, were the most generous and comely animals we had; that they excelled in strength and swiftness; and when they belonged to persons of quality, were employed in travelling, racing, or drawing chariots; they were treated with much kindness and care, till they fell into diseases, or became foundered in the feet; but then they were sold, and used to all kind of drudgery till they died; after which their skins were stripped, and sold for what they were worth, and their bodies left to be devoured by dogs and birds of prey.But the common race of horses had not so good fortune, being kept by farmers and carriers, and other mean people, who put them to greater labour, and fed them worse.”I described, as well as I could, our way of riding; the shape and use of a bridle, a saddle, a spur, and a whip; of harness and wheels.I added, “that we fastened plates of a certain hard substance, called iron, at the bottom of their feet, to preserve their hoofs from being broken by the stony ways, on which we often travelled.”My master, after some expressions of great indignation, wondered “how we dared to venture upon a Houyhnhnm’s back; for he was sure, that the weakest servant in his house would be able to shake off the strongest Yahoo; or by lying down and rolling on his back, squeeze the brute to death.”I answered “that our horses were trained up, from three or four years old, to the several uses we intended them for; that if any of them proved intolerably vicious, they were employed for carriages; that they were severely beaten, while they were young, for any mischievous tricks; that the males, designed for the common use of riding or draught, were generally castrated about two years after their birth, to take down their spirits, and make them more tame and gentle; that they were indeed sensible of rewards and punishments; but his honour would please to consider, that they had not the least tincture of reason, any more than the Yahoos in this country.”It put me to the pains of many circumlocutions, to give my master a right idea of what I spoke; for their language does not abound in variety of words, because their wants and passions are fewer than among us.But it is impossible to express his noble resentment at our savage treatment of the Houyhnhnm race; particularly after I had explained the manner and use of castrating horses among us, to hinder them from propagating their kind, and to render them more servile.He said, “if it were possible there could be any country where Yahoos alone were endued with reason, they certainly must be the governing animal; because reason in time will always prevail against brutal strength.But, considering the frame of our bodies, and especially of mine, he thought no creature of equal bulk was so illcontrived for employing that reason in the common offices of life;” whereupon he desired to know whether those among whom I lived resembled me, or the Yahoos of his country?”I assured him, “that I was as well shaped as most of my age; but the younger, and the females, were much more soft and tender, and the skins of the latter generally as white as milk.”He said, “I differed indeed from other Yahoos, being much more cleanly, and not altogether so deformed; but, in point of real advantage, he thought I differed for the worse: that my nails were of no use either to my fore or hinder feet; as to my fore feet, he could not properly call them by that name, for he never observed me to walk upon them; that they were too soft to bear the ground; that I generally went with them uncovered; neither was the covering I sometimes wore on them of the same shape, or so strong as that on my feet behind: that I could not walk with any security, for if either of my hinder feet slipped, I must inevitably fail.”He then began to find fault with other parts of my body: “the flatness of my face, the prominence of my nose, mine eyes placed directly in front, so that I could not look on either side without turning my head: that I was not able to feed myself, without lifting one of my fore-feet to my mouth: and therefore nature had placed those joints to answer that necessity.He knew not what could be the use of those several clefts and divisions in my feet behind; that these were too soft to bear the hardness and sharpness of stones, without a covering made from the skin of some other brute; that my whole body wanted a fence against heat and cold, which I was forced to put on and off every day, with tediousness and trouble: and lastly, that he observed every animal in this country naturally to abhor the Yahoos, whom the weaker avoided, and the stronger drove from them.So that, supposing us to have the gift of reason, he could not see how it were possible to cure that natural antipathy, which every creature discovered against us; nor consequently how we could tame and render them serviceable.However, he would,” as he said, “debate the matter no farther, because he was more desirous to know my own story, the country where I was born, and the several actions and events of my life, before I came hither.”I assured him, “how extremely desirous I was that he should be satisfied on every point; but I doubted much, whether it would be possible for me to explain myself on several subjects, whereof his honour could have no conception; because I saw nothing in his country to which I could resemble them; that, however, I would do my best, and strive to express myself by similitudes, humbly desiring his assistance when I wanted proper words;” which he was pleased to promise me.I said, “my birth was of honest parents, in an island called England; which was remote from his country, as many days’ journey as the strongest of his honour’s servants could travel in the annual course of the sun; that I was bred a surgeon, whose trade it is to cure wounds and hurts in the body, gotten by accident or violence; that my country was governed by a female man, whom we called queen; that I left it to get riches, whereby I might maintain myself and family, when I should return; that, in my last voyage, I was commander of the ship, and had about fifty Yahoos under me, many of which died at sea, and I was forced to supply them by others picked out from several nations; that our ship was twice in danger of being sunk, the first time by a great storm, and the second by striking against a rock.”Here my master interposed, by asking me, “how I could persuade strangers, out of different countries, to venture with me, after the losses I had sustained, and the hazards I had run?”I said, “they were fellows of desperate fortunes, forced to fly from the places of their birth on account of their poverty or their crimes.Some were undone by lawsuits; others spent all they had in drinking, whoring, and gaming; others fled for treason; many for murder, theft, poisoning, robbery, perjury, forgery, coining false money, for committing rapes, or sodomy; for flying from their colours, or deserting to the enemy; and most of them had broken prison; none of these durst return to their native countries, for fear of being hanged, or of starving in a jail; and therefore they were under the necessity of seeking a livelihood in other places.”During this discourse, my master was pleased to interrupt me several times.I had made use of many circumlocutions in describing to him the nature of the several crimes for which most of our crew had been forced to fly their country.This labour took up several days’ conversation, before he was able to comprehend me.He was wholly at a loss to know what could be the use or necessity of practising those vices.To clear up which, I endeavoured to give some ideas of the desire of power and riches; of the terrible effects of lust, intemperance, malice, and envy.All this I was forced to define and describe by putting cases and making suppositions.After which, like one whose imagination was struck with something never seen or heard of before, he would lift up his eyes with amazement and indignation.Power, government, war, law, punishment, and a thousand other things, had no terms wherein that language could express them, which made the difficulty almost insuperable, to give my master any conception of what I meant.But being of an excellent understanding, much improved by contemplation and converse, he at last arrived at a competent knowledge of what human nature, in our parts of the world, is capable to perform, and desired I would give him some particular account of that land which we call Europe, but especially of my own country. CHAPTER VThe author at his master’s command, informs him of the state of England.The causes of war among the princes of Europe.The author begins to explain the English constitution.THE READER MAY PLEASE to observe, that the following extract of many conversations I had with my master, contains a summary of the most material points which were discoursed at several times for above two years; his honour often desiring fuller satisfaction, as I farther improved in the Houyhnhnm tongue.I laid before him, as well as I could, the whole state of Europe; I discoursed of trade and manufactures, of arts and sciences; and the answers I gave to all the questions he made, as they arose upon several subjects, were a fund of conversation not to be exhausted.But I shall here only set down the substance of what passed between us concerning my own country, reducing it in order as well as I can, without any regard to time or other circ*mstances, while I strictly adhere to truth.My only concern is, that I shall hardly be able to do justice to my master’s arguments and expressions, which must needs suffer by my want of capacity, as well as by a translation into our barbarous English.In obedience, therefore, to his honour’s commands, I related to him the Revolution under the Prince of Orange; the long war with France, entered into by the said prince, and renewed by his successor, the present queen, wherein the greatest powers of Christendom were engaged, and which still continued: I computed, at his request, “that about a million of Yahoos might have been killed in the whole progress of it; and perhaps a hundred or more cities taken, and five times as many ships burnt or sunk.”He asked me, “what were the usual causes or motives that made one country go to war with another?”I answered “they were innumerable; but I should only mention a few of the chief.Sometimes the ambition of princes, who never think they have land or people enough to govern; sometimes the corruption of ministers, who engage their master in a war, in order to stifle or divert the clamour of the subjects against their evil administration.Difference in opinions has cost many millions of lives: for instance, whether flesh be bread, or bread be flesh; whether the juice of a certain berry be blood or wine; whether whistling be a vice or a virtue; whether it be better to kiss a post, or throw it into the fire; what is the best colour for a coat, whether black, white, red, or gray; and whether it should be long or short, narrow or wide, dirty or clean; with many more.Neither are any wars so furious and bloody, or of so long a continuance, as those occasioned by difference in opinion, especially if it be in things indifferent.“Sometimes the quarrel between two princes is to decide which of them shall dispossess a third of his dominions, where neither of them pretend to any right.Sometimes one prince quarrels with another for fear the other should quarrel with him. Sometimes a war is entered upon, because the enemy is too strong; and sometimes, because he is too weak.Sometimes our neighbours want the things which we have, or have the things which we want, and we both fight, till they take ours, or give us theirs.It is a very justifiable cause of a war, to invade a country after the people have been wasted by famine, destroyed by pestilence, or embroiled by factions among themselves.It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally, when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions round and complete.If a prince sends forces into a nation, where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize and reduce them from their barbarous way of living.It is a very kingly, honourable, and frequent practice, when one prince desires the assistance of another, to secure him against an invasion, that the assistant, when he has driven out the invader, should seize on the dominions himself, and kill, imprison, or banish, the prince he came to relieve.Alliance by blood, or marriage, is a frequent cause of war between princes; and the nearer the kindred is, the greater their disposition to quarrel; poor nations are hungry, and rich nations are proud; and pride and hunger will ever be at variance.For these reasons, the trade of a soldier is held the most honourable of all others; because a soldier is a Yahoo hired to kill, in cold blood, as many of his own species, who have never offended him, as possibly he can.“There is likewise a kind of beggarly princes in Europe, not able to make war by themselves, who hire out their troops to richer nations, for so much a day to each man; of which they keep three-fourths to themselves, and it is the best part of their maintenance: such are those in many northern parts of Europe.”“What you have told me,” said my master, “upon the subject of war, does indeed discover most admirably the effects of that reason you pretend to: however, it is happy that the shame is greater than the danger; and that nature has left you utterly incapable of doing much mischief.For, your mouths lying flat with your faces, you can hardly bite each other to any purpose, unless by consent.Then as to the claws upon your feet before and behind, they are so short and tender, that one of our Yahoos would drive a dozen of yours before him.And therefore, in recounting the numbers of those who have been killed in battle, I cannot but think you have said the thing which is not.”I could not forbear shaking my head, and smiling a little at his ignorance.And being no stranger to the art of war, I gave him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea fights, ships sunk with a thousand men, twenty thousand killed on each side, dying groans, limbs flying in the air, smoke, noise, confusion, trampling to death under horses’ feet, flight, pursuit, victory; fields strewed with carcases, left for food to dogs and wolves and birds of prey; plundering, stripping, ravishing, burning, and destroying.And to set forth the valour of my own dear countrymen, I assured him, “that I had seen them blow up a hundred enemies at once in a siege, and as many in a ship, and beheld the dead bodies drop down in pieces from the clouds, to the great diversion of the spectators.”I was going on to more particulars, when my master commanded me silence.He said, “whoever understood the nature of Yahoos, might easily believe it possible for so vile an animal to be capable of every action I had named, if their strength and cunning equalled their malice.But as my discourse had increased his abhorrence of the whole species, so he found it gave him a disturbance in his mind to which he was wholly a stranger before.He thought his ears, being used to such abominable words, might, by degrees, admit them with less detestation: that although he hated the Yahoos of this country, yet he no more blamed them for their odious qualities, than he did a gnnayh (a bird of prey) for its cruelty, or a sharp stone for cutting his hoof.But when a creature pretending to reason could be capable of such enormities, he dreaded lest the corruption of that faculty might be worse than brutality itself.He seemed therefore confident, that, instead of reason we were only possessed of some quality fitted to increase our natural vices; as the reflection from a troubled stream returns the image of an ill shapen body, not only larger but more distorted.”He added, “that he had heard too much upon the subject of war, both in this and some former discourses.There was another point, which a little perplexed him at present.I had informed him, that some of our crew left their country on account of being ruined by law; that I had already explained the meaning of the word; but he was at a loss how it should come to pass, that the law, which was intended for every man’s preservation, should be any man’s ruin.Therefore he desired to be further satisfied what I meant by law, and the dispensers thereof, according to the present practice in my own country; because he thought nature and reason were sufficient guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what he ought to do, and what to avoid.”I assured his honour, “that the law was a science in which I had not much conversed, further than by employing advocates, in vain, upon some injustices that had been done me: however, I would give him all the satisfaction I was able.”I said, “there was a society of men among us, bred up from their youth in the art of proving, by words multiplied for the purpose, that white is black, and black is white, according as they are paid. To this society all the rest of the people are slaves.For example, if my neighbour has a mind to my cow, he has a lawyer to prove that he ought to have my cow from me.I must then hire another to defend my right, it being against all rules of law that any man should be allowed to speak for himself.Now, in this case, I, who am the right owner, lie under two great disadvantages: first, my lawyer, being practised almost from his cradle in defending falsehood, is quite out of his element when he would be an advocate for justice, which is an unnatural office he always attempts with great awkwardness, if not with ill-will.The second disadvantage is, that my lawyer must proceed with great caution, or else he will be reprimanded by the judges, and abhorred by his brethren, as one that would lessen the practice of the law.And therefore I have but two methods to preserve my cow.The first is, to gain over my adversary’s lawyer with a double fee, who will then betray his client by insinuating that he hath justice on his side.The second way is for my lawyer to make my cause appear as unjust as he can, by allowing the cow to belong to my adversary: and this, if it be skilfully done, will certainly bespeak the favour of the bench.Now your honour is to know, that these judges are persons appointed to decide all controversies of property, as well as for the trial of criminals, and picked out from the most dexterous lawyers, who are grown old or lazy; and having been biassed all their lives against truth and equity, lie under such a fatal necessity of favouring fraud, perjury, and oppression, that I have known some of them refuse a large bribe from the side where justice lay, rather than injure the faculty, by doing any thing unbecoming their nature or their office.“It is a maxim among these lawyers that whatever has been done before, may legally be done again: and therefore they take special care to record all the decisions formerly made against common justice, and the general reason of mankind.These, under the name of precedents, they produce as authorities to justify the most iniquitous opinions; and the judges never fail of directing accordingly.“In pleading, they studiously avoid entering into the merits of the cause; but are loud, violent, and tedious, in dwelling upon all circ*mstances which are not to the purpose.For instance, in the case already mentioned; they never desire to know what claim or title my adversary has to my cow; but whether the said cow were red or black; her horns long or short; whether the field I graze her in be round or square; whether she was milked at home or abroad; what diseases she is subject to, and the like; after which they consult precedents, adjourn the cause from time to time, and in ten, twenty, or thirty years, come to an issue.“It is likewise to be observed, that this society has a peculiar cant and jargon of their own, that no other mortal can understand, and wherein all their laws are written, which they take special care to multiply; whereby they have wholly confounded the very essence of truth and falsehood, of right and wrong; so that it will take thirty years to decide, whether the field left me by my ancestors for six generations belongs to me, or to a stranger three hundred miles off.“In the trial of persons accused for crimes against the state, the method is much more short and commendable: the judge first sends to sound the disposition of those in power, after which he can easily hang or save a criminal, strictly preserving all due forms of law.”Here my master interposing, said, “it was a pity, that creatures endowed with such prodigious abilities of mind, as these lawyers, by the description I gave of them, must certainly be, were not rather encouraged to be instructors of others in wisdom and knowledge.”In answer to which I assured his honour, “that in all points out of their own trade, they were usually the most ignorant and stupid generation among us, the most despicable in common conversation, avowed enemies to all knowledge and learning, and equally disposed to pervert the general reason of mankind in every other subject of discourse as in that of their own profession.”CHAPTER VIA continuation of the state of England under Queen Anne.The character of a first minister of state in European courts.MY MASTER WAS yet wholly at a loss to understand what motives could incite this race of lawyers to perplex, disquiet, and weary themselves, and engage in a confederacy of injustice, merely for the sake of injuring their fellow-animals; neither could he comprehend what I meant in saying, they did it for hire.Whereupon I was at much pains to describe to him the use of money, the materials it was made of, and the value of the metals; “that when a Yahoo had got a great store of this precious substance, he was able to purchase whatever he had a mind to; the finest clothing, the noblest houses, great tracts of land, the most costly meats and drinks, and have his choice of the most beautiful females.Therefore since money alone was able to perform all these feats, our Yahoos thought they could never have enough of it to spend, or to save, as they found themselves inclined, from their natural bent either to profusion or avarice; that the rich man enjoyed the fruit of the poor man’s labour, and the latter were a thousand to one in proportion to the former; that the bulk of our people were forced to live miserably, by labouring every day for small wages, to make a few live plentifully.”I enlarged myself much on these, and many other particulars to the same purpose; but his honour was still to seek; for he went upon a supposition, that all animals had a title to their share in the productions of the earth, and especially those who presided over the rest.Therefore he desired I would let him know, “what these costly meats were, and how any of us happened to want them?”Whereupon I enumerated as many sorts as came into my head, with the various methods of dressing them, which could not be done without sending vessels by sea to every part of the world, as well for liquors to drink as for sauces and innumerable other conveniences.I assured him “that this whole globe of earth must be at least three times gone round before one of our better female Yahoos could get her breakfast, or a cup to put it in.”He said “that must needs be a miserable country which cannot furnish food for its own inhabitants.But what he chiefly wondered at was, how such vast tracts of ground as I described should be wholly without fresh water, and the people put to the necessity of sending over the sea for drink.”I replied “that England (the dear place of my nativity) was computed to produce three times the quantity of food more than its inhabitants are able to consume, as well as liquors extracted from grain, or pressed out of the fruit of certain trees, which made excellent drink, and the same proportion in every other convenience of life.But, in order to feed the luxury and intemperance of the males, and the vanity of the females, we sent away the greatest part of our necessary things to other countries, whence, in return, we brought the materials of diseases, folly, and vice, to spend among ourselves.Hence it follows of necessity, that vast numbers of our people are compelled to seek their livelihood by begging, robbing, stealing, cheating, pimping, flattering, suborning, forswearing, forging, gaming, lying, fawning, hectoring, voting, scribbling, star-gazing, poisoning, whoring, canting, libelling, freethinking, and the like occupations:” every one of which terms I was at much pains to make him understand.“That wine was not imported among us from foreign countries to supply the want of water or other drinks, but because it was a sort of liquid which made us merry by putting us out of our senses, diverted all melancholy thoughts, begat wild extravagant imaginations in the brain, raised our hopes and banished our fears, suspended every office of reason for a time, and deprived us of the use of our limbs, till we fell into a profound sleep; although it must be confessed, that we always awaked sick and dispirited; and that the use of this liquor filled us with diseases which made our lives uncomfortable and short.“But beside all this, the bulk of our people supported themselves by furnishing the necessities or conveniences of life to the rich and to each other.For instance, when I am at home, and dressed as I ought to be, I carry on my body the workmanship of a hundred tradesmen; the building and furniture of my house employ as many more, and five times the number to adorn my wife.”I was going on to tell him of another sort of people, who get their livelihood by attending the sick, having, upon some occasions, informed his honour that many of my crew had died of diseases. But here it was with the utmost difficulty that I brought him to apprehend what I meant.“He could easily conceive, that a Houyhnhnm, grew weak and heavy a few days before his death, or by some accident might hurt a limb; but that nature, who works all things to perfection, should suffer any pains to breed in our bodies, he thought impossible, and desired to know the reason of so unaccountable an evil.”I told him “we fed on a thousand things which operated contrary to each other; that we ate when we were not hungry, and drank without the provocation of thirst; that we sat whole nights drinking strong liquors, without eating a bit, which disposed us to sloth, inflamed our bodies, and precipitated or prevented digestion; that prostitute female Yahoos acquired a certain malady, which bred rottenness in the bones of those who fell into their embraces; that this, and many other diseases, were propagated from father to son; so that great numbers came into the world with complicated maladies upon them; that it would be endless to give him a catalogue of all diseases incident to human bodies, for they would not be fewer than five or six hundred, spread over every limb and joint -in short, every part, external and intestine, having diseases appropriated to itself.To remedy which, there was a sort of people bred up among us in the profession, or pretence, of curing the sick.And because I had some skill in the faculty, I would, in gratitude to his honour, let him know the whole mystery and method by which they proceed.“Their fundamental is, that all diseases arise from repletion; whence they conclude, that a great evacuation of the body is necessary, either through the natural passage or upwards at the mouth.Their next business is from herbs, minerals, gums, oils, shells, salts, juices, seaweed, excrements, barks of trees, serpents, toads, frogs, spiders, dead men’s flesh and bones, birds, beasts, and fishes, to form a composition, for smell and taste, the most abominable, nauseous, and detestable, they can possibly contrive, which the stomach immediately rejects with loathing, and this they call a vomit; or else, from the same store-house, with some other poisonous additions, they command us to take in at the orifice above or below (just as the physician then happens to be disposed) a medicine equally annoying and disgustful to the bowels; which, relaxing the belly, drives down all before it; and this they call a purge, or a clyster.For nature (as the physicians allege) having intended the superior anterior orifice only for the intromission of solids and liquids, and the inferior posterior for ejection, these artists ingeniously considering that in all diseases nature is forced out of her seat, therefore, to replace her in it, the body must be treated in a manner directly contrary, by interchanging the use of each orifice; forcing solids and liquids in at the anus, and making evacuations at the mouth.“But, besides real diseases, we are subject to many that are only imaginary, for which the physicians have invented imaginary cures; these have their several names, and so have the drugs that are proper for them; and with these our female Yahoos are always infested.“One great excellency in this tribe, is their skill at prognostics, wherein they seldom fail; their predictions in real diseases, when they rise to any degree of malignity, generally portending death, which is always in their power, when recovery is not: and therefore, upon any unexpected signs of amendment, after they have pronounced their sentence, rather than be accused as false prophets, they know how to approve their sagacity to the world, by a seasonable dose.“They are likewise of special use to husbands and wives who are grown weary of their mates; to eldest sons, to great ministers of state, and often to princes.”I had formerly, upon occasion, discoursed with my master upon the nature of government in general, and particularly of our own excellent constitution, deservedly the wonder and envy of the whole world.But having here accidentally mentioned a minister of state, he commanded me, some time after, to inform him, “what species of Yahoo I particularly meant by that appellation.”I told him, “that a first or chief minister of state, who was the person I intended to describe, was the creature wholly exempt from joy and grief, love and hatred, pity and anger; at least, makes use of no other passions, but a violent desire of wealth, power, and titles; that he applies his words to all uses, except to the indication of his mind; that he never tells a truth but with an intent that you should take it for a lie; nor a lie, but with a design that you should take it for a truth; that those he speaks worst of behind their backs are in the surest way of preferment; and whenever he begins to praise you to others, or to yourself, you are from that day forlorn.The worst mark you can receive is a promise, especially when it is confirmed with an oath; after which, every wise man retires, and gives over all hopes.“There are three methods, by which a man may rise to be chief minister.The first is, by knowing how, with prudence, to dispose of a wife, a daughter, or a sister; the second, by betraying or undermining his predecessor; and the third is, by a furious zeal, in public assemblies, against the corruption’s of the court.But a wise prince would rather choose to employ those who practise the last of these methods; because such zealots prove always the most obsequious and subservient to the will and passions of their master.That these ministers, having all employments at their disposal, preserve themselves in power, by bribing the majority of a senate or great council; and at last, by an expedient, called an act of indemnity” (whereof I described the nature to him), “they secure themselves from after-reckonings, and retire from the public laden with the spoils of the nation.“The palace of a chief minister is a seminary to breed up others in his own trade: the pages, lackeys, and porters, by imitating their master, become ministers of state in their several districts, and learn to excel in the three principal ingredients, of insolence, lying, and bribery.Accordingly, they have a subaltern court paid to them by persons of the best rank; and sometimes by the force of dexterity and impudence, arrive, through several gradations, to be successors to their lord.“He is usually governed by a decayed wench, or favourite footman, who are the tunnels through which all graces are conveyed, and may properly be called, in the last resort, the governors of the kingdom.”One day, in discourse, my master, having heard me mention the nobility of my country, was pleased to make me a compliment which I could not pretend to deserve: “that he was sure I must have been born of some noble family, because I far exceeded in shape, colour, and cleanliness, all the Yahoos of his nation, although I seemed to fail in strength and agility, which must be imputed to my different way of living from those other brutes; and besides I was not only endowed with the faculty of speech, but likewise with some rudiments of reason, to a degree that, with all his acquaintance, I passed for a prodigy.”He made me observe, “that among the Houyhnhnms, the white, the sorrel, and the iron-gray, were not so exactly shaped as the bay, the dapplegray, and the black; nor born with equal talents of mind, or a capacity to improve them; and therefore continued always in the condition of servants, without ever aspiring to match out of their own race, which in that country would be reckoned monstrous and unnatural.”I made his honour my most humble acknowledgments for the good opinion he was pleased to conceive of me, but assured him at the same time, “that my birth was of the lower sort, having been born of plain honest parents, who were just able to give me a tolerable education; that nobility, among us, was altogether a different thing from the idea he had of it; that our young noblemen are bred from their childhood in idleness and luxury; that, as soon as years will permit, they consume their vigour, and contract odious diseases among lewd females; and when their fortunes are almost ruined, they marry some woman of mean birth, disagreeable person, and unsound constitution (merely for the sake of money), whom they hate and despise. That the productions of such marriages are generally scrofulous, rickety, or deformed children; by which means the family seldom continues above three generations, unless the wife takes care to provide a healthy father, among her neighbours or domestics, in order to improve and continue the breed. That a weak diseased body, a meagre countenance, and sallow complexion, are the true marks of noble blood; and a healthy robust appearance is so disgraceful in a man of quality, that the world concludes his real father to have been a groom or a coachman.The imperfections of his mind run parallel with those of his body, being a composition of spleen, dullness, ignorance, caprice, sensuality, and pride.“Without the consent of this illustrious body, no law can be enacted, repealed, or altered: and these nobles have likewise the decision of all our possessions, without appeal.”The author’s great love of his native country.His master’s observations upon the constitution and administration of England, as described by the author, with parallel cases and comparisons.His master’s observations upon human nature.THE READER MAY be disposed to wonder how I could prevail on myself to give so free a representation of my own species, among a race of mortals who are already too apt to conceive the vilest opinion of humankind, from that entire congruity between me and their Yahoos.But I must freely confess, that the many virtues of those excellent quadrupeds, placed in opposite view to human corruptions, had so far opened my eyes and enlarged my understanding, that I began to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light, and to think the honour of my own kind not worth managing; which, besides, it was impossible for me to do, before a person of so acute a judgment as my master, who daily convinced me of a thousand faults in myself, whereof I had not the least perception before, and which, with us, would never be numbered even among human infirmities.I had likewise learned, from his example, an utter detestation of all falsehood or disguise; and truth appeared so amiable to me, that I determined upon sacrificing every thing to it.Let me deal so candidly with the reader as to confess that there was yet a much stronger motive for the freedom I took in my representation of things.I had not yet been a year in this country before I contracted such a love and veneration for the inhabitants, that I entered on a firm resolution never to return to humankind, but to pass the rest of my life among these admirable Houyhnhnms, in the contemplation and practice of every virtue, where I could have no example or incitement to vice.But it was decreed by fortune, my perpetual enemy, that so great a felicity should not fall to my share.However, it is now some comfort to reflect, that in what I said of my countrymen, I extenuated their faults as much as I durst before so strict an examiner; and upon every article gave as favourable a turn as the matter would bear.For, indeed, who is there alive that will not be swayed by his bias and partiality to the place of his birth?I have related the substance of several conversations I had with my master during the greatest part of the time I had the honour to be in his service; but have, indeed, for brevity sake, omitted much more than is here set down.When I had answered all his questions, and his curiosity seemed to be fully satisfied, he sent for me one morning early, and commanded me to sit down at some distance (an honour which he had never before conferred upon me).that we disarmed ourselves of the few abilities she had bestowed; had been very successful in multiplying our original wants, and seemed to spend our whole lives in vain endeavours to supply them by our own inventions; that, as to myself, it was manifest I had neither the strength nor agility of a common Yahoo;that I walked infirmly on my hinder feet; had found out a contrivance to make my claws of no use or defence, and to remove the hair from my chin, which was intended as a shelter from the sun and the weather:lastly, that I could neither run with speed, nor climb trees like my brethren,” as he called them, “the Yahoos in his country.“That our institutions of government and law were plainly owing to our gross defects in reason, and by consequence in virtue; because reason alone is sufficient to govern a rational creature; which was, therefore, a character we had no pretence to challenge, even from the account I had given of my own people; although he manifestly perceived, that, in order to favour them, I had concealed many particulars, and often said the thing which was not.“He was the more confirmed in this opinion, because, he observed, that as I agreed in every feature of my body with other Yahoos, except where it was to my real disadvantage in point of strength, speed, and activity, the shortness of my claws, and some other particulars where nature had no part; so from the representation I had given him of our lives, our manners, and our actions, he found as near a resemblance in the disposition of our minds.”He said, “the Yahoos were known to hate one another, more than they did any different species of animals; and the reason usually assigned was, the odiousness of their own shapes, which all could see in the rest, but not in themselves.He had therefore begun to think it not unwise in us to cover our bodies, and by that invention conceal many of our deformities from each other, which would else be hardly supportable.But he now found he had been mistaken, and that the dissensions of those brutes in his country were owing to the same cause with ours, as I had described them.For if,” said he, “you throw among five Yahoos as much food as would be sufficient for fifty, they will, instead of eating peaceably, fall together by the ears, each single one impatient to have all to itself;and therefore a servant was usually employed to stand by while they were feeding abroad, and those kept at home were tied at a distance from each other:that if a cow died of age or accident, before a Houyhnhnm could secure it for his own Yahoos, those in the neighbourhood would come in herds to seize it, and then would ensue such a battle as I had described, with terrible wounds made by their claws on both sides, although they seldom were able to kill one another, for want of such convenient instruments of death as we had invented.At other times, the like battles have been fought between the Yahoos of several neighbourhoods, without any visible cause; those of one district watching all opportunities to surprise the next, before they are prepared.But if they find their project has miscarried, they return home, and, for want of enemies, engage in what I call a civil war among themselves.“That in some fields of his country there are certain shining stones of several colours, whereof the Yahoos are violently fond: and when part of these stones is fixed in the earth, as it sometimes happens, they will dig with their claws for whole days to get them out; then carry them away, and hide them by heaps in their kennels; but still looking round with great caution, for fear their comrades should find out their treasure.”My master said, “he could never discover the reason of this unnatural appetite, or how these stones could be of any use to a Yahoo; but now he believed it might proceed from the same principle of avarice which I had ascribed to mankind.That he had once, by way of experiment, privately removed a heap of these stones from the place where one of his Yahoos had buried it; whereupon the sordid animal, missing his treasure, by his loud lamenting brought the whole herd to the place, there miserably howled, then fell to biting and tearing the rest, began to pine away, would neither eat, nor sleep, nor work, till he ordered a servant privately to convey the stones into the same hole, and hide them as before; which, when his Yahoo had found, he presently recovered his spirits and good humour, but took good care to remove them to a better hiding place, and has ever since been a very serviceable brute.”My master further assured me, which I also observed myself, “that in the fields where the shining stones abound, the fiercest and most frequent battles are fought, occasioned by perpetual inroads of the neighbouring Yahoos.”He said, “it was common, when two Yahoos discovered such a stone in a field, and were contending which of them should be the proprietor, a third would take the advantage, and carry it away from them both;”which my master would needs contend to have some kind of resemblance with our suits at law; wherein I thought it for our credit not to undeceive him; since the decision he mentioned was much more equitable than many decrees among us;because the plaintiff and defendant there lost nothing beside the stone they contended for: whereas our courts of equity would never have dismissed the cause, while either of them had any thing left.My master, continuing his discourse, said, “there was nothing that rendered the Yahoos more odious, than their undistinguishing appetite to devour every thing that came in their way, whether herbs, roots, berries, the corrupted flesh of animals, or all mingled together: and it was peculiar in their temper, that they were fonder of what they could get by rapine or stealth, at a greater distance, than much better food provided for them at home.If their prey held out, they would eat till they were ready to burst; after which, nature had pointed out to them a certain root that gave them a general evacuation.“There was also another kind of root, very juicy, but somewhat rare and difficult to be found, which the Yahoos sought for with much eagerness, and would suck it with great delight; it produced in them the same effects that wine has upon us.It would make them sometimes hug, and sometimes tear one another; they would howl, and grin, and chatter, and reel, and tumble, and then fall asleep in the mud.”I did indeed observe that the Yahoos were the only animals in this country subject to any diseases;which, however, were much fewer than horses have among us, and contracted, not by any ill-treatment they meet with, but by the nastiness and greediness of that sordid brute.Neither has their language any more than a general appellation for those maladies, which is borrowed from the name of the beast, and called Hnea-Yahoo, or Yahoo’s evil;and the cure prescribed is a mixture of their own dung and urine, forcibly put down the Yahoo’s throat.This I have since often known to have been taken with success, and do here freely recommend it to my countrymen for the public good, as an admirable specific against all diseases produced by repletion.“As to learning, government, arts, manufactures, and the like,” my master confessed, “he could find little or no resemblance between the Yahoos of that country and those in ours; for he only meant to observe what parity there was in our natures.He had heard, indeed, some curious Houyhnhnms observe, that in most herds there was a sort of ruling Yahoo (as among us there is generally some leading or principal stag in a park), who was always more deformed in body, and mischievous in disposition, than any of the rest; that this leader had usually a favourite as like himself as he could get, whose employment was to lick his master’s feet and posteriors, and drive the female Yahoos to his kennel; for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of ass’s flesh.This favourite is hated by the whole herd, and therefore, to protect himself, keeps always near the person of his leader.He usually continues in office till a worse can be found;but the very moment he is discarded, his successor, at the head of all the Yahoos in that district, young and old, male and female, come in a body, and discharge their excrements upon him from head to foot.But how far this might be applicable to our courts, and favourites, and ministers of state, my master said I could best determine.”I durst make no return to this malicious insinuation, which debased human understanding below the sagacity of a common hound, who has judgment enough to distinguish and follow the cry of the ablest dog in the pack, without being ever mistaken.My master told me, “there were some qualities remarkable in the Yahoos, which he had not observed me to mention, or at least very slightly, in the accounts I had given of humankind.”He said, “those animals, like other brutes, had their females in common; but in this they differed, that the she Yahoo would admit the males while she was pregnant; and that the hes would quarrel and fight with the females, as fiercely as with each other;both which practices were such degrees of infamous brutality, as no other sensitive creature ever arrived at.“Another thing he wondered at in the Yahoos, was their strange disposition to nastiness and dirt; whereas there appears to be a natural love of cleanliness in all other animals.”As to the two former accusations, I was glad to let them pass without any reply, because I had not a word to offer upon them in defence of my species, which otherwise I certainly had done from my own inclinations.But I could have easily vindicated humankind from the imputation of singularity upon the last article, if there had been any swine in that country (as unluckily for me there were not), which, although it may be a sweeter quadruped than a Yahoo, cannot, I humbly conceive, in justice, pretend to more cleanliness;and so his honour himself must have owned, if he had seen their filthy way of feeding, and their custom of wallowing and sleeping in the mud.My master likewise mentioned another quality which his servants had discovered in several Yahoos, and to him was wholly unaccountable.He said, “a fancy would sometimes take a Yahoo to retire into a corner, to lie down, and howl, and groan, and spurn away all that came near him, although he were young and fat, wanted neither food nor water, nor did the servant imagine what could possibly ail him.And the only remedy they found was, to set him to hard work, after which he would infallibly come to himself.”To this I was silent out of partiality to my own kind; yet here I could plainly discover the true seeds of spleen, which only seizes on the lazy, the luxurious, and the rich; who, if they were forced to undergo the same regimen, I would undertake for the cure.His honour had further observed, “that a female Yahoo would often stand behind a bank or a bush, to gaze on the young males passing by, and then appear, and hide, using many antic gestures and grimaces, at which time it was observed that she had a most offensive smell;and when any of the males advanced, would slowly retire, looking often back, and with a counterfeit show of fear, run off into some convenient place, where she knew the male would follow her.“At other times, if a female stranger came among them, three or four of her own sex would get about her, and stare, and chatter, and grin, and smell her all over; and then turn off with gestures, that seemed to express contempt and disdain.”Perhaps my master might refine a little in these speculations, which he had drawn from what he observed himself, or had been told him by others; however, I could not reflect without some amazement, and much sorrow, that the rudiments of lewdness, coquetry, censure, and scandal, should have place by instinct in womankind.I expected every moment that my master would accuse the Yahoos of those unnatural appetites in both sexes, so common among us.But nature, it seems, has not been so expert a school-mistress; and these politer pleasures are entirely the productions of art and reason on our side of the globe. CHAPTER VIIIThe author relates several particulars of the Yahoos.The great virtues of the Houyhnhnms.The education and exercise of their youth.Their general assembly.AS I OUGHT to have understood human nature much better than I supposed it possible for my master to do, so it was easy to apply the character he gave of the Yahoos to myself and my countrymen; and I believed I could yet make further discoveries, from my own observation.I therefore often begged his honour to let me go among the herds of Yahoos in the neighbourhood; to which he always very graciously consented, being perfectly convinced that the hatred I bore these brutes would never suffer me to be corrupted by them; and his honour ordered one of his servants, a strong sorrel nag, very honest and good-natured, to be my guard; without whose protection I durst not undertake such adventures.For I have already told the reader how much I was pestered by these odious animals, upon my first arrival;and I afterwards failed very narrowly, three or four times, of falling into their clutches, when I happened to stray at any distance without my hanger.And I have reason to believe they had some imagination that I was of their own species, which I often assisted myself by stripping up my sleeves, and showing my naked arms and breasts in their sight, when my protector was with me.At which times they would approach as near as they durst, and imitate my actions after the manner of monkeys, but ever with great signs of hatred;as a tame jackdaw with cap and stockings is always persecuted by the wild ones, when he happens to be got among them.They are prodigiously nimble from their infancy.However, I once caught a young male of three years old, and endeavoured, by all marks of tenderness, to make it quiet;but the little imp fell a squalling, and scratching, and biting with such violence, that I was forced to let it go;and it was high time, for a whole troop of old ones came about us at the noise, but finding the cub was safe (for away it ran), and my sorrel nag being by, they durst not venture near us.I observed the young animal’s flesh to smell very rank, and the stink was somewhat between a weasel and a fox, but much more disagreeable.I forgot another circ*mstance (and perhaps I might have the reader’s pardon if it were wholly omitted), that while I held the odious vermin in my hands, it voided its filthy excrements of a yellow liquid substance all over my clothes; but by good fortune there was a small brook hard by, where I washed myself as clean as I could; although I durst not come into my master’s presence until I were sufficiently aired.By what I could discover, the Yahoos appear to be the most unteachable of all animals: their capacity never reaching higher than to draw or carry burdens.Yet I am of opinion, this defect arises chiefly from a perverse, restive disposition; for they are cunning, malicious, treacherous, and revengeful.They are strong and hardy, but of a cowardly spirit, and, by consequence, insolent, abject, and cruel.It is observed, that the red haired of both sexes are more libidinous and mischievous than the rest, whom yet they much exceed in strength and activity.The Houyhnhnms keep the Yahoos for present use in huts not far from the house; but the rest are sent abroad to certain fields, where they dig up roots, eat several kinds of herbs, and search about for carrion, or sometimes catch weasels and luhimuhs (a sort of wild rat), which they greedily devour.Nature has taught them to dig deep holes with their nails on the side of a rising ground, wherein they lie by themselves; only the kennels of the females are larger, sufficient to hold two or three cubs.They swim from their infancy like frogs, and are able to continue long under water, where they often take fish, which the females carry home to their young.And, upon this occasion, I hope the reader will pardon my relating an odd adventure.Being one day abroad with my protector the sorrel nag, and the weather exceeding hot, I entreated him to let me bathe in a river that was near.He consented, and I immediately stripped myself stark naked, and went down softly into the stream.It happened that a young female Yahoo, standing behind a bank, saw the whole proceeding, and inflamed by desire, as the nag and I conjectured, came running with all speed, and leaped into the water, within five yards of the place where I bathed.I was never in my life so terribly frightened.The nag was grazing at some distance, not suspecting any harm.She embraced me after a most fulsome manner.This was a matter of diversion to my master and his family, as well as of mortification to myself.For now I could no longer deny that I was a real Yahoo in every limb and feature, since the females had a natural propensity to me, as one of their own species.Neither was the hair of this brute of a red colour (which might have been some excuse for an appetite a little irregular), but black as a sloe, and her countenance did not make an appearance altogether so hideous as the rest of her kind; for I think she could not be above eleven years old.Having lived three years in this country, the reader, I suppose, will expect that I should, like other travellers, give him some account of the manners and customs of its inhabitants, which it was indeed my principal study to learn.As these noble Houyhnhnms are endowed by nature with a general disposition to all virtues, and have no conceptions or ideas of what is evil in a rational creature, so their grand maxim is, to cultivate reason, and to be wholly governed by it.Neither is reason among them a point problematical, as with us, where men can argue with plausibility on both sides of the question, but strikes you with immediate conviction; as it must needs do, where it is not mingled, obscured, or discoloured, by passion and interest.I remember it was with extreme difficulty that I could bring my master to understand the meaning of the word opinion, or how a point could be disputable; because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain; and beyond our knowledge we cannot do either.So that controversies, wranglings, disputes, and positiveness, in false or dubious propositions, are evils unknown among the Houyhnhnms.In the like manner, when I used to explain to him our several systems of natural philosophy, he would laugh, “that a creature pretending to reason, should value itself upon the knowledge of other people’s conjectures, and in things where that knowledge, if it were certain, could be of no use.”Wherein he agreed entirely with the sentiments of Socrates, as Plato delivers them; which I mention as the highest honour I can do that prince of philosophers—I have often since reflected, what destruction such doctrine would make in the libraries of Europe; and how many paths of fame would be then shut up in the learned world.Friendship and benevolence are the two principal virtues among the Houyhnhnms; and these not confined to particular objects, but universal to the whole race;for a stranger from the remotest part is equally treated with the nearest neighbour,and wherever he goes, looks upon himself as at home.They preserve decency and civility in the highest degrees, but are altogether ignorant of ceremony.They have no fondness for their colts or foals, but the care they take in educating them proceeds entirely from the dictates of reason.And I observed my master to show the same affection to his neighbour’s issue, that he had for his own.They will have it that nature teaches them to love the whole species, and it is reason only that makes a distinction of persons, where there is a superior degree of virtue.When the matron Houyhnhnms have produced one of each sex, they no longer accompany with their consorts, except they lose one of their issue by some casualty, which very seldom happens; but in such a case they meet again;or when the like accident befalls a person whose wife is past bearing, some other couple bestow on him one of their own colts, and then go together again until the mother is pregnant.This caution is necessary, to prevent the country from being overburdened with numbers.But the race of inferior Houyhnhnms, bred up to be servants, is not so strictly limited upon this article: these are allowed to produce three of each sex, to be domestics in the noble families.In their marriages, they are exactly careful to choose such colours as will not make any disagreeable mixture in the breed.Strength is chiefly valued in the male, and comeliness in the female; not upon the account of love, but to preserve the race from degenerating; for where a female happens to excel in strength, a consort is chosen, with regard to comeliness.Courtship, love, presents, jointures, settlements have no place in their thoughts, or terms whereby to express them in their language.The young couple meet, and are joined, merely because it is the determination of their parents and friends; it is what they see done every day, and they look upon it as one of the necessary actions of a reasonable being.But the violation of marriage, or any other unchastity, was never heard of; and the married pair pass their lives with the same friendship and mutual benevolence, that they bear to all others of the same species who come in their way, without jealousy, fondness, quarrelling, or discontent.In educating the youth of both sexes, their method is admirable, and highly deserves our imitation.These are not suffered to taste a grain of oats, except upon certain days, till eighteen years old; nor milk, but very rarely;and in summer they graze two hours in the morning, and as many in the evening, which their parents likewise observe; but the servants are not allowed above half that time, and a great part of their grass is brought home, which they eat at the most convenient hours, when they can be best spared from work.Temperance, industry, exercise, and cleanliness, are the lessons equally enjoined to the young ones of both sexes: and my master thought it monstrous in us, to give the females a different kind of education from the males, except in some articles of domestic management; whereby, as he truly observed, one half of our natives were good for nothing but bringing children into the world; and to trust the care of our children to such useless animals, he said, was yet a greater instance of brutality.But the Houyhnhnms train up their youth to strength, speed, and hardiness, by exercising them in running races up and down steep hills, and over hard stony grounds; and when they are all in a sweat, they are ordered to leap over head and ears into a pond or river.Four times a year the youth of a certain district meet to show their proficiency in running and leaping, and other feats of strength and agility;where the victor is rewarded with a song in his or her praise.On this festival, the servants drive a herd of Yahoos into the field, laden with hay, and oats, and milk, for a repast to the Houyhnhnms; after which, these brutes are immediately driven back again, for fear of being noisome to the assembly.Every fourth year, at the vernal equinox, there is a representative council of the whole nation, which meets in a plain about twenty miles from our house, and continues about five or six days.Here they inquire into the state and condition of the several districts; whether they abound or be deficient in hay or oats, or cows, or Yahoos;and wherever there is any want (which is but seldom) it is immediately supplied by unanimous consent and contribution.Here likewise the regulation of children is settled:as for instance,if a Houyhnhnm has two males, he changes one of them with another that has two females; and when a child has been lost by any casualty, where the mother is past breeding, it is determined what family in the district shall breed another to supply the loss. CHAPTER IXA grand debate at the general assembly of the Houyhnhnms, and how it was determined.The learning of the Houyhnhnms.Their buildings.Their manner of burials.The defectiveness of their language.ONE OF THESE grand assemblies was held in my time, about three months before my departure, whither my master went as the representative of our district.In this council was resumed their old debate, and indeed the only debate that ever happened in their country;whereof my master, after his return, give me a very particular account.The question to be debated was, “whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the face of the earth?”One of the members for the affirmative offered several arguments of great strength and weight, alleging,“that as the Yahoos were the most filthy, noisome, and deformed animals which nature ever produced, so they were the most restive and indocible, mischievous and malicious; they would privately suck the teats of the Houyhnhnms’ cows, kill and devour their cats, trample down their oats and grass, if they were not continually watched, and commit a thousand other extravagancies.”He took notice of a general tradition, “that Yahoos had not been always in their country;but that many ages ago, two of these brutes appeared together upon a mountain;whether produced by the heat of the sun upon corrupted mud and slime, or from the ooze and froth of the sea, was never known;that these Yahoos engendered, and their brood, in a short time, grew so numerous as to overrun and infest the whole nation; that the Houyhnhnms, to get rid of this evil, made a general hunting, and at last enclosed the whole herd; and destroying the elder, every Houyhnhnm kept two young ones in a kennel, and brought them to such a degree of tameness, as an animal, so savage by nature, can be capable of acquiring, using them for draught and carriage;that there seemed to be much truth in this tradition, and that those creatures could not be yinhniamshy (or aborigines of the land), because of the violent hatred the Houyhnhnms, as well as all other animals, bore them, which, although their evil disposition sufficiently deserved, could never have arrived at so high a degree if they had been aborigines, or else they would have long since been rooted out;that the inhabitants, taking a fancy to use the service of the Yahoos, had, very imprudently, neglected to cultivate the breed of asses, which are a comely animal, easily kept, more tame and orderly, without any offensive smell, strong enough for labour, although they yield to the other in agility of body, and if their braying be no agreeable sound, it is far preferable to the horrible howlings of the Yahoos.”Several others declared their sentiments to the same purpose, when my master proposed an expedient to the assembly, whereof he had indeed borrowed the hint from me.“He approved of the tradition mentioned by the honourable member who spoke before, and affirmed, that the two Yahoos said to be seen first among them, had been driven thither over the sea;that coming to land, and being forsaken by their companions, they retired to the mountains, and degenerating by degrees, became in process of time much more savage than those of their own species in the country whence these two originals came.The reason of this assertion was, that he had now in his possession a certain wonderful Yahoo (meaning myself ) which most of them had heard of, and many of them had seen.He then related to them how he first found me; that my body was all covered with an artificial composure of the skins and hairs of other animals; that I spoke in a language of my own, and had thoroughly learned theirs; that I had related to him the accidents which brought me thither; that when he saw me without my covering, I was an exact Yahoo in every part, only of a whiter colour, less hairy, and with shorter claws.He added, how I had endeavoured to persuade him, that in my own and other countries, the Yahoos acted as the governing, rational animal, and held the Houyhnhnms in servitude; that he observed in me all the qualities of a Yahoo, only a little more civilized by some tincture of reason, which, however, was in a degree as far inferior to the Houyhnhnm race, as the Yahoos of their country were to me;that, among other things, I mentioned a custom we had of castrating Houyhnhnms when they were young, in order to render them tame; that the operation was easy and safe; that it was no shame to learn wisdom from brutes, as industry is taught by the ant, and building by the swallow (for so I translate the word lyhannh, although it be a much larger fowl);that this invention might be practised upon the younger Yahoos here, which besides rendering them tractable and fitter for use, would in an age put an end to the whole species, without destroying life;that in the mean time the Houyhnhnms should be exhorted to cultivate the breed of asses,which, as they are in all respects more valuable brutes, so they have this advantage, to be fit for service at five years old, which the others are not till twelve.”This was all my master thought fit to tell me, at that time, of what passed in the grand council.But he was pleased to conceal one particular, which related personally to myself, whereof I soon felt the unhappy effect,as the reader will know in its proper place,and whence I date all the succeeding misfortunes of my life.The Houyhnhnms have no letters, and consequently their knowledge is all traditional.But there happening few events of any moment among a people so well united, naturally disposed to every virtue, wholly governed by reason, and cut off from all commerce with other nations, the historical part is easily preserved without burdening their memories.I have already observed that they are subject to no diseases, and therefore can have no need of physicians.They calculate the year by the revolution of the sun and moon, but use no subdivisions into weeks.They are well enough acquainted with the motions of those two luminaries, and understand the nature of eclipses;and this is the utmost progress of their astronomy.In poetry, they must be allowed to excel all other mortals; wherein the justness of their similes, and the minuteness as well as exactness of their descriptions, are indeed inimitable.Their verses abound very much in both of these, and usually contain either some exalted notions of friendship and benevolence or the praises of those who were victors in races and other bodily exercises.Their buildings, although very rude and simple, are not inconvenient, but well contrived to defend them from all injuries of and heat.They have a kind of tree, which at forty years old loosens in the root, and falls with the first storm: it grows very straight, and being pointed like stakes with a sharp stone (for the Houyhnhnms know not the use of iron), they stick them erect in the ground, about ten inches asunder, and then weave in oat straw, or sometimes wattles, between them.The roof is made after the same manner, and so are the doors.The Houyhnhnms use the hollow part, between the pastern and the hoof of their fore-foot, as we do our hands, and this with greater dexterity than I could at first imagine.I have seen a white mare of our family thread a needle (which I lent her on purpose) with that joint.They milk their cows, reap their oats, and do all the work which requires hands, in the same manner.They have a kind of hard flints, which, by grinding against other stones, they form into instruments, that serve instead of wedges, axes, and hammers.With tools made of these flints, they likewise cut their hay, and reap their oats, which there grow naturally in several fields;the Yahoos draw home the sheaves in carriages, and the servants tread them in certain covered huts to get out the grain, which is kept in stores.They make a rude kind of earthen and wooden vessels, and bake the former in the sun.If they can avoid casualties, they die only of old age, and are buried in the obscurest places that can be found, their friends and relations expressing neither joy nor grief at their departure;nor does the dying person discover the least regret that he is leaving the world, any more than if he were upon returning home from a visit to one of his neighbours.I remember my master having once made an appointment with a friend and his family to come to his house, upon some affair of importance: on the day fixed, the mistress and her two children came very late; she made two excuses, first for her husband, who, as she said, happened that very morning to shnuwnh.The word is strongly expressive in their language, but not easily rendered into English; it signifies, “to retire to his first mother.”Her excuse for not coming sooner, was, that her husband dying late in the morning, she was a good while consulting her servants about a convenient place where his body should be laid; and I observed, she behaved herself at our house as cheerfully as the rest.She died about three months after.They live generally to seventy, or seventy-five years, very seldom to fourscore.Some weeks before their death, they feel a gradual decay; but without pain.During this time they are much visited by their friends, because they cannot go abroad with their usual ease and satisfaction.However, about ten days before their death, which they seldom fail in computing, they return the visits that have been made them by those who are nearest in the neighbourhood, being carried in a convenient sledge drawn by Yahoos;which vehicle they use, not only upon this occasion, but when they grow old, upon long journeys, or when they are lamed by any accident:and therefore when the dying Houyhnhnms return those visits, they take a solemn leave of their friends, as if they were going to some remote part of the country, where they designed to pass the rest of their lives.I know not whether it may be worth observing, that the Houyhnhnmshave no word in their language to express any thing that is evil, except what they borrow from the deformities or ill qualities of the Yahoos.Thus they denote the folly of a servant, an omission of a child, a stone that cuts their feet, a continuance of foul or unseasonable weather, and the like, by adding to each the epithet of Yahoo.For instance, Hhnm Yahoo; Whnahalm Yahoo, Ynlhmndwihlma Yahoo, and an ill-contrived house Ynhalmhnmrohlnw Yahoo.I could, with great pleasure, enlarge further upon the manners and virtues of this excellent people; but intending in a short time to publish a volume by itself, expressly upon that subject, I refer the reader thither;and, in the mean time, proceed to relate my own sad catastrophe. CHAPTER XThe author’s economy, and happy life, among the Houyhnhnms.His great improvement in virtue by conversing with them.Their conversations.The author has notice given him by his master, that he must depart from the country.He falls into a swoon for grief; but submits.He contrives and finishes a canoe by the help of a fellow-servant, and puts to sea at a venture.I HAD SETTLED my little economy to my own heart’s content.My master had ordered a room to be made for me, after their manner, about six yards from the house:the sides and floors of which I plastered with clay, and covered with rush-mats of my own contriving.I had beaten hemp, which there grows wild, and made of it a sort of ticking;this I filled with the feathers of several birds I had taken with springes made of Yahoos’ hairs, and were excellent food.I had worked two chairs with my knife, the sorrel nag helping me in the grosser and more laborious part.When my clothes were worn to rags, I made myself others with the skins of rabbits, and of a certain beautiful animal, about the same size, called nnuhnah, the skin of which is covered with a fine down.I soled my shoes with wood, which I cut from a tree, and fitted to the upper-leather; and when this was worn out, I supplied it with the skins of Yahoos dried in the sun.I often got honey out of hollow trees, which I mingled with water, or ate with my bread.No man could more verify the truth of these two maxims, “That nature is very easily satisfied;” and, “That necessity is the mother of invention.I enjoyed perfect health of body, and tranquillity of mind; I did not feel the treachery or inconstancy of a friend, nor the injuries of a secret or open enemy.I had no occasion of bribing, flattering, or pimping, to procure the favour of any great man, or of his minion; I wanted no fence against fraud or oppression:here was neither physician to destroy my body, nor lawyer to ruin my fortune; no informer to watch my words and actions, or forge accusations against me for hire: here were no gibers, censurers, backbiters, pickpockets, highwaymen, housebreakers, attorneys, bawds, buffoons, gamesters, politicians, wits, splenetics, tedious talkers, controvertists, ravishers, murderers, robbers, virtuosos; no leaders, or followers, of party and faction; no encouragers to vice, by seducement or examples; no dungeon, axes, gibbets, whipping-posts, or pillories; no cheating shopkeepers or mechanics; no pride, vanity, or affectation; no fops, bullies, drunkards, strolling whor*s, or poxes; no ranting, lewd, expensive wives; no stupid, proud pedants; no importunate, overbearing, quarrelsome, noisy, roaring, empty, conceited, swearing companions; no scoundrels raised from the dust upon the merit of their vices, or nobility thrown into it on account of their virtues; no lords, fiddlers, judges, or dancing-masters.I had the favour of being admitted to several Houyhnhnms, who came to visit or dine with my master; where his honour graciously suffered me to wait in the room, and listen to their discourse.Both he and his company would often descend to ask me questions, and receive my answers.I had also sometimes the honour of attending my master in his visits to others.I never presumed to speak, except in answer to a question; and then I did it with inward regret, because it was a loss of so much time for improving myself; but I was infinitely delighted with the station of an humble auditor in such conversations, where nothing passed but what was useful, expressed in the fewest and most significant words; where, as I have already said, the greatest decency was observed, without the least degree of ceremony; where no person spoke without being pleased himself, and pleasing his companions; where there was no interruption, tediousness, heat, or difference of sentiments.They have a notion, that when people are met together, a short silence does much improve conversation: this I found to be true; for during those little intermissions of talk, new ideas would arise in their minds, which very much enlivened the discourse.Their subjects are, generally on friendship and benevolence, on order and economy; sometimes upon the visible operations of nature, or ancient traditions; upon the bounds and limits of virtue; upon the unerring rules of reason, or upon some determinations to be taken at the next great assembly: and often upon the various excellences of poetry.I may add, without vanity, that my presence often gave them sufficient matter for discourse, because it afforded my master an occasion of letting his friends into the history of me and my country, upon which they were all pleased to descant, in a manner not very advantageous to humankind: and for that reason I shall not repeat what they saidonly I may be allowed to observe, that his honour, to my great admiration, appeared to understand the nature of Yahoos much better than myself.He went through all our vices and follies, and discovered many, which I had never mentioned to him, by only supposing what qualities a Yahoo of their country, with a small proportion of reason, might be capable of exerting; and concluded, with too much probability, “how vile, as well as miserable, such a creature must be.”I freely confess, that all the little knowledge I have of any value, was acquired by the lectures I received from my master, and from hearing the discourses of him and his friends; to which I should be prouder to listen, than to dictate to the greatest and wisest assembly in Europe.I admired the strength, comeliness, and speed of the inhabitants; and such a constellation of virtues, in such amiable persons, produced in me the highest veneration.At first, indeed, I did not feel that natural awe, which the Yahoos and all other animals bear toward them; but it grew upon me by decrees, much sooner than I imagined, and was mingled with a respectful love and gratitude, that they would condescend to distinguish me from the rest of my species.When I thought of my family, my friends, my countrymen, or the human race in general, I considered them, as they really were, Yahoos in shape and disposition, perhaps a little more civilized, and qualified with the gift of speech; but making no other use of reason, than to improve and multiply those vices whereof their brethren in this country had only the share that nature allotted them.When I happened to behold the reflection of my own form in a lake or fountain, I turned away my face in horror and detestation of myself, and could better endure the sight of a common Yahoo than of my own person.By conversing with the Houyhnhnms, and looking upon them with delight, I fell to imitate their gait and gesture, which is now grown into a habit; and my friends often tell me, in a blunt way, “that I trot like a horse;”which, however, I take for a great compliment.Neither shall I disown, that in speaking I am apt to fall into the voice and manner of the Houyhnhnms, and hear myself ridiculed on that account, without the least mortification.In the midst of all this happiness, and when I looked upon myself to be fully settled for life, my master sent for me one morning a little earlier than his usual hour.I observed by his countenance that he was in some perplexity, and at a loss how to begin what he had to speak.After a short silence, he told me, “he did not know how I would take what he was going to say:that in the last general assembly, when the affair of the Yahoos was entered upon, the representatives had taken offence at his keeping a Yahoo (meaning myself ) in his family, more like a Houyhnhnm than a brute animal;that he was known frequently to converse with me, as if he could receive some advantage or pleasure in my company;that such a practice was not agreeable to reason or nature, or a thing ever heard of before among them;the assembly did therefore exhort him either to employ me like the rest of my species, or command me to swim back to the place whence I came:that the first of these expedients was utterly rejected by all the Houyhnhnmswho had ever seen me at his house or their own; for they alleged, that because I had some rudiments of reason, added to the natural pravity of those animals, it was to be feared I might be able to seduce them into the woody and mountainous parts of the country, and bring them in troops by night to destroy the Houyhnhnms’ cattle, as being naturally of the ravenous kind, and averse from labour.”My master added, “that he was daily pressed by the Houyhnhnms of the neighbourhood to have the assembly’s exhortation executed, which he could not put off much longer.He doubted it would be impossible for me to swim to another country; and therefore wished I would contrive some sort of vehicle, resembling those I had described to him, that might carry me on the sea; in which work I should have the assistance of his own servants, as well as those of his neighbours.”He concluded, “that for his own part, he could have been content to keep me in his service as long as I lived; because he found I had cured myself of some bad habits and dispositions, by endeavouring, as far as my inferior nature was capable, to imitate the Houyhnhnms.”I should here observe to the reader, that a decree of the general assembly in this country is expressed by the word hnhloayn, which signifies an exhortation, as near as I can render it; for they have no conception how a rational creature can be compelled, but only advised, or exhorted; because no person can disobey reason, without giving up his claim to be a rational creature.I was struck with the utmost grief and despair at my master’s discourse; and being unable to support the agonies I was under, I fell into a swoon at his feet. When I came to myself, he told me “that he concluded I had been dead;” for these people are subject to no such imbecilities of nature.I answered in a faint voice, “that death would have been too great a happiness; that although I could not blame the assembly’s exhortation, or the urgency of his friends; yet, in my weak and corrupt judgment, I thought it might consist with reason to have been less rigorous; that I could not swim a league, and probably the nearest land to theirs might be distant above a hundred: that many materials, necessary for making a small vessel to carry me off, were wholly wanting in this country; which, however, I would attempt, in obedience and gratitude to his honour, although I concluded the thing to be impossible, and therefore looked on myself as already devoted to destruction; that the certain prospect of an unnatural death was the least of my evils; for, supposing I should escape with life by some strange adventure, how could I think with temper of passing my days among Yahoos, and relapsing into my old corruptions, for want of examples to lead and keep me within the paths of virtue?that I knew too well upon what solid reasons all the determinations of the wise Houyhnhnms were founded, not to be shaken by arguments of mine, a miserable Yahoo; and therefore, after presenting him with my humble thanks for the offer of his servants’ assistance in making a vessel, and desiring a reasonable time for so difficult a work, I told him I would endeavour to preserve a wretched being; and if ever I returned to England, was not without hopes of being useful to my own species, by celebrating the praises of the renowned Houyhnhnms, and proposing their virtues to the imitation of mankind.”My master, in a few words, made me a very gracious reply; allowed me the space of two months to finish my boat; and ordered the sorrel nag, my fellow-servant (for so, at this distance, I may presume to call him), to follow my instruction; because I told my master, “that his help would be sufficient, and I knew he had a tenderness for me.”In his company, my first business was to go to that part of the coast where my rebellious crew had ordered me to be set on shore.I got upon a height, and looking on every side into the sea; fancied I saw a small island toward the north-east.but it appeared to the sorrel nag to be only a blue cloud: for as he had no conception of any country beside his own, so he could not be as expert in distinguishing remote objects at sea, as we who so much converse in that element.After I had discovered this island, I considered no further; but resolved it should if possible, be the first place of my banishment, leaving the consequence to fortune.I returned home, and consulting with the sorrel nag, we went into a copse at some distance, where I with my knife, and he with sharp flint, fastened very artificially after their manner, to a wooden handle, cut down several oak wattles, about the thickness of a walking-staff, and some larger pieces.But I shall not trouble the reader with a particular description of my own mechanics; let it suffice to say, that in six weeks time with the help of the sorrel nag, who performed the parts that required most labour, I finished a sort of Indian canoe, but much larger, covering it with the skins of Yahoos, well stitched together with hempen threads of my own making.My sail was likewise composed of the skins of the same animal; but I made use of the youngest I could get, the older being too tough and thick; and I likewise provided myself with four paddles.I laid in a stock of boiled flesh, of rabbits and fowls, and took with me two vessels, one filled with milk and the other with water.I tried my canoe in a large pond, near my master’s house, and then corrected in it what was amiss; stopping all the chinks with Yahoos’ tallow, till I found it staunch, and able to bear me and my freight;and, when it was as complete as I could possibly make it, I had it drawn on a carriage very gently by Yahoosto the sea-side, under the conduct of the sorrel nag and another servant.When all was ready, and the day came for my departure, I took leave of my master and lady and the whole family, my eyes flowing with tears, and my heart quite sunk with grief.But his honour, out of curiosity, and, perhaps, (if I may speak without vanity,) partly out of kindness, was determined to see me in my canoe, and got several of his neighbouring friends to accompany him.I was forced to wait above an hour for the tide; and then observing the wind very fortunately bearing toward the island to which I intended to steer my course, I took a second leave of my master: but as I was going to prostrate myself to kiss his hoof, he did me the honour to raise it gently to my mouth.I am not ignorant how much I have been censured for mentioning this last particular.Neither have I forgotten how apt some travellers are to boast of extraordinary favours they have received.But, if these censurers were better acquainted with the noble and courteous disposition of the Houyhnhnms, they would soon change their opinion.I paid my respects to the rest of the Houyhnhnms in his honour’s company; then getting into my canoe, I pushed off from shore. CHAPTER XIThe author’s dangerous voyage.He arrives at New Holland, hoping to settle there.Is wounded with an arrow by one of the natives.Is seized and carried by force into a Portuguese ship.The great civilities of the captain.The author arrives at England.I BEGAN THIS desperate voyage on February 15, 1714-15, at nine o’clock in the morning.The wind was very favourable; however, I made use at first only of my paddles; but considering I should soon be weary, and that the wind might chop about, I ventured to set up my little sail; and thus, with the help of the tide, I went at the rate of a league and a half an hour, as near as I could guess.My master and his friends continued on the shore till I was almost out of sight; and I often heard the sorrel nag (who always loved me) crying out, “Hnuy illa nyha, majah Yahoo;” “Take care of thyself, gentle Yahoo.”My design was, if possible, to discover some small island uninhabited, yet sufficient, by my labour, to furnish me with the necessaries of life, which I would have thought a greater happiness, than to be first minister in the politest court of Europe; so horrible was the idea I conceived of returning to live in the society, and under the government of Yahoos.For in such a solitude as I desired, I could at least enjoy my own thoughts, and reflect with delight on the virtues of those inimitable Houyhnhnms, without an opportunity of degenerating into the vices and corruptions of my own species.The reader may remember what I related, when my crew conspired against me, and confined me to my cabin; how I continued there several weeks without knowing what course we took; and when I was put ashore in the long-boat, how the sailors told me, with oaths, whether true or false, “that they knew not in what part of the world we were.”However, I did then believe us to be about 10 degrees southward of the Cape of Good Hope, or about 45 degrees southern latitude, as I gathered from some general words I overheard among them, being I supposed to the south east in their intended voyage to Madagascar.And although this were little better than conjecture, yet I resolved to steer my course eastward, hoping to reach the south-west coast of New Holland, and perhaps some such island as I desired lying westward of it.The wind was full west, and by six in the evening I computed I had gone eastward at least eighteen leagues; when I spied a very small island about half a league off, which I soon reached.It was nothing but a rock, with one creek naturally arched by the force of tempests.Here I put in my canoe, and climbing a part of the rock, I could plainly discover land to the east, extending from south to north.I lay all night in my canoe; and repeating my voyage early in the morning, I arrived in seven hours to the south-east point of New Holland.This confirmed me in the opinion I have long entertained, that the maps and charts place this country at least three degrees more to the east than it really is; which thought I communicated many years ago to my worthy friend, Mr. Herman Moll, and gave him my reasons for it, although he has rather chosen to follow other authors.I saw no inhabitants in the place where I landed, and being unarmed, I was afraid of venturing far into the country.I found some shellfish on the shore, and ate them raw, not daring to kindle a fire, for fear of being discovered by the natives.I continued three days feeding on oysters and limpets, to save my own provisions; and I fortunately found a brook of excellent water, which gave me great relief.On the fourth day, venturing out early a little too far, I saw twenty or thirty natives upon a height not above five hundred yards from me.They were stark naked, men, women, and children, round a fire, as I could discover by the smoke.One of them spied me, and gave notice to the rest; five of them advanced toward me, leaving the women and children at the fire.I made what haste I could to the shore, and, getting into my canoe, shoved off:the savages, observing me retreat, ran after me: and before I could get far enough into the sea, discharged an arrow which wounded me deeply on the inside of my left knee: I shall carry the mark to my grave.I apprehended the arrow might be poisoned, and paddling out of the reach of their darts (being a calm day), I made a shift to suck the wound, and dress it as well as I could.I was at a loss what to do, for I durst not return to the same landing-place, but stood to the north, and was forced to paddle, for the wind, though very gentle, was against me, blowing north-west.As I was looking about for a secure landing-place, I saw a sail to the north-north-east, which appearing every minute more visible, I was in some doubt whether I should wait for them or not; but at last my detestation of the Yahoo race prevailed: and turning my canoe, I sailed and paddled together to the south, and got into the same creek whence I set out in the morning, choosing rather to trust myself among these barbarians, than live with European Yahoos.I drew up my canoe as close as I could to the shore, and hid myself behind a stone by the little brook, which, as I have already said, was excellent water.The ship came within half a league of this creek, and sent her long boat with vessels to take in fresh water (for the place, it seems, was very well known); but I did not observe it, till the boat was almost on shore; and it was too late to seek another hiding-place.The seamen at their landing observed my canoe, and rummaging it all over, easily conjectured that the owner could not be far off.Four of them, well armed, searched every cranny and lurking-hole, till at last they found me flat on my face behind the stone.They gazed awhile in admiration at my strange uncouth dress; my coat made of skins, my wooden-soled shoes, and my furred stockings; whence, however, they concluded, I was not a native of the place, who all go naked.One of the seamen, in Portuguese, bid me rise, and asked who I was.I understood that language very well, and getting upon my feet, said, “I was a poor Yahoo banished from the Houyhnhnms, and desired they would please to let me depart.”They admired to hear me answer them in their own tongue, and saw by my complexion I must be a European; but were at a loss to know what I meant by Yahoos and Houyhnhnms; and at the same time fell a-laughing at my strange tone in speaking, which resembled the neighing of a horse.I trembled all the while betwixt fear and hatred. I again desired leave to depart, and was gently moving to my canoe; but they laid hold of me, desiring to know, “what country I was of? whence I came?” with many other questions.I told them “I was born in England, whence I came about five years ago, and then their country and ours were at peace.When they began to talk, I thought I never heard or saw any thing more unnatural; for it appeared to me as monstrous as if a dog or a cow should speak in England, or a Yahoo in Houyhnhnmland.The honest Portuguese were equally amazed at my strange dress, and the odd manner of delivering my words, which, however, they understood very well.They spoke to me with great humanity, and said, “they were sure the captain would carry me gratis to Lisbon, whence I might return to my own country; that two of the seamen would go back to the ship, inform the captain of what they had seen, and receive his orders; in the mean time, unless I would give my solemn oath not to fly, they would secure me by force.I thought it best to comply with their proposal.They were very curious to know my story, but I gave them very little satisfaction, and they all conjectured that my misfortunes had impaired my reason.In two hours the boat, which went laden with vessels of water, returned, with the captain’s command to fetch me on board.I fell on my knees to preserve my liberty; but all was in vain; and the men, having tied me with cords, heaved me into the boat, whence I was taken into the ship, and thence into the captain’s cabin.His name was Pedro de Mendez; he was a very courteous and generous person.However, I remained silent and sullen; I was ready to faint at the very smell of him and his men.At last I desired something to eat out of my own canoe;but he ordered me a chicken, and some excellent wine, and then directed that I should be put to bed in a very clean cabin.I would not undress myself, but lay on the bed-clothes, and in half an hour stole out, when I thought the crew was at dinner, and getting to the side of the ship, was going to leap into the sea, and swim for my life, rather than continue among Yahoos.But one of the seamen prevented me, and having informed the captain, I was chained to my cabin.After dinner, Don Pedro came to me, and desired to know my reason for so desperate an attempt;assured me, “he only meant to do me all the service he was able;” and spoke so very movingly, that at last I descended to treat him like an animal which had some little portion of reason.I gave him a very short relation of my voyage; of the conspiracy against me by my own men; of the country where they set me on shore, and of my five years residence there.All which he looked upon as if it were a dream or a vision; whereat I took great offence; for I had quite forgot the faculty of lying, so peculiar to Yahoos, in all countries where they preside, and, consequently, their disposition of suspecting truth in others of their own species.I asked him, “whether it were the custom in his country to say the thing which was not?” I assured him, “I had almost forgot what he meant by falsehood, and if I had lived a thousand years in Houyhnhnmland, I should never have heard a lie from the meanest servant; that I was altogether indifferent whether he believed me or not; but, however, in return for his favours, I would give so much allowance to the corruption of his nature, as to answer any objection he would please to make, and then he might easily discover the truth.”The captain, a wise man, after many endeavours to catch me tripping in some part of my story, at last began to have a better opinion of my veracity.But he added, “that since I professed so inviolable an attachment to truth, I must give him my word and honour to bear him company in this voyage, without attempting any thing against my life; or else he would continue me a prisoner till we arrived at Lisbon.”I gave him the promise he required; but at the same time protested, “that I would suffer the greatest hardships, rather than return to live among Yahoos.”Our voyage passed without any considerable accident.In gratitude to the captain, I sometimes sat with him, at his earnest request, and strove to conceal my antipathy against human kind, although it often broke out; which he suffered to pass without observation.But the greatest part of the day I confined myself to my cabin, to avoid seeing any of the crew.The captain had often entreated me to strip myself of my savage dress, and offered to lend me the best suit of clothes he had.This I would not be prevailed on to accept, abhorring to cover myself with any thing that had been on the back of a Yahoo.These I changed every second day, and washed them myself.We arrived at Lisbon, Nov. 5, 1715.At our landing, the captain forced me to cover myself with his cloak, to prevent the rabble from crowding about me.I conjured him “to conceal from all persons what I had told him of the Houyhnhnms; because the least hint of such a story would not only draw numbers of people to see me, but probably put me in danger of being imprisoned, or burnt by the Inquisition.”The captain persuaded me to accept a suit of clothes newly made; but I would not suffer the tailor to take my measure; however, Don Pedro being almost of my size, they fitted me well enough.He accoutred me with other necessaries, all new, which I aired for twenty-four hours before I would use them.The captain had no wife, nor above three servants, none of which were suffered to attend at meals; and his whole deportment was so obliging, added to very good human understanding, that I really began to tolerate his company.He gained so far upon me, that I ventured to look out of the back window.By degrees I was brought into another room, whence I peeped into the street, but drew my head back in a fright.In a week’s time he seduced me down to the door. I found my terror gradually lessened, but my hatred and contempt seemed to increase.I was at last bold enough to walk the street in his company, but kept my nose well stopped with rue, or sometimes with tobacco.In ten days, Don Pedro, to whom I had given some account of my domestic affairs, put it upon me, as a matter of honour and conscience, “that I ought to return to my native country, and live at home with my wife and children.”He told me, “there was an English ship in the port just ready to sail, and he would furnish me with all things necessary.”He said, “it was altogether impossible to find such a solitary island as I desired to live in; but I might command in my own house, and pass my time in a manner as recluse as I pleased.”I complied at last, finding I could not do better.I left Lisbon the 24th day of November, in an English merchantman, but who was the master I never inquired.Don Pedro accompanied me to the ship, and lent me twenty pounds.He took kind leave of me, and embraced me at parting, which I bore as well as I could.During this last voyage I had no commerce with the master or any of his men; but, pretending I was sick, kept close in my cabin.On the fifth of December, 1715, we cast anchor in the Downs, about nine in the morning, and at three in the afternoon I got safe to my house at Rotherhith.*My wife and family received me with great surprise and joy, because they concluded me certainly dead; but I must freely confess the sight of them filled me only with hatred, disgust, and contempt; and the more, by reflecting on the near alliance I had to them.For although, since my unfortunate exile from the Houyhnhnm country, I had compelled myself to tolerate the sight of Yahoos, and to converse with Don Pedro de Mendez, yet my memory and imagination were perpetually filled with the virtues and ideas of those exalted Houyhnhnms.And when I began to consider that, by copulating with one of the Yahoo species I had become a parent of more, it struck me with the utmost shame, confusion, and horror.As soon as I entered the house, my wife took me in her arms, and kissed me; at which, having not been used to the touch of that odious animal for so many years, I fell into a swoon for almost an hour.At the time I am writing, it is five years since my last return to England.During the first year, I could not endure my wife or children in my presence; the very smell of them was intolerable; much less could I suffer them to eat in the same room.To this hour they dare not presume to touch my bread, or drink out of the same cup, neither was I ever able to let one of them take me by the hand.The first money I laid out was to buy two young stonehorses, which I keep in a good stable; and next to them, the groom is my greatest favourite, for I feel my spirits revived by the smell he contracts in the stable.My horses understand me tolerably well; I converse with them at least four hours every day.They are strangers to bridle or saddle; they live in great amity with me and friendship to each other. CHAPTER XIIThe author’s veracity.His design in publishing this work.His censure of those travellers who swerve from the truth.The author clears himself from any sinister ends in writing.An objection answered.The method of planting colonies.His native country commended.The right of the crown to those countries described by the author is justified.The difficulty of conquering them.The author takes his last leave of the reader; proposes his manner of living for the future; gives good advice, and concludes.THUS, GENTLE READER, I have given thee a faithful history of my travels for sixteen years and above seven months: wherein I have not been so studious of ornament as of truth.I could, perhaps, like others, have astonished thee with strange improbable tales; but I rather chose to relate plain matter of fact, in the simplest manner and style; because my principal design was to inform, and not to amuse thee.It is easy for us who travel into remote countries, which are seldom visited by Englishmen or other Europeans, to form descriptions of wonderful animals both at sea and land.Whereas a traveller’s chief aim should be to make men wiser and better, and to improve their minds by the bad, as well as good, example of what they deliver concerning foreign places.I could heartily wish a law was enacted, that every traveller, before he were permitted to publish his voyages, should be obliged to make oath before the Lord High Chancellor, that all he intended to print was absolutely true to the best of his knowledge; for then the world would no longer be deceived, as it usually is, while some writers, to make their works pass the better upon the public, impose the grossest falsities on the unwary reader.I have perused several books of travels with great delight in my younger days; but having since gone over most parts of the globe, and been able to contradict many fabulous accounts from my own observation, it has given me a great disgust against this part of reading, and some indignation to see the credulity of mankind so impudently abused.Therefore, since my acquaintance were pleased to think my poor endeavours might not be unacceptable to my country, I imposed on myself, as a maxim never to be swerved from, that I would strictly adhere to truth; neither indeed can I be ever under the least temptation to vary from it, while I retain in my mind the lectures and example of my noble master and the other illustrious Houyhnhnms of whom I had so long the honour to be an humble hearer.I know very well, how little reputation is to be got by writings which require neither genius nor learning, nor indeed any other talent, except a good memory, or an exact journal.I know likewise, that writers of travels, like dictionary-makers, are sunk into oblivion by the weight and bulk of those who come last, and therefore lie uppermost.And it is highly probable, that such travellers, who shall hereafter visit the countries described in this work of mine, may, by detecting my errors (if there be any), and adding many new discoveries of their own, justle me out of vogue, and stand in my place, making the world forget that ever I was an author.This indeed would be too great a mortification, if I wrote for fame: but as my sole intention was the public good, I cannot be altogether disappointed.For who can read of the virtues I have mentioned in the glorious Houyhnhnms, without being ashamed of his own vices, when he considers himself as the reasoning, governing animal of his country?I shall say nothing of those remote nations where Yahoos preside; among which the least corrupted are the Brobdingnagians; whose wise maxims in morality and government it would be our happiness to observe.But I forbear descanting further, and rather leave the judicious reader to his own remarks and application.I am not a little pleased that this work of mine can possibly meet with no censurers:for what objections can be made against a writer, who relates only plain facts, that happened in such distant countries, where we have not the least interest, with respect either to trade or negotiations?I have carefully avoided every fault with which common writers of travels are often too justly charged.Besides, I meddle not the least with any party, but write without passion, prejudice, or ill-will against any man, or number of men, whatsoever.I write for the noblest end, to inform and instruct mankind; over whom I may, without breach of modesty, pretend to some superiority, from the advantages I received by conversing so long among the most accomplished Houyhnhnms. I write without any view to profit or praise.I never suffer a word to pass that may look like reflection, or possibly give the least offence, even to those who are most ready to take it.So that I hope I may with justice pronounce myself an author perfectly blameless;against whom the tribes of Answerers, Considerers, Observers, Reflectors, Detectors, Remarkers, will never be able to find matter forexercising their talents.I confess, it was whispered to me, “that I was bound in duty, as a subject of England, to have given in a memorial to a secretary of state at my first coming over; because, whatever lands are discovered by a subject belong to the crown.”But I doubt whether our conquests in the countries I treat of would be as easy as those of Ferdinando Cortez over the naked Americans.The Lilliputians, I think, are hardly worth the charge of a fleet and army to reduce them; and I question whether it might be prudent or safe to attempt the Brobdingnagians; or whether an English army would be much at their ease with the Flying Island over their heads.The Houyhnhnms indeed appear not to be so well prepared for war, a science to which they are perfect strangers, and especially against missive weapons.However, supposing myself to be a minister of state, I could never give my advice for invading them.Their prudence, unanimity, unacquaintedness with fear, and their love of their country, would amply supply all defects in the military art.Imagine twenty thousand of them breaking into the midst of an European army, confounding the ranks, overturning the carriages, battering the warriors’ faces into mummy by terrible yerks from their hinder hoofs;for they would well deserve the character given to Augustus, recalcitrat undique tutus.But, instead of proposals for conquering that magnanimous nation, I rather wish they were in a capacity, or disposition, to send a sufficient number of their inhabitants for civilizing Europe, by teaching us the first principles of honour, justice, truth, temperance, public spirit, fortitude, chastity, friendship, benevolence, and fidelityThe names of all which virtues are still retained among us in most languages, and are to be met with in modern, as well as ancient authors;which I am able to assert from my own small reading.But I had another reason, which made me less forward to enlarge his majesty’s dominions by my discoveries.To say the truth, I had conceived a few scruples with relation to the distributive justice of princes upon those occasions.For instance, a crew of pirates are driven by a storm they know not whither; at length a boy discovers land from the topmast; they go on shore to rob and plunder, they see a harmless people, are entertained with kindness; they give the country a new name; they take formal possession of it for their king; they set up a rotten plank, or a stone, for a memorial; they murder two or three dozen of the natives, bring away a couple more, by force, for a sample; return home, and get their pardon. Here commences a new dominion acquired with a title by divine right.Ships are sent with the first opportunity; the natives driven out or destroyed;their princes tortured to discover their gold; a free license given to all acts of inhumanity and lust, the earth reeking with the blood of its inhabitants: and this execrable crew of butchers, employed in so pious an expedition, is a modern colony, sent to convert and civilize an idolatrous and barbarous people!But this description, I confess, does by no means affect the British nation, who may be an example to the whole world for their wisdom, care, and justice in planting colonies; their liberal endowments for the advancement of religion and learning; their choice of devout and able pastors to propagate Christianity; their caution in stocking their provinces with people of sober lives and conversations from this the mother kingdom; their strict regard to the distribution of justice, in supplying the civil administration through all their colonies with officers of the greatest abilities, utter strangers to corruption; and, to crown all, by sending the most vigilant and virtuous governors, who have no other views than the happiness of the people over whom they preside, and the honour of the king their master.But as those countries which I have described do not appear to have any desire of being conquered and enslaved, murdered or driven out by colonies, nor abound either in gold, silver, sugar, or tobacco, I did humbly conceive, they were by no means proper objects of our zeal, our valour, or our interest.However, if those whom it more concerns think fit to be of another opinion, I am ready to depose, when I shall be lawfully called, that no European did ever visit those countries before me.I mean, if the inhabitants ought to be believed, unless a dispute may arise concerning the two Yahoos , said to have been seen many years ago upon a mountain in Houyhnhnmland.But, as to the formality of taking possession in my sovereign’s name, it never came once into my thoughts; and if it had, yet, as my affairs then stood, I should perhaps, in point of prudence and self-preservation, have put it off to a better opportunity.Having thus answered the only objection that can ever be raised against me as a traveller, I here take a final leave of all my courteous readers, and return to enjoy my own speculations in my little garden at Redriff; to apply those excellent lessons of virtue which I learned among the Houyhnhnms; to instruct the Yahoos of my own family, is far as I shall find them docible animals; to behold my figure often in a glass, and thus, if possible, habituate myself by time to tolerate the sight of a human creature; to lament the brutality to Houyhnhnms in my own country, but always treat their persons with respect, for the sake of my noble master, his family, his friends, and the whole Houyhnhnm race, whom these of ours have the honour to resemble in all their lineaments, however their intellectuals came to degenerate.I began last week to permit my wife to sit at dinner with me, at he farthest end of a long table; and to answer (but with the utmost brevity) the few questions I asked her.Yet, the smell of a Yahoo continuing very offensive, I always keep my nose well stopped with rue, lavender, or tobacco leaves.And, although it be hard for a man late in life to remove old habits, I am not altogether out of hopes, in some time, to suffer a neighbour Yahoo in my company, without the apprehensions I am yet under of his teeth or his claws.My reconcilement to the Yahoo kind in general might not be so difficult, if they would be content with those vices and follies only which nature has entitled them to.I am not in the least provoked at the sight of a lawyer, a pickpocket, a colonel, a fool, a lord, a gamester, a politician, a whor*monger, a physician, an evidence, a suborner, an attorney, a traitor, or the like; this is all according to the due course of things:but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it immediately breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal, and such a vice, could tally together.The wise and virtuous Houyhnhnms, who abound in all excellences that can adorn a rational creature, have no name for this vice in their language, which has no terms to express any thing that is evil, except those whereby they describe the detestable qualities of their Yahoos, among which they were not able to distinguish this of pride, for want of thoroughly understanding human nature, as it shows itself in other countries where that animal presides.But I, who had more experience, could plainly observe some rudiments of it among the wild Yahoos.But the Houyhnhnms, who live under the government of reason, are no more proud of the good qualities they possess, than I should be for not wanting a leg or an arm; which no man in his wits would boast of, although he must be miserable without them.I dwell the longer upon this subject from the desire I have to make the society of an English Yahoo by any means not insupportable; and therefore I here entreat those who have any tincture of this absurd vice, that they will not presume to come in my sight.“Domestic” is connected with “home”Once Dauren asked the Parrot:Kuzya, can you tell me the difference between domestic animals and wild animals?Try to guess.Dauren began to think:Domestic animals have an owner, and wild animals do not!Well, it is right, - Kuzya complimented the boy and added:I have wanted for a long time to invite you to my friends’ house in the village.Vitalik added:To our friends.The Parrot pretended not to hear.So. My friends have a big farm with cows, sheep, horses and pigs.There we will meet domestic animals, see how they live and learn new words at the same timeLook, at this little kid! – Kuzya pointed at a kid.Ooh! And where is its mum?Such little babies should not be away from their parents. – Lilian shook her head.Let’s go and find its mum then, - suggested Vitalik.We needn’t look for her.There she is! – little Nick pointed at a sheep.She is as white as her baby.So she is its mother.Everybody laughed.But Nick took offense and frowned.Nick, you are wrong! – Nick’s sister hugged him.Look!Our kid has little horns.And his mother – the goat – must have big horns.You have found a sheep, and sheep have their own babies called lamb.So, every baby has its own motherAnd every mother has her own babiesDon’t mix them up!You will never take our mum for anybody else, won’t you?So, keep your eyes open and try to remember evething!POULTRY YARDThe friends liked very much to stay at Vitalik’s and Kuzya’s pals.The hostess offered them fresh milk, let them ride a horse and play with kids.The children decided to stay at the farm one more day.In the morning the kids were woken up by a co*ck that shouted to Kuzya:Hey, Parrot! Come out quickly! The sun is rising!Kuzya woke up and began to call his friends:Hey, lazy-bones, get up to see the sun!Nick tried to hide under the pillow, but Kuzya found him and started to pinch his heels.He did so to Sauran who also Uked to sleep.Vitalik tried to hush the Parrot:Kuzay, why did you make us get up so early?Because today we will have our lesson at the poultry yard.Folks get up very early there - with a co*ck-crow - even chickens do so.ZOOOnce Lilian came to the lesson without Nick.Where is your brother? - asked Kuzya. - Is he sick?Even worse! - said Lilian angrily.Nick said he would be a great hunter when grows up.So what? - the brothers got astonished.What do you mean «so what»?He is going to hunt lions and tigers, and also antelopes, giraffes and crocodiles!I do not want it.I do not want these animals to disappear from the face of the earth because of my brother.Lilian, do not be angry with your brother, - Vitalik asked the girl.He is just a little boy, - Kuzya came to Nick’s defense.We will go to the zoo today.I think that after he meets animals there he will never want to kill them.And so it happened.After the lesson in the zoo Nick made friends with the zoo animals and decided to become a vet.In nature, there are very many animals that get food, defend themselves from enemies and bad weather, make dwellings, and raise their offsprings (babies).They are called wild animals. Wild animals live in forests and deserts, in cold and hot countries.THE PARROT - A BIRD OF FREEDOMAutumn is coming soon, - said Sauran sadly.Birds will fly to the South.It must be good there in the jungle, - groaned Kuzya. - «And warm.»I lived there! - said the Parrot proudly.I’ll was an absolutely wild and free bird.Don’t you like being with us? - Vitalik got upset.- «Have we hurt you somehow?»No, you have not, - answered the ParrotYou have been a good master but freedom is the best tiling a bird can have.The whole sky and earth belong to you!And today we will talk about free birds that can fly wherever they want.Kazakhstan-2050 Nationwide Movement EstablishedWe consider that involvement of the society into the idea of national technological breakthrough based on science, innovations and entrepreneurship is the most important condition of further development of our country.Our Movement stands for transformation of public conscience and formation of civil culture due to which every Kazakhstani citizen realizes and takes up a role of the full member of the society of universal labour bearing responsibility for his/her own life and achievement of the national goal – the accession of Kazakhstan to the world’s 30 most developed countries.On the threshold of the First day of the President of Kazakhstan Bolashak Scholars took part in the 7th Kazakh-Britain ForumIn Manchester on the eve of the Day of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan's Ambassador to the United Kingdom Erzhan Kazykhanov addressed the participants of the 7th Kazakh-British Forum and Presidential «Bolashak» scholars doing their technical degrees in the universities of Northern England.The speech emphasized historical role of the Head of State in development of independent Kazakhstan, stabilization and modernization of its economy, improvement of the living quality and standards of the people of Kazakhstan, democratization of the political system, formation of the foundations of the rule of law and civil society, strengthening of interethnic and interreligious harmony, recognition of Kazakhstan as a responsible and reliable partner by the international community.The United Kingdom ranks third after the United States and the Netherlands in terms of direct investment into our country’s economy, which exceeds $10 billion.They are involved in a variety of industries, including energy, transport, mining, metallurgy, education, health, banking and other sectors.Embassy of Kazakhstan to the United KingdomKazakhstan-2050 Nationwide Movement EstablishedWe consider that involvement of the society into the idea of national technological breakthrough based on science, innovations and entrepreneurship is the most important condition of further development of our country.Our Movement stands for transformation of public conscience and formation of civil culture due to which every Kazakhstani citizen realizes and takes up a role of the full member of the society of universal labour bearing responsibility for his/her own life and achievement of the national goal – the accession of Kazakhstan to the world’s 30 most developed countries.Born on September 15, 1984, Kazakh, higher education.Born on June 20, 1975, Kazakh, higher education.He graduated from the Kazakh State Academy of Management named after T. Ryskulov, major — «International economics».He worked as a leading economist of the Credits restructuring office, chief specialist of the Credits return office of the State loan department, head of the Budgetary crediting office of the Department of national debt and crediting, head of the Crediting management department, Deputy director of the Department of set and research of financial models of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Vice president of JSC «Financial Center».Bolashak International Scholarship was established on November 5, 1993 by the Decree of President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev.At the dawn of independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan needed highly-qualified professionals capable to conduct further reforms and worthily represent the country at the international arena.For the first time in history of the post-Soviet countries, talented Kazakhstani youth got a chance to study abroad.Bolashak Scholarship has become some kind of guarantor of successful career growth and professional self-realization of its graduates.Year by year the Program had been gaining pace and was adapted to the implementation of state objectives.1997 is one of the milestones in the country's development.The Head of State presented 2030 Kazakhstan Development Strategy.For ensuring effective implementation of the goals and objectives of the Strategy, amendments have been brought to the Bolashak Program as well.The number of graduates of technical faculties among the Scholarship holders was quite small.This can be explained by the fact that the volume of foreign language courses in technical and engineering programmes is much lower compared with economics related majors and humanities.In the first years of implementation of the Program the scholars studied in four countries only — the USA, Great Britain, Germany and France.Later on, geography of the countries was expanded due to development of cooperation with foreign universities as well as introduction of amendments to the Rules of Applicants Selection as per which the candidates were chosen among those studying abroad on aself-paid basis.Since 2000, in compliance with the Presidential Decree No.470 of October 12, 2000 «On Approval of the Rules of Applicants Selection and Bolashak International Scholarship Award» the applicants with technical and engineering degrees were permitted to partake in the competition for the Bolashak Scholarship regardless to foreign language proficiency requirement.In the period 1994–2004 the number of 780 scholarships had been awarded to study in 13 countries.In 2005 President N. Nazarbayev in his annual State-of-the-Nation-Address announced the importance of sending annually 3,000 young talented Kazakhstanis abroad for studying at the leading higher education institutions of the world.Within the formed market conditions, the state chose the development path that was based on the model of competitive economy and sustainable growth in Kazakhstan's priority areas with constantly increasing need in the specialists in the following sectors: industrial innovative development, education and science, management, marketing, logistics, new information technologies, housing and utilities, etc.The JSC «Center for International Programs» was established by the Governmental Resolution No.301 of April 4, 2005 to implement the objectives set.New Rules on Applicants’ Selection Process have been approved, the geography of foreign universities expanded from 13 to 33 countries.Eastern direction has got its development – higher education institutions of China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as of the post-soviet countries, were included in the List of Recommended Universities.“Website“ is a tracing from English «web-site»«web», which means "network", “web", and «site», means "place."Thus, the phrase «web-site» literally translates as "the place on the network."The first websites were a set of static documents.But now the vast majority of sites are dynamic and interactive.Top Web sites of universities in Kazakhstan was first held in 2013.And the leader of the ranking became the site of the Eurasian National University www.enu.kz.International company Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a recognized leader in the field of educational assessment, published the results of a new rating in 2014 - QS Top 50 Under 50.The rating included the top 50 universities in the world, opened no more than half a century ago.Methodology of the rating procedure is similar to the existing ranking methodology of QS World University Rankings and allows you to compare universities on criteria such as activity and quality of scientific and research works, teaching and internationalization, career potential, the opinion of employers, etc.In overall ranking list QS Top 50 Under 50 are represented universities from Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, the U.S., Spain, the Netherlands, Finland, Australia, Sweden, Belgium, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Argentina, Italy, Israel, Portugal, France and Saudi Arabia.L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University is the only university in the CIS included in this rating.Rating of university websites «Webometrics Ranking of World Universities» (Webometriks) is conducted by the research team from Spain "Laboratorio de Internet", dealing with the study of educational and research activities on the Internet.Webometrics analyzes not scientific and educational activities of universities in general, when the “representation” of the university in the Internet space.Webometrics Ranking allows only indirectly evaluate research achievements of universities through a comparison of their Internet sites.To familiarize with the results of the rating please follow at Webometrics Ranking of World Repositories by link http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/Asia/Kazakstan.The QS World University Rankings is worldwide recognized ranking and an excellent tool for assessment education quality.The results of rating are based on six indicators: authority in scientific research field, ratio of professorial and teaching staff to number of students, university reputation among employers, citation index, share of foreign students and share of foreign teachers.A large number of representatives of academic community and companies participated in the polls of QS Global Academic Survey and QS Global Employer Survey makes them the largest in the world.QS Ranking is regarded as one of the three most prestigious and widely observed international university rankingsentering into its list says about the international recognition of the quality of our university.Eurasian National University for the first time took part in the ranking of the QS WUR in 2009 and immediately joined the cluster "500 +".A year later, in 2010, the university has improved its position by entering into a cluster "Top 451-500” rating, and in 2011 - in a cluster "Top 401-450", thereby demonstrating a strong positive trend.According to the QS World University Rankings 2012, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University the first among Kazakhstan universities entered the top 400, taking 369th place.In 2013, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University was ranked in 303rd position in the list of widely recognized universities in the world, climbing 66 positions compared to the previous year.On Sept. 10, results of the world-renowned university ranking - 2013/2014 QS World University Rankings - became known, according to which the university took 303rd position among the strongest universities of the world.International recognition at such a high level is a proof of improving the quality of education at the university, as well as its compliance with the high standards of world education space.Positions of the Eurasian National University in QS World University Rankings- 2013 you can see by following the link: http://www.topuniversities.com/node/3915/ranking-details/world-university-rankings/2013Profile page of the Eurasian National University on the site QS World University Rankings http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/ln-gumilyov-eurasian-national-universityThe development strategy of the university till 2020 was adopted at the meeting of the Academic Council of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University on December 22, 2011 (Minutes of meeting № 12).Strategic directions of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University activity are:Formation of the university as a research center at the Eurasian Space;Development of human resources potential and management system of the university;Development of infrastructure, material and technical base.The development strategy of the University, as well as changes and additions to it are considered at the meeting of the Scientific and Methodological Council and with considerations of its recommendations are approved by the Academic Council of the University.A Plan on implementation of the Development strategy of L.N. Gumilyovfor 2012-2015 was developed on the basis of the Development Strategy until 2020 of the university.Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the International Academy of Science Pedagogical Education.was born on the 29th of the February 1956 in Semipalatinsk.In 1973 he has completed high school by Abay in Karul village of Abay region.From 1978 to 1980 years he worked as a trainee- researcher of the Department of the Social Sciences of Semipalatinsk Technological Institute of Meat and Milk Industry, from 1980 to 1981 - worked as an assistant of the same department.From September 1981 did his postgraduate program at S.M.Kirov Kazakh State University.In February 1984 defended dissertation of academic degree of the Candidate of Historian Sciences.From September 1984 till the January 1996 worked at the Semipalatinsk Technological Institute of Meat and Milk Industry on the position of an assistant, senior lecturer, docent, deputy of the dean of the faculty, head of a chair, professor, and vice-rector.In July 1996 was appointed on the position of the consultant of the department of the government service and human resources of apparatus of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.By the decision of HAC of RK on the 25th of the January 2001 was awarded an academic rank of professor, in 2003 was chosen as an Academician of the International academy of the sciences of pedagogical education, in 2005 - Academician of the Academy of Education named after Y. Altynsarin, Academician of Kazakh National Academy of Natural Sciences.In April 2004 by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan he was appointed as a rector of Semipalatinsk State Pedagogical Institute.From July 2008 to July 2011 was a rector of Shakarim Semipalatinsk State University.From the 26th of July 2011 by the Order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was appointed as a rector of L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University.PrintEducational process on the Master Program of the Eurasian national university starting from 2003 is carried out on credit technology of education.All Master students of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University are actively involved in scientific research works: take part in scientific conferences at various levels, engage in researches on Master Dissertations, have research fellowships in the near and far abroad.Specialists of the highest academic qualifications teach and supervise Master Dissertations: Academicians, PhD, Candidate of Sciences, Professors and Associate Professors with many years of practical experience, as well as invited teachers from the UK, France, Germany, the U.S. and other countries.Магистратура ЕНУ им. Л.Н. Гумилева – это:Highly qualified professorial and teaching staff and master classes by leading scientists of the world.The neweststudying equipment - from computer classes up to a heavy ion DC-60 accelerator.Participation in national and international conferences and seminars and a large number of internships and exchange programs.Possibility to obtain two diplomas by Double Degree Program.The movement of studentsPrintDear doctoral students!Doctoral studies of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University provide elite training of highly qualified scientific specialists for scientific, research, educational, industrial and innovative fields.A. Baubek, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor Е-mail: Baubek_AA@enu.kz Тел. 87011808934Protection of environment against industrial gases.Short DescriptionScientific and practical importance in comparison with similar studies is that the collecting electrodes rotate in a continuous strip, and charged dust particles perform a complex aerodynamic motion when interacted with collecting electrodes.Development of scientific bases of a new dust collection type and it’s virtual simulation, similar studies are not conducted in the world practice.Degree of purification of flue gas from suspended particles with rotating collecting electrodes is about 99.9%.Mathematical model in Matlab environment (or equivalent), to characterize the transient and steady modes.The virtual simulation model.Software for the controller.An application for monitoring the composition of air.Scope of ApplicationE. Zarkeshov, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor Тел. 87003956238Development of high performance anaerobic bacteria yeast to produce organic fertilizers and methane biogas, the alternative energy source of environmentally sound technologies of animal residues recycling with production of organic fertilizers.Short DescriptionFor the first time ever possibilities of application in the domestic practice of the method of selection and acquisition of new clones, anaerobic methanogenic microorganisms, selection of the best strains of methanogens and introduction of high-activity new strains for recycling of organic waste to produce methane biogas and organic fertilizers will be explored.Scientific novelty of the project is to use the newly acquired strains of anaerobic bacteria, which significantly increases the rate of decomposition of waste biomass to produce methane biogas and environmentally sound organic fertilizers that would be used for recycling of organic waste and producing of biogas-fuel for use in farms for heat and electricity.The project opens the possibility of producing of a cheap source of energy and organic fertilizers that are extremely necessary for local farms dealing with grains.Scope of ApplicationAgriculture, energy, housing and utility structures.I. Irgibayeva Е-mail: irgsm@mail.ru Тел. 87014158163Development of new condensation resins and fluorescent polymeric materials based on them for painting of road and navigation signs, marking of transport, road workers and road markings.Short DescriptionField of application of luminescent materials is to ensure safety on the roads, attracting attention of road users to the sources of increased danger and to people working on the roads.Development of a method of producing both thermoplastic and thermoset melamine-sulfonamide-formaldehyde resins and fluorescent pigments based on them, which provides significant reduction in emissions of toxic formaldehyde.Scientific novelty: a) through a special process a reaction between toluene sulfonamide (TSA) and paraformaldehyde passes quickly and at relatively low temperature, resulting in a very small portion of paraformaldehyde (less than 0.2%) is spent for getting a by-product formaldehyde gas released into the atmosphere.This provides a high ecological production; and b) because of the special technique of Jet Mill pigment grinding to a size of 3 to 20 microns, obtaining of fluorescent coating of high level of hom*ogeneity, having enhanced fluorescent properties compared to similar coatings becomes possible.Production of prototype models of fluorescent road signs and melamine-formaldehyde resins.Scope of ApplicationProduction of road signs, melamine-formaldehyde resins for the wood industry.R. Turpanova, Candidate of Agricultural Science Е-mail: Rauza_@enu.kz Тел. 87014360827On the basis of modern biotechnology methods to increase the potential productive capacities of potato varieties zoned in Kazakhstan.Short DescriptionKey tasks: to get a virus-free planting material of potato in vitro using the method of isolating the apical meristem and the method of RNA interference; explore the protective mechanisms of RNA interference in potato plants in response to viral infection, and to obtain stable somaclonal lines of domestic potato varieties, conduct biochemical, molecular, and selection and genetic analysis of resistant potato somaclonal lines derived from RNA interference method and apical meristems method; breeding of resistant somaclonal lines of the regenerated plants in a greenhouse; field-tests of stable somaclonal lines, selection and genetic evaluation, selection of forms with economically valuable signs.Development of obtaining of virus-free seed potatoes will improve the quality and reduce the import of potatoes at the potato market.Potato price will be reduced by 1.5-2 times when filling the market with quality potatoes.The competitiveness of results is very high, as new original forms of resistant potato varieties are going to be obtained that would be recommended for production.Scope of ApplicationFarms, food market, food industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan.N. Shapekova Doctor of Medical Science, Professor Е-mail: Shapekova_Nl@enu.kz Тел. 87051281890Molecular genetic studies and development of a rapid test for the detection of antigens of dermatophytes to improve diagnosis of onychomycosis.Short DescriptionRelevance of the project: development of a complete collection of dermatomycoses originators and laboratory diagnosis and rapid diagnosis.Objectives: study of species diversity of onychomycosis originators of residents of Astana; study of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of dermatophytes using multilocus sequence typing; creation of a collection of microbial originators of onychomycosis of humans, producing specific antigens, valuable in respect of diagnostics.Scientific novelty: creation of a collection of microbial originators of onychomycosis of humans producing specific antigens, valuable in respect of diagnostics.Production of a biomass, separation and purification of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes antigens. Study of properties, activity, specificity and immunogenicity, definition of working titres of antigens in various serotests.Scope of ApplicationMedicine, MicrobiologyThe project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (7 000 thousand tenge for 2012).A. Akilbekov Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Аkilbekov_AT@enu.kz Тел. 87013880475Development of basic assumptions of mechanisms of creating nanostructures in dielectrics influenced by high energy ions.Short DescriptionThe problem of creation and study of properties of nanostructures in solids, creation of nanoporous materials is an important task of nanophysics.Study of conditions of structure modification, optical and nano-mechanical properties of LiF crystals, irradiated with high speed ions using methods of absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation.Cross chips (along the track) irradiated by LiF crystal ions are studies for the first time, after chemical etching using methods of atomic force and scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation.Development of basic assumptions of mechanisms of creation and properties of nanocrystallites in crystalline dielectrics, which allows creation of the necessary nanostructures within the crystal, creation of nanoporous materials with possible applications for micro-, nano-electronics, and micro-, nano - electromechanical systems.Scope of ApplicationMicro-, nano-electronics, nano-electromechanical systems, membrane technologies.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (6 000 thousand tenge for 2012).A. Zhusupbekov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: ZHusipbekov_AZH@enu.kz Тел. 87015118382The research work on the basis of which normative documents are going to be made regarding engineering of DDS and CFA pile foundations, and conducting of dynamic tests using PDA method, and quality control using PIT method.Short DescriptionThe project involves a comprehensive study of modern DDS and CFA pile technologies, as well as PDA method of piles driving quality control, which, of course, is of practical interest to modern construction of Kazakhstan.On the basis of studies normative and technical guidelines have already been developed and are being developed, provisions of which would help to conduct high-quality design of pile foundations using CFA and DDS technology, and increase economic efficiency as well.Improving of the normative and technical base in the sphere of construction of Kazakhstan.Scope of ApplicationCivil and industrial construction, road building.A. Sharipbayev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Sharalt@mail.ru Тел. 87017771652Creation of automation technologies of development of local versions and online versions of electronic textbooks.Short DescriptionInformatization of education involves use of electronic textbooks for all studied subjects.Technology of automation of creation of local and online versions of electronic textbooks.Scope of ApplicationE-learning, distance learning.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (8 000 thousand tenge for 2012).T. Nurakhmetov Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Nurahmetov_T@enu.kz Тел. 87016195249Short DescriptionThe study of synthetic polymers is of great practical importance for production of new luminescent materials.Objectives: analysis of the current state of development of photoelectric devices for solar energy; search for new luminescent materials effectively converting ultraviolet radiation of solar spectrum into radiation of orange-red range; study of the processes of transformation of ultraviolet radiation in fluorescent materials and establishment of mechanisms of their behavior, etc.; the luminescent pure and doped with Eu3+, Tb3+ monodisperse highly porous silica microspheres with size of 340-360 nm were produced using the colloidal sol-gel method.The studied substances can be used as containers delivering drugs, chemicals to pathology areas, as luminophores, solar cells, etc.Scope of ApplicationB. Unaspekov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Тел. 87016195111Development of experimental and industrial design of heating unit providing automatic control of coolant flow in the dependent heating system with no external electric power supply source.Short DescriptionRelevance of the project: development of modern energy saving automated heating unit that regulates operation of the heating system.Objectives: theoretical and experimental study of the system of automatic regulation in the dependent heating system based on a water-jet pump.Scientific novelty: for the first time ever a technological process of control of coolant flow in the dependent heating system with no external electric power supply sources is developed.Development of theoretical principles of systems of automatic control of heating of buildings with no external power supply sources.Scope of ApplicationSystems of district heating and housing facilities.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (12 641 thousand tenge for 2012).T. Yermekov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor Тел. 87777343445Short DescriptionThe goal of the project is to ensure safety of mining operations in the breakage face and without the constant presence of workers at the expense of adaptive software management.Severe reduction of loss of minerals, as well as improvement of quality of extracted minerals through the use of automatic mining excavation manipulator with the executive arm of selective action.An innovative way of cutting the coal seam, which provides a 10 times reduction of energy intensity in cutting seam in the breakage face compared to existing shearers.A new arrangement of all operations of coal excavating in various scattered points was developed.Mechanism of combining speed of ВМФ-4НА providing efficient and reliable production line was developed.The high maneuverability of operations in different versions depending on ВМФ-4НА location.The possibility of adaptive software control of the Mining Robotized Complex at the distance of up to 500 meters and from the surface.Assurance of reliability and efficiency of the Mining Robotized Complex with quality in the breakage face.Scope of ApplicationYe. Suleymen, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, PhD Е-mail: syerlan75@yandex.ru Тел. 87016834983Creation of sample products based on essential oils of plants of Kazakhstan.Short DescriptionRelevance of the study is provided by the need of perfume industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in domestic products, including those of natural vegetable origin.As a result of the project Kazakh plant material is going to be used, which had never been used as a source for commercial production of essential oils and production of samples.Objectives: collection of prospective oil-bearing plants; separation of essential oil using the Alpha-Ether unit; and analysis of essential oils in respect of the component structure and toxicity, olfactometric indicators; development of sample products based on essential oils: ointments, sprays, bath salts, aroma compounds, souvenirs, etc.; development of production schedules, technical specifications for production of outputs based on essential oils. Certification, protection of intellectual property; replication of technology.For the first time ever sample products based on essential oils, such as aroma compounds, perfumes, essences for beverages, aroma oils, bath salts, colognes, creams, sachets, sprays under the brand name “Flavours of the Steppes of Kazakhstan” are going to be produced, which will be widely used.Scope of ApplicationPerfumes, cosmetics, medicine.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (8 450 thousand tenge for 2012).K. Sarsenbayev, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Sarsenbayev_KN@enu.kz Тел. 87777214554Development of a technology for production of a variety of products from raw cistanche stolons.Short DescriptionDevelopment of the next technology of cistanche processing: gentle extraction of valuable biologically active compounds, manufacture of ointments, creams, shampoos, medicinal plasters, preparation of soft drinks, fixation of fresh tissues in alcoholic extracts and preparation of impressive pictures of parts of a plant “with snakeskin and head”, selection of the taste and healthful bouquet for making liqueurs, storage and use of a new vegetable dish - cistanche, drying and packaging of tonic and sex stimulating teas, industrial technology of provision, drying and packaging of cistanche stolons for export.Scientific novelty: creation of a new type of ginseng products on the basis of a number of physiologically active compounds of plants of the local flora - cistanche.In the course of the project the following technologies are going to be developed: production of cream, ointment, medicinal plasters based on aqueous extracts of cistanche stolons, soft drinks, alcoholic extracts, liqueurs, culinary products made of fresh and frozen cistanche as vegetable, tonic and sex stimulating teas, packaged cistanche stolons for export, artificial propagation of the plant.Scope of ApplicationFood, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.A. Dauletbekova, Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Assistant Professor Е-mail: alma_dauletbek@mail.ru Тел. 87014977209Development of new technologies of creation of high performance crystalline phosphors on the basis of lithium fluoride with oxygen-containing polyvalent metal alloys to use them as ionizing-radiation detectors.Short DescriptionDevelopment of dosimetric, scintillation materials, luminophores with better characteristics, nonhygroscopic, low-toxic, for nuclear medicine, geology, research in high energy physics, nuclear physics, space research, and production of fluorescent lamps is an important issue.The goal of the project is to prove the existence of nanostructured systems with multivalent ions, setting the properties and composition of such systems, luminescence centers in them, radiation energy transfer to luminescence centers.In the synthesis of lithium fluoride crystals doped with polyvalent cations nanocomplexes are formed.Research of nanocomplexes will create a technology of synthesis of dosimetric, scintillation materials, luminophores with better characteristics.The recommendations on process of growth and the preparation of samples of crystals (and polycrystals) for specific purposes were developed: first of all for scintillators and dosimeters, detectors of various ionizing radiations.Scope of ApplicationNuclear medicine, nuclear physics, geology, and for research in high energy physics, production of fluorescent lamps, gnology.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (8 000 thousand tenge for 2012).V. Kim, Candidate of Technical Sciences Е-mail: Kim_VM@enu.kz Тел. 87019251997Development of the system for preparation of water-fuel emulsions, which can be quickly, effectively and with low cost implemented at TPS, large and small boiler houses.Short DescriptionScientific novelty: For the first time ever a system of preparation of water-fuel emulsions with upgraded double rotary dispersant is being developed, and for the first time ever the impact of electromagnetic waves and resonators on the degree of decomposition of water VTE will be determined.Saving of 15-20% liquid fuel (mazut), energy savings (due to unnecessary evaporation of water from the source of fuel oil) - 20%.Two-fold reduction of Nox, Sox emissions.The economic effect for Kazakhstan is about USD150 million a year.The payback period for the interested parties is not more than 6-9 months.Scope of ApplicationBasic, industrial energy, housing and utilities infrastructure.A. Baubek, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor Е-mail: Baubek_AA@enu.kz Тел. 87011808934Protection of environment against industrial gases.Short DescriptionScientific and practical importance in comparison with similar studies is that the collecting electrodes rotate in a continuous strip, and charged dust particles perform a complex aerodynamic motion when interacted with collecting electrodes.Development of scientific bases of a new dust collection type and it’s virtual simulation, similar studies are not conducted in the world practice.Degree of purification of flue gas from suspended particles with rotating collecting electrodes is about 99.9%.Mathematical model in Matlab environment (or equivalent), to characterize the transient and steady modes.The virtual simulation model.Software for the controller.An application for monitoring the composition of air.Scope of ApplicationE. Zarkeshov, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor Тел. 87003956238Development of high performance anaerobic bacteria yeast to produce organic fertilizers and methane biogas, the alternative energy source of environmentally sound technologies of animal residues recycling with production of organic fertilizers.Short DescriptionFor the first time ever possibilities of application in the domestic practice of the method of selection and acquisition of new clones, anaerobic methanogenic microorganisms, selection of the best strains of methanogens and introduction of high-activity new strains for recycling of organic waste to produce methane biogas and organic fertilizers will be explored.Scientific novelty of the project is to use the newly acquired strains of anaerobic bacteria, which significantly increases the rate of decomposition of waste biomass to produce methane biogas and environmentally sound organic fertilizers that would be used for recycling of organic waste and producing of biogas-fuel for use in farms for heat and electricity.The project opens the possibility of producing of a cheap source of energy and organic fertilizers that are extremely necessary for local farms dealing with grains.Scope of ApplicationAgriculture, energy, housing and utility structures.I. Irgibayeva Е-mail: irgsm@mail.ru Тел. 87014158163Development of new condensation resins and fluorescent polymeric materials based on them for painting of road and navigation signs, marking of transport, road workers and road markings.Short DescriptionField of application of luminescent materials is to ensure safety on the roads, attracting attention of road users to the sources of increased danger and to people working on the roads.Development of a method of producing both thermoplastic and thermoset melamine-sulfonamide-formaldehyde resins and fluorescent pigments based on them, which provides significant reduction in emissions of toxic formaldehyde.Scientific novelty: a) through a special process a reaction between toluene sulfonamide (TSA) and paraformaldehyde passes quickly and at relatively low temperature, resulting in a very small portion of paraformaldehyde (less than 0.2%) is spent for getting a by-product formaldehyde gas released into the atmosphere.This provides a high ecological production; and b) because of the special technique of Jet Mill pigment grinding to a size of 3 to 20 microns, obtaining of fluorescent coating of high level of hom*ogeneity, having enhanced fluorescent properties compared to similar coatings becomes possible.Production of prototype models of fluorescent road signs and melamine-formaldehyde resins.Scope of ApplicationProduction of road signs, melamine-formaldehyde resins for the wood industry.R. Turpanova, Candidate of Agricultural Science Е-mail: Rauza_@enu.kz Тел. 87014360827On the basis of modern biotechnology methods to increase the potential productive capacities of potato varieties zoned in Kazakhstan.Short DescriptionKey tasks: to get a virus-free planting material of potato in vitro using the method of isolating the apical meristem and the method of RNA interference; explore the protective mechanisms of RNA interference in potato plants in response to viral infection, and to obtain stable somaclonal lines of domestic potato varieties, conduct biochemical, molecular, and selection and genetic analysis of resistant potato somaclonal lines derived from RNA interference method and apical meristems method; breeding of resistant somaclonal lines of the regenerated plants in a greenhouse; field-tests of stable somaclonal lines, selection and genetic evaluation, selection of forms with economically valuable signs.Development of obtaining of virus-free seed potatoes will improve the quality and reduce the import of potatoes at the potato market.Potato price will be reduced by 1.5-2 times when filling the market with quality potatoes.The competitiveness of results is very high, as new original forms of resistant potato varieties are going to be obtained that would be recommended for production.Scope of ApplicationFarms, food market, food industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan.N. Shapekova Doctor of Medical Science, Professor Е-mail: Shapekova_Nl@enu.kz Тел. 87051281890Molecular genetic studies and development of a rapid test for the detection of antigens of dermatophytes to improve diagnosis of onychomycosis.Short DescriptionRelevance of the project: development of a complete collection of dermatomycoses originators and laboratory diagnosis and rapid diagnosis.Objectives: study of species diversity of onychomycosis originators of residents of Astana; study of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of dermatophytes using multilocus sequence typing; creation of a collection of microbial originators of onychomycosis of humans, producing specific antigens, valuable in respect of diagnostics.Scientific novelty: creation of a collection of microbial originators of onychomycosis of humans producing specific antigens, valuable in respect of diagnostics.Production of a biomass, separation and purification of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes antigens. Study of properties, activity, specificity and immunogenicity, definition of working titres of antigens in various serotests.Scope of ApplicationMedicine, MicrobiologyThe project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (7 000 thousand tenge for 2012).A. Akilbekov Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Аkilbekov_AT@enu.kz Тел. 87013880475Development of basic assumptions of mechanisms of creating nanostructures in dielectrics influenced by high energy ions.Short DescriptionThe problem of creation and study of properties of nanostructures in solids, creation of nanoporous materials is an important task of nanophysics.Study of conditions of structure modification, optical and nano-mechanical properties of LiF crystals, irradiated with high speed ions using methods of absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation.Cross chips (along the track) irradiated by LiF crystal ions are studies for the first time, after chemical etching using methods of atomic force and scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation.Development of basic assumptions of mechanisms of creation and properties of nanocrystallites in crystalline dielectrics, which allows creation of the necessary nanostructures within the crystal, creation of nanoporous materials with possible applications for micro-, nano-electronics, and micro-, nano - electromechanical systems.Scope of ApplicationMicro-, nano-electronics, nano-electromechanical systems, membrane technologies.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (6 000 thousand tenge for 2012).A. Zhusupbekov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: ZHusipbekov_AZH@enu.kz Тел. 87015118382The research work on the basis of which normative documents are going to be made regarding engineering of DDS and CFA pile foundations, and conducting of dynamic tests using PDA method, and quality control using PIT method.Short DescriptionThe project involves a comprehensive study of modern DDS and CFA pile technologies, as well as PDA method of piles driving quality control, which, of course, is of practical interest to modern construction of Kazakhstan.On the basis of studies normative and technical guidelines have already been developed and are being developed, provisions of which would help to conduct high-quality design of pile foundations using CFA and DDS technology, and increase economic efficiency as well.Improving of the normative and technical base in the sphere of construction of Kazakhstan.Scope of ApplicationCivil and industrial construction, road building.A. Sharipbayev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Sharalt@mail.ru Тел. 87017771652Creation of automation technologies of development of local versions and online versions of electronic textbooks.Short DescriptionInformatization of education involves use of electronic textbooks for all studied subjects.Technology of automation of creation of local and online versions of electronic textbooks.Scope of ApplicationE-learning, distance learning.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (8 000 thousand tenge for 2012).T. Nurakhmetov Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Nurahmetov_T@enu.kz Тел. 87016195249Short DescriptionThe study of synthetic polymers is of great practical importance for production of new luminescent materials.Objectives: analysis of the current state of development of photoelectric devices for solar energy; search for new luminescent materials effectively converting ultraviolet radiation of solar spectrum into radiation of orange-red range; study of the processes of transformation of ultraviolet radiation in fluorescent materials and establishment of mechanisms of their behavior, etc.; the luminescent pure and doped with Eu3+, Tb3+ monodisperse highly porous silica microspheres with size of 340-360 nm were produced using the colloidal sol-gel method.The studied substances can be used as containers delivering drugs, chemicals to pathology areas, as luminophores, solar cells, etc.Scope of ApplicationB. Unaspekov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Тел. 87016195111Development of experimental and industrial design of heating unit providing automatic control of coolant flow in the dependent heating system with no external electric power supply source.Short DescriptionRelevance of the project: development of modern energy saving automated heating unit that regulates operation of the heating system.Objectives: theoretical and experimental study of the system of automatic regulation in the dependent heating system based on a water-jet pump.Scientific novelty: for the first time ever a technological process of control of coolant flow in the dependent heating system with no external electric power supply sources is developed.Development of theoretical principles of systems of automatic control of heating of buildings with no external power supply sources.Scope of ApplicationSystems of district heating and housing facilities.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (12 641 thousand tenge for 2012).T. Yermekov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor Тел. 87777343445Short DescriptionThe goal of the project is to ensure safety of mining operations in the breakage face and without the constant presence of workers at the expense of adaptive software management.Severe reduction of loss of minerals, as well as improvement of quality of extracted minerals through the use of automatic mining excavation manipulator with the executive arm of selective action.An innovative way of cutting the coal seam, which provides a 10 times reduction of energy intensity in cutting seam in the breakage face compared to existing shearers.A new arrangement of all operations of coal excavating in various scattered points was developed.Mechanism of combining speed of ВМФ-4НА providing efficient and reliable production line was developed.The high maneuverability of operations in different versions depending on ВМФ-4НА location.The possibility of adaptive software control of the Mining Robotized Complex at the distance of up to 500 meters and from the surface.Assurance of reliability and efficiency of the Mining Robotized Complex with quality in the breakage face.Scope of ApplicationK. Sarsenbayev, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Е-mail: Sarsenbayev_KN@enu.kz Тел. 87777214554Development of a technology for production of a variety of products from raw cistanche stolons.Short DescriptionDevelopment of the next technology of cistanche processing: gentle extraction of valuable biologically active compounds, manufacture of ointments, creams, shampoos, medicinal plasters, preparation of soft drinks, fixation of fresh tissues in alcoholic extracts and preparation of impressive pictures of parts of a plant “with snakeskin and head”, selection of the taste and healthful bouquet for making liqueurs, storage and use of a new vegetable dish - cistanche, drying and packaging of tonic and sex stimulating teas, industrial technology of provision, drying and packaging of cistanche stolons for export.Scientific novelty: creation of a new type of ginseng products on the basis of a number of physiologically active compounds of plants of the local flora - cistanche.In the course of the project the following technologies are going to be developed: production of cream, ointment, medicinal plasters based on aqueous extracts of cistanche stolons, soft drinks, alcoholic extracts, liqueurs, culinary products made of fresh and frozen cistanche as vegetable, tonic and sex stimulating teas, packaged cistanche stolons for export, artificial propagation of the plant.Scope of ApplicationFood, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.A. Dauletbekova, Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Assistant Professor Е-mail: alma_dauletbek@mail.ru Тел. 87014977209Development of new technologies of creation of high performance crystalline phosphors on the basis of lithium fluoride with oxygen-containing polyvalent metal alloys to use them as ionizing-radiation detectors.Short DescriptionDevelopment of dosimetric, scintillation materials, luminophores with better characteristics, nonhygroscopic, low-toxic, for nuclear medicine, geology, research in high energy physics, nuclear physics, space research, and production of fluorescent lamps is an important issue.The goal of the project is to prove the existence of nanostructured systems with multivalent ions, setting the properties and composition of such systems, luminescence centers in them, radiation energy transfer to luminescence centers.In the synthesis of lithium fluoride crystals doped with polyvalent cations nanocomplexes are formed.Research of nanocomplexes will create a technology of synthesis of dosimetric, scintillation materials, luminophores with better characteristics.The recommendations on process of growth and the preparation of samples of crystals (and polycrystals) for specific purposes were developed: first of all for scintillators and dosimeters, detectors of various ionizing radiations.Scope of ApplicationNuclear medicine, nuclear physics, geology, and for research in high energy physics, production of fluorescent lamps, gnology.The project is executed over the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research” for 2012-2014 (8 000 thousand tenge for 2012).+7(7172)396118, 34123About club Creating conditions for systematic training of students, administrative and professorial staffwith physical culture and sports the ENUsport club is engaged in propaganda of physical education and healthy lifestylevalues.This is a prevention of crime, smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction.Surely, physical exercises create a system of moral and material incentives for students involved in high performance sport.ext. 31323Monday-Friday, at 9:00-18:00 (lunch break: 13:00-14: 00)Information and Patent Activity Service is a division of the Technology Commercialization Department formed in accordance with the order of the ENU Rector Y.B. Sydykov on December 2, 2014.- Carrying out information and promotional activities on the methodology of patenting;- Assistance in identifying the best ways for market entry of inventions of research institutes / universities;- Search the licensee, capable and interested in the successful use of intellectual property. Objectives:- Organization of work for the protection and management of intellectual property at the University;- Development and use of advanced forms of intellectual property management, creation and ensuring the implementation of the strategy of the University in the protection and management of intellectual property and the relevant patent and licensing / information policy;- Organization of patent information work and assessment activities (by objects of intellectual property) at the university;- Control (monitoring) to ensure the protection and management of intellectual property at the university;- Control of the timeliness securing exclusive rights to intellectual property belonging to the university, by executing established procedures to ensure effective protection, & keeping in force protection documents (patents, certificates);- Monitoring compliance of legislation in the field of intellectual property, local regulations on the protection and management of intellectual property by the University.PALYMBETOV RUSLAN SHAMENOVICHFaculty of Economics Serik Bihanuly Makysh, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Laboratory Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709528, ext. 32600 E-mail: makysh_sb@enu.kz http://ef.enu.kz/Faculty of Journalism and Politics Kairat Omirbayevich Sak, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4 Phone: +7 (7172) 709534, ext. 35200 E-mail: sak_ko@enu.kzhttp://fjp.enu.kz/Faculty of Law Amandykova Saule Koshkenovna, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St.,010008 Astana, Learning Administrative Building, office 217 Phone: +7 (7172) 709538, ext. 31248 E-mail: amandykova_sk@enu.kzhttp://yur.enu.kz/Faculty of Information Technologies Zhanat Kunapiyanovna Nurbekova, Dean Address: 11 Pushkin St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 2 Phone: +7 (7172) 709500, ext.34200 E-mail: nurbekova_zhk@enu.kzhttp://fit.enu.kz/Faculty of International Relations Baubek Zhumashevich Somzhurek, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Administrative Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31300 E-mail: somzhurek_bzh@enu.kzhttp://fmo.enu.kz/Faculty of Philology Sholpan Kuzarovna Zharkynbaekova, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Laboratory Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709531, ext. 32300 E-mail: zharkynbekova_shk@enu.kzhttp://ff.enu.kz/Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics Nurbolat Zhumabekovich Zhaishibekov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709469, ext. 33200 E-mail: jaychibekov_ng@enu.kzhttp://fmm.enu.kz/Faculty of Architecture and Construction Talgat Maratovich Baitasov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709532, ext. 33300 E-mail: baitasov_tm@enu.kzhttp://asf.enu.kz/Faculty of Social Sciences Sharip Amantay Zharylkasynovich, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4, office 109 Phone: +7 (7172) 709544, ext. 34302 E-mail: sharip_azh@enu.kzhttp://fsn.enu.kz/Faculty of History Tlegen Sadykovich Sadykov, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4 Phone: +7 (7172) 709537, ext. 35101 E-mail: sadikov_ts@enu.kz http://hist.enu.kz/Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences Abdrash Tasanovich Akylbekov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709527, ext. 33301 E-mail: akilbekov_at@enu.kzhttp://ftf.enu.kz/Faculty of Transport and Energy Tynys Bulekbayevich Suleimenov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709529, ext. 33100 E-mail: suleimenov_tb@enu.kzhttp://tef.enu.kz/Faculty of Natural Sciences Nelya Lukpanova Shapkenova, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709530, ext. 33201 E-mail: shapekova_nl@enu.kzhttp://fen.enu.kz/Faculty of Economics Serik Bihanuly Makysh, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Laboratory Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709528, ext. 32600 E-mail: makysh_sb@enu.kz http://ef.enu.kz/Faculty of Journalism and Politics Kairat Omirbayevich Sak, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4 Phone: +7 (7172) 709534, ext. 35200 E-mail: sak_ko@enu.kzhttp://fjp.enu.kz/Faculty of Law Amandykova Saule Koshkenovna, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St.,010008 Astana, Learning Administrative Building, office 217 Phone: +7 (7172) 709538, ext. 31248 E-mail: amandykova_sk@enu.kzhttp://yur.enu.kz/Faculty of Information Technologies Zhanat Kunapiyanovna Nurbekova, Dean Address: 11 Pushkin St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 2 Phone: +7 (7172) 709500, ext.34200 E-mail: nurbekova_zhk@enu.kzhttp://fit.enu.kz/Faculty of International Relations Baubek Zhumashevich Somzhurek, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Administrative Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31300 E-mail: somzhurek_bzh@enu.kzhttp://fmo.enu.kz/Faculty of Philology Sholpan Kuzarovna Zharkynbaekova, Dean Address: 2 Satpayev St., 010008 Astana, Learning Laboratory Building Phone: +7 (7172) 709531, ext. 32300 E-mail: zharkynbekova_shk@enu.kzhttp://ff.enu.kz/Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics Nurbolat Zhumabekovich Zhaishibekov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709469, ext. 33200 E-mail: jaychibekov_ng@enu.kzhttp://fmm.enu.kz/Faculty of Architecture and Construction Talgat Maratovich Baitasov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709532, ext. 33300 E-mail: baitasov_tm@enu.kzhttp://asf.enu.kz/Faculty of Social Sciences Sharip Amantay Zharylkasynovich, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4, office 109 Phone: +7 (7172) 709544, ext. 34302 E-mail: sharip_azh@enu.kzhttp://fsn.enu.kz/Faculty of History Tlegen Sadykovich Sadykov, Dean Address: 6 Yanushkevich St., 010008 Astana, Learning Building No 4 Phone: +7 (7172) 709537, ext. 35101 E-mail: sadikov_ts@enu.kz http://hist.enu.kz/Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences Abdrash Tasanovich Akylbekov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709527, ext. 33301 E-mail: akilbekov_at@enu.kzhttp://ftf.enu.kz/Faculty of Transport and Energy Tynys Bulekbayevich Suleimenov, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709529, ext. 33100 E-mail: suleimenov_tb@enu.kzhttp://tef.enu.kz/Faculty of Natural Sciences Nelya Lukpanova Shapkenova, Dean Address: 13 Kazhymukan St., 010008 Astana, Building No 3 Phone: +7 (7172) 709530, ext. 33201 E-mail: shapekova_nl@enu.kzhttp://fen.enu.kz/Monday - Friday 9:00-18:00 (a lunch break: 13:00-14:00)The Department of science and technology programs is structural division of Department of Science and Innovation.The primary goals of department is the organization and coordination of the innovative works spent at faculties, at scientific research institutes, centers of science and other structural divisions of university; the organization and assistance in carrying out fundamental and applied researches in the field of is natural-technical and the humanities; research and development commercialization; active search of budgetary and off-budget science funding; the organization of participation in competitions and tenders on NIR; maintenance of necessary conditions for development and realization of scientific and technical potential of structural divisions and separate employees of university; expansion of scientific cooperation with foreign higher educational institutions, scientific institutions and the industrial organizations in the field of scientific, research-and-production activity.In accordance with the Articles 142 and 148 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On State Property" dated March 1, 2011, by the Decree № 974 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 27, 2011, a new body of the enterprise - Supervisory Board of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University - was introduced at the RSE " L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University".Since the formation 6 meetings of the Board were organized, the Regulation on the Board of the University was approved.The main topics of the agenda, as a rule, were considered, discussed and approved strategic development plans, working-out proposals for priority activities of the University.By the Order of the authorized body the composition of the Council included 2 representatives of the authorized body, the Head of the University, 4 are elected by competition.Yerlan Battashevitch Sydykov - Rector of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Member of the Supervisory Board.In accordance with the Articles 142 and 148 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On State Property" dated March 1, 2011, by the Decree № 974 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 27, 2011, a new body of the enterprise - Supervisory Board of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University - was introduced at the RSE " L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University".Since the formation 6 meetings of the Board were organized, the Regulation on the Board of the University was approved.The main topics of the agenda, as a rule, were considered, discussed and approved strategic development plans, working-out proposals for priority activities of the University.By the Order of the authorized body the composition of the Council included 2 representatives of the authorized body, the Head of the University, 4 are elected by competition.Yerlan Battashevitch Sydykov - Rector of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Member of the Supervisory Board.In the period from May 19 to June 27, Albina Aldabergenova, BTS 1st year student of «Bioanalyses et contrôles» from La Rochelle city (France), is trained at the Scientific and Research Institute of Applied Chemistry under L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University."After school, I went to study in France in the field of biotechnology, because I believe that they occupy the position of the basic sciences of the future.I wrote about this in my letter of motivation when entering the study as well as for the internship at the Institute of Applied Chemistry.I am interested in this institute after reading an article on the Internet devoted to the development of perfume "Fragrance of Kazakhstan steppes” by scientists under the leadership of Candidate of Chemical Sciences, PhD E.M. Suleimen based on essential oils extracted from herbs growing on the territory of Kazakhstan.This idea seemed very exciting and interesting, and I wanted to participate in this project.I wanted to work with essential oils by myself, as we are also carried out experiments with them in our school in France and it was very exciting.Next I contacted with Erlan Melsuly who approved my candidacy as an intern.According to the plan, I will extract essential oils from plants of both Kazakhstan and the Far East, as well as will make compositions of them, will check their cytotoxic, antiradical and antioxidant activities.People who work here are very professional and experienced.One of these days the professor of Lodzin university Andzhei de Lozari gave lecture "The Poles and the Russians in mutual caricature" in thwe faculty of social sciences.PrintDear Students!The Eurasian National University, established in 1996, is one of the youngest universities in the Republic of Kazakhstan.The quality of training at our university fits the highest standards, what is certified by the successful participation of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University in international and national rankings, international accreditation of specialties.Educational activities are managed by highly skilled professionals, among them - the winners of state awards in the field of science and education, well-known scientists, Academics, Doctors and Candidates of Sciences, Professors and Associate Professors, PhD Doctors and Professors havingan extensive experience in teaching and research activities.To prepare students in the fields of natural and technical, social, humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University has modern multimedia, computer labs and extensive library.University gives you the opportunity to undergo training, industrial practice, on the basis of government organizations, leading enterprises of the city and the country.Students of the Eurasian National University not only acquire a deep knowledge, vast horizons, high level of culture, but also promote mobility, creativity and leadership.The key to our success is in this.Knowledge and ability - not same.Registration is open till January 20th, 2012.For whom the K-Foundation program is created?For students of 3-4 courses which have been adjusted on career in the sphere of auditor and consulting services.To that will you learn?You will be prepared for work in the company of your dream, and also ACCA certification.Training within KPMG K-Foundation 2012 turns on the following blocks:introduction in IFRS, the western account and bases of the Kazakhstan taxationfinancial analysis and corporate finance;English for the financier;skills of the business letter, skills of carrying out presentations, management of time, business dress-code, etc.;Participation in Online K-Foundation is free.Training will be carried out remotely to the Internet.The program is calculated on three months.The detailed planned schedule of all studied courses which will allow you to use the time effectively will be provided to you.Upon termination of each course it will be offered to you to pass online testing.All participants of Online K-Foundation will receive certificates on the termination of an educational program of KPMG with the list of all of the passable and successfully handed over courses.How to participate in K-Foundation?To register in KPMG Recruitment System (registration is open till January 20, 2012).A way for registration: 2012-Russia - Moscow - K-Foundation - GeneralTo pass online test.Dear employer!The department of career and business of partnership of L.N.Gumilyov ENU offers you a number of questions for the answer for the purpose of improvement of cooperation with your organization concerning work practice and employment of graduates of our university.Your version of the filled questionnaire we ask you to send on e-mail: akhmetova_ka@enu.kz, or by fax: 8(7172) 709 466In advance we thank for cooperation.Military DepartmentThe L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University is one of the leading classical universities in Kazakhstan,seeks to achieve the highest distinction in scholarship and research within the higher education context.Directions, specialities and specializations of preparation depend on each faculty of the University.The chair of sociology of the Eurasian national university carries out on June 14-23, 2012 Summer school on sociology «Communication between research and teaching practices».Among the lecturers who have confirmed their participation - Michael Burava (University of California in Berkeley), Sara Amsler (Lincoln University), Francua Rua (Friburg university), Mikhail Sokolov (The European university of St. Petersburg and the Higher school of economics in St. Petersburg), Pal Tamash (The Hungarian Academy of Sciences).Today Kazakhstan higher educational institutions - on a way to Research University.The new model assumes serious growth of research activity and complete involvement of the faculty in research activity.Our problem is connected with a question: how to include not objectified components of the academic knowledge (results of own researches) into educational process? How to teach students to perceive a science as not as a set of indisputable truths and ready technologies, but as difficult fight for an objectification?We invite the researchers representing social sciences (anthropology, political science, sociology etc.), whose academic interests are connected with the designated questions.The main working language – English.A number of sections within school will be presented in the Kazakh and Russian languages.The summer school will be organized in an interactive format.For the invited participants it is necessary to provide and present and present own projects.Selection will pass on the basis of competition.For participation in competition it is necessary for you to send own written work (volume – 1000 words, the text in the MS Word format) and CV (summary).CV can be prepared in English, Kazakh / Russian.The project is recommended to be prepared in English.For participation in competition it is necessary to send the text of article and CV to the address sssastana@gmail.com.A period of receiving applications – till 27th of April, 2012.Announcement of results – on 15th of May, 2012.The persons, who have been selected on the basis of competition, will be invited for participation in school.The chair of sociology of L.N.Gumilyov ENU as the organizer of school will take care of all the bills, connected with accommodation and food of nonresident participants, expenses on journey to Astana and back - at the expense of the directing party.In case of additional questions contact the coordinator of summer school Adil Rodionov sssastana@gmail.com or rodionov_an@enu.kz.The chair of sociology of the Eurasian national university carries out on June 14-23, 2012 Summer school on sociology «Communication between research and teaching practices».Among the lecturers who have confirmed their participation - Michael Burava (University of California in Berkeley), Sara Amsler (Lincoln University), Francua Rua (Friburg university), Mikhail Sokolov (The European university of St. Petersburg and the Higher school of economics in St. Petersburg), Pal Tamash (The Hungarian Academy of Sciences).Today Kazakhstan higher educational institutions - on a way to Research University.The new model assumes serious growth of research activity and complete involvement of the faculty in research activity.Our problem is connected with a question: how to include not objectified components of the academic knowledge (results of own researches) into educational process? How to teach students to perceive a science as not as a set of indisputable truths and ready technologies, but as difficult fight for an objectification?We invite the researchers representing social sciences (anthropology, political science, sociology etc.), whose academic interests are connected with the designated questions.The main working language – English.A number of sections within school will be presented in the Kazakh and Russian languages.The summer school will be organized in an interactive format.For the invited participants it is necessary to provide and present and present own projects.Selection will pass on the basis of competition.A period of receiving applications – till 27th of April, 2012.Announcement of results – on 15th of May, 2012.The persons, who have been selected on the basis of competition, will be invited for participation in school.The chair of sociology of L.N.Gumilyov ENU as the organizer of school will take care of all the bills, connected with accommodation and food of nonresident participants, expenses on journey to Astana and back - at the expense of the directing party.In case of additional questions contact the coordinator of summer school Adil Rodionov sssastana@gmail.com or rodionov_an@enu.kz.L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Today the Eurasian National University is one of the leading educational, scientific and cultural centers of Kazakhstan.To study at our university is very prestigious.Graduates of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University work in the largest national and international organizations.Many of them continue their education at the leading research centers of the world.L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Today the Eurasian National University is one of the leading educational, scientific and cultural centers of Kazakhstan.To study at our university is very prestigious.Today you will make a very important step - to choose your future profession.We invite you to become a student of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.According to the results of the QS World University Rankings our university is in the top 400 leading world universities.Only in 2011, more than 2282 holders of "ALTYN BELGI" and the winners of the republican subject Olympiads, regional science projects of Kazakhstan and 340 foreign countries joined our university.Thousands of creative thinking alumni of the Eurasian National University currently occupy key positions in governmental and municipal services, finance and banking structures, small and medium businesses.Today L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University unites more than 12,000 talented students of Kazakhstan, CIS and other foreign countries who have the opportunity to be taught by highly qualified teachers and distinguished scholars of the world, to listen to the lectures of the Nobel Prize winners.Its rich history and glorious traditions, a solid scientific foundation, confirmed by laboratories, research institutes - these are the distinguishing features of our institution.You have a unique opportunity to gain in the walls of the national institution not only the fundamental knowledge, but also a real prospect to realize yourself successfully, develop your intellectual and creative potential and build a career in the future.At L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University you can: do research under the guidance of leading scientists of the country and the world; study in educational programs accredited in a recognized, international agencies; travel within the framework of academic mobility for semester studies in leading foreign universities.We are waiting for you, talented graduates, appropriate to a high educational status of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.In our country creation, a right protection and use of inventions are regulated by the Patent law of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Instruction on drawing up, registration and consideration of the demand for delivery of the innovative patent and the patent for the invention,- the Chairman of Committee confirmed by the Order on intellectual property rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan from April, 24th, 2007 № 52-ODES.Intellectual property – the property of the rights which arise at activity of the creative person.The Kazakhstan legislation provides delivery of two kinds of patents: the patent and the innovative patent.The patent and the innovative patent certify an exclusive right to the invention allowing the owner of the patent at own discretion to use and dispose by the invention.That the technical decision has been recognized by the invention, it is necessary for it to possess following properties:- Novelty (not to be known of existing level of techniques),- Inventive level (not to be obvious, proceeding from current level of knowledge of experts),- Industrial applicability. Quantity of patents for 2008-2011As of 25.04.2012 The republican governmental state enterprise "National institute of intellectual property" of Committee for intellectual property rights of the Ministry of Justice of Republic Kazakhstan (SRIS) is the organization which is carrying out expert functions of patent department - Committee on intellectual property rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Phone num.:502620 (21).On all interested questions you can address to the science departmentDosanova A.E. (phone num.:+7 (7172) 709493, ext.31403, an e-mail: Dosanova_AE@enu.kz)The head of laboratory – S.N. Nurakov, doctor of technical science, professorResearch Area - Excavation and loading machines bucketless rotors;- Development of normative documents in construction;- Technology and the equipment for foundation in rammed trenches;-Engineering technology, technical services, standardization and certification.Developed design documentation for new designs following machines: rotary excavator unloading machines, loading machines, milling machines and other patented and copyright certificated machines.On the basis of available scientific results in the laboratory developed the following training courses for Master's degree, «Transport, transport equipment and technology», «Advanced design of construction machinery continuous», «The systems of the automated designing of building cars», «The methodology of scientific creativity»;Carrying out annual scientific-practical conferences in the field «Baitursinov studies»; Organization of the scientific-theoretic conferences, devoting to Kenesary Kasimuli, the movement Alash, «Cultural heritage»; Publication of the multivolume of A. Bukeikhan, Zh. Aimauituli, K. Kemengeruli, S. Saduakasuli, Kh. Bolganbai, S .Kozhanuli, A. Seiyt; Organization of the scientific-cognitive seminars, parties, devoting to the investigation of the heritage of spiritual statesmen Khalifa Altai and Saduakas Gilmani; Publication of the dictionaries and manuals: «Kazakh-Russian, Russian-Kazakh mathematical dictionary», «Dictionary of the Eurasian culture (1 volume)», «Dictionary of the Eurasian culture (2 volume)», “Alash and Jadidism: dictionary of the concept and terms”, “Explanatory dictionary of historical terms”, «Textbook of Kazakh language for English speaking auditorium», and so on; Publication of the collection «Kanish Satbayev. Algebra. Textbook. – Tomsk, 1924»; «They glorified the Kazakh earth for ages»; «History of Kazakhs of Russia» (XVIII-XX centuries) and so on.Geotechnical laboratory.The Head of Institute – A.Zh. Zhussupbekov, Doctor of technical science, Professor.Geotechnical institute do scientific research and experimental works, development and inculcation of modern geotechnical technologies, materials and constructions thrigh creation of IP Objects (Intellectual Property), patents, now-haws and its practical realization; scientific, technical and ecological investigation of Projects, Design-Projects and Existing Manufacturing; construction materials examination of under construction and existing buildings and constructions; quality control of construction materials of civil and industrial buildings and constructions; design and engineering investigation works; static and dynamic load test of pile as well as pile integrity testing; analysis of physical and mechanical properties of soil, artificial and natural basem*nts of buildings and constructions; geo-monitoring of under construction and existing buildings and constructions; supervision of board committee of Ph.D. tresses defenses.Equipment for Static Load Test presented by group of anchor piles, supporting stand, loading and reloading platform with a view of definition of pile type and its bearing capacity; electronic devise for concrete strength analysis IPS-MG4; electronic devise for definition of protecting coat of concrete IPA-MG4; pile integrity testing equipment for quality control of pile (pile defect revelation); stamp for testing deformation modulus of soil. Scientific AchievementThe complex research of modern pile technology FDP (Full displacement pile) was carried out;Following scientific projects are carrying out: «Research of construction properties of soil basem*nt and methods of its improvements», «Geotechnical monitoring and development recommendation for modern pile technologies of building and construction basem*nt in problematical soil condition of Kazakhstan with allowance for data of engineering and geological investigation».An institute consists of two laboratories:- A laboratory of chemistry and technology of biologically active substances; - A laboratory of physical and chemical researches.Director of institute – Dr. Sc. of Chemistry, professor Sluken Rahmadiyeva, a known scientist in the field of chemistry of natural and physiologically active substances; bioorganic chemistry; technology and the organization of pharmaceutical manufacture.A search of new sources of biologically active substances among plants of Kazakhstan and a creation drugs on their for medicine and agriculture; The development resource-saving of reception biologically active substances and their usage; Carrying out of bioscreening of new substances and phytodrugs; The development of new domestic phytodrugs and their medicial forms for the purpose of the usage in manufacture.New original domestic antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypoxic, gephatoprotectiv, healing wounds phytodrug Souttigen from grass of Euphorbia soongarica Boiss. is registered and officially resolved for application in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Packages of the specifications and technical documentation, the certificates on the registration, the certificate on a trade mark are granted for «the Substance of the phytodrug Suttigen» and medicinal forms - «3 % Ointment Souttigen» and «10% Ointment Souttigen»; are developed and confirmed by the Committee of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Health the Republic of Kazakhstan. They included in the State register of medical forms of the Republic of Kazakhstan;The nanotechnology of reception of a phytofilm is developed on the basis of substance Souttigen with a polymeric film on the basis of gelatin.The project “Development of Nan complexes of biologically active substances with polymerides for creation of high efficiency of the medicinal form drags” on applied researches to implement the program“Development of Nan science and nanotechnologies in Kazakhstan,2010 - 2012” The International project of Tempus - ETF-JP-00426-2008 «Chemical Engineering: Curriculum Development and International Recognition» (ChemDR) (2009-2012).Director of the center – R. Myrzakulov, Doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, ProfessorThe center organized 4 science laboratories, identifies priorities for research:The theory and methods developed describing the effect of dark energy on the dynamics of large-scale cosmological structures such as galactic systems, we give methods for studying the structure and dynamics of gravitating systems in the universe, subject to the accelerated expansion of the universe, introduced new nonlinear models of spin systems, a geometric theory of nonlinear differential equations of soliton type, A theoretical model of a DNA molecule according to its fractal structures.Director of the Center - Zholumbetov Yelnur, master of international relations.The purpose of the Center is participation in and organization of activities contributing to the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between Belarus and Kazakhstan Republics.The main activities of the Center:assistance to educational institutions, research organizations, innovation and industrial enterprises in expanding business, academic relations and contacts in the field of research and education of the Republic of Belarus with similar institutions and enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan;formation of an effective interaction mechanism between Belarus and Kazakh parties in the implementation of joint projects and the promotion of modern technologies and products in the markets, the assistance of scientific and commercial cooperation;development of scientific, technological, educational and innovative infrastructure in Kazakhstan and Belarus and approachingof applied sciences to production and business;creation of innovative research and educational partnerships of higher education institutions and research organizations that provides qualitative training of highly qualified scientific personnel and effective commercialization of high-tech developments and innovations.The Centre contributes to:Coordination of Research and Education Consortium between higher education institutions and scientific research institutes of Belarus and Kazakhstan Republics;implementation of programs and projects within the framework of international agreements signed between the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan;initiation of new research projects and studies by submitting applications for funding to competitions, announced by the governmental agencies and foundations of each country;preparation and holding of joint conferences, exhibitions and other scientific activities;development of mobility programs, educational and scientific exchanges of Bachelor and Master students, Professors and scientists of both countries;development of programs on joint preparation of highly qualified specialists;exchange of scientific and technical information on emerging scientific fields, implementing projects and developments carried out by scientific, design, innovation organizations and universities of both countries;marketing of innovative technologies and development of both countries;presentation and mutual promotion of research projects, developments and technologies in Belarus, and Kazakhstan markets, as well as the third countries;Eurasian National University continues to establish relationships with QS Top 200 universitiesOn July 15, 2015, a meeting of the First Vice-Rector of the ENU Zhamila Nurmanbetova Nusupzhanovna with Vice-Rector for International Relations of one of the best universities in Spain Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Luis Quintana Triassic.The purpose of the meeting was to consider the possibilities of closer, long-term and sustainable cooperation between our universities.The main topic of discussion is the organization of two-way academic mobility of the professorial and teaching staff and students.Having familiarized with the activities of the ENU, training opportunities in a foreign language, a long cooperation of our University with the Embassy of Spain, the parties came to an agreement on the implementation of academic mobility of students and teachers, practical training, participation in research projects.Vice-Rector Trias was especially impressed with active participation of the ENU in various projects: Erasmus+, TEMPUS, Mevlana as well as the geography of academic mobility.The purpose of the project aims to develop a platform for sustainable cooperation of the University, industry and society.As the First Vice-Rector Nurmanbetova Zhamila Nusupzhanovna mentioned, UAB experience in this regard is very useful for the ENU, the course of which is aimed at the development of scientific, research capacity of the University.Selecting a partner university is not accidental.Today UAB takes 173rd place in the world QS rankings and 10th place among young universities QS TOP 50 Under 50.The university has 13 faculties, which in total offer 313 master programs, 81 Bachelor programs.The University is actively pursuing its innovative research projects, working closely with industry, for example, Alba Synchrotron Light Facility, one of the most important scientific centers in Southern Europe Applus + global company, leader in providing testing, certification audit services.Director of the institute – S.E. Kerimkulov, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, doctor of economic sciences, professor.Design of experiments dispersal of macroeconomic data: Agent-based Models and Neural Networks;As a part of institute there are eight laboratories:Computer linguistics; the Computer logic; Computer modeling; Intellectual information systems; Intellectual telecommunication systems; Intellectual robotics systems; Intellectual training systems; Program engineering.The basic directions of the scientific activityResearch in the field of computer linguistics, creation and support of the automated system of processing of the Kazakh language and speech technologies; Research in the field of computer logic, creation of languages of the specification for formalization of the description and verification of program systems; Research in the field of computer modeling of identification, working out and realization of analysis algorithms and diagnostics of various objects and processes; Research in the field of intellectual information systems, creation and support of the knowledge base and systems of support of decision-making in various branches of economy and management; Research in the field of intellectual systems of telecommunications, designing, creation and support of telecommunication systems and networks; Research in the field of robotics systems and mechatronics , designing and creation of intellectual robots with microprocessor and microcontroller management; Research and working out of the state standards in the field of electronic training, creation, examination and support of intellectual electronic educational editions and control systems of educational process, and also carrying out of courses of improvement of qualification in the field of engineering of knowledge; Research in the field of program engineering and working out of the state standards in the field of information technology and information security, examination and administration of program systems, and also carrying out of the courses of improvement of qualification for managers of the project and business of analysts.The mathematical model of a phonetic system of the Kazakh language for automatic processing of the speech is constructed; Mathematical models of morphological rules of the Kazakh language for automation of the morphological analysis are constructed; It is constructed mathematical models of syntactic rules of the Kazakh language for parse automation; The algorithm of recognition of separate Kazakh words of the limited dictionary with use of a dynamic time number is developed; Synthesis algorithms of the Kazakh speech from any text are developed; logic languages of the specification for semantics formalization production programming languages are constructed; Logic languages of the specification for the formulation of conditions of verification of programs on and combinational digital schemes are constructed; Developed algorithms of recognition of the graphic information; certainly-automatic models and algorithms of cryptographic reports and processors are developed; Models and algorithms of an estimation of risks of information security on the basis of indistinct mathematics are developed; state standards and technologies of automation of creation of electronic textbooks are developed.The international cooperationContracts on cooperation with the state university of computer science and artificial intelligence of Ukraine, are signed by the Belorussian state university of computer science and radio electronics, Incorporated institute of problems of computer science of Byelorussia, the St.-Petersburg institute of computer science and automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of information of formation RAPS, the Multilanguage center of Sintszjansky university, the American company Inter System, the American company Epam System.SCIENTISTS OF THE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS OF L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY IN LARGE-SCALE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTSScientists of the School of Economics within the framework of the G-Global direction intend to participate in the following events:- Global anti-crisis conference which will be organized in the network of the 6th Astana Economic Forum, with the support of the United Nations (the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2013).- International exhibition Expo 2017 (Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2017).Currently the following scientific research projects are at the final development stage:1. Regulation of interactions for educational services and Kazakhstan labor market (Project Manager PhD, Professor R.A. Bayzholova).2. Development of logistic systems for physical distribution in Kazakhstan in the context of globalization of the world economy (Project Manager, Ph.D., Professor J.S. Raimbekov).3. Touristic cluster in the suburbs of Astana: directions and mechanism of implementation (Project Manager, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, M.A. Temirbulatova).SCIENTISTS OF THE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS OF L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY IN LARGE-SCALE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTSScientists of the School of Economics within the framework of the G-Global direction intend to participate in the following events:- Global anti-crisis conference which will be organized in the network of the 6th Astana Economic Forum, with the support of the United Nations (the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2013).- International exhibition Expo 2017 (Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2017).Currently the following scientific research projects are at the final development stage:1. Regulation of interactions for educational services and Kazakhstan labor market (Project Manager PhD, Professor R.A. Bayzholova).2. Development of logistic systems for physical distribution in Kazakhstan in the context of globalization of the world economy (Project Manager, Ph.D., Professor J.S. Raimbekov).3. Touristic cluster in the suburbs of Astana: directions and mechanism of implementation (Project Manager, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, M.A. Temirbulatova).ext. 31406Monday - Friday 9:00-18:00 (a lunch break: 13:00-14:00)Department of polylingual education and academic resources development is a structural subdivision of the International Cooperation Department of L.Gumilyov ENU.In accordance with the programme on development of polylingual education in higher educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan the department of polylingual education and academic resources development works on creation of the effective system of polylingual education and increase of level of academic writing in English in L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Abdrakhmanova Aliya Andeshovna+77172 70 95 00ext. 31336Department of international activities development is a structural subdivision of the International Cooperation Department.Department of international activities development is dealing with coordination of cooperation with foreign higher educational institutions, scientific research institutes, funds and organizations; involvement of foreign specialists and professors in teaching and scientific activities in the university; involvement of foreign students; analysis and evaluation of efficiency of various forms of international cooperation, development of draft contracts and agreements with foreign educational institutions; registration of national passports and other identification documents of foreign specialists and students; procurement of visa support, coordination of stay of foreign specialists and students in the ENU.Nurbayeva Gulim NurtayevnaPurpose of ARCADE project (Academic Relationship for Central Asia with Destination Europe) – promotion to cooperation in the field of higher education between the EC and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in accordance with the general purpose of the EC – improvement of bilateral cooperation in the field of education.Thus, the project is focused on strengthening and increasing of channel of partnership between participants with the perspective of achieving of mutual interests in various thematic sectors.The scheme of cooperation was developed for optimal approach to the common purpose of the Erasmus Mundus programme – support of mutual understanding, innovations and quality of education by increasing of possibilities for mutual understanding between partners and developing of human resources in the developing countries.Number of assigned scholarships for all categories of applicants under Marco XXI project for Kazakhstan:Doctorate - 3You may find the more detailed information of the project on the official website http://www.marcoxxi.euApplications submission deadline 10.10.2012.Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.comSection menuCurrently L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University takes part in 5 projects of EC Erasmus Mundus programme.List of projects for 2007-2010 of Erasmus Mundus programme: Erasmus Mundus – External Cooperation Window, lot 9 – 2007; and Erasmus Mundus – European Cooperation Window, lot 9 – 2009.In 2010-2011 academic year the Department of International Programmes has applied for 5 projects of Erasmus Mundus and according to results of selection of projects L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University was a participant of 3 projects: MARCO XXI, ARCADE, TARGAT II. It is to be noted that it is the highest index among higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan taking part in Erasmus Mundus programmes.The main purpose of projects is promotion of higher education in cooperation between EC and Central Asia.Agreement was reached with the Polytechnic University of Turin (Italy), University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and the University of Padova (Italy).Duration of stay at the hosting university can range from 1 to 34 months, assuming the payment of scholarships in the amount of 1 000 to 2 500 euros a month (depending on the type of mobility).With representatives of Bilim-Central Asia an agreement was reached to hold TOEFL and Institutional TOEFL tests as part of the Erasmus Mundus programme in 2012 at L. Gumilyov ENU.In the Erasmus Mundus programme students and teachers of L. Gumilyov ENU have a possibility to undergo exchange training and have internship in the leading universities of the European Community (hereinafter referred to as EC).Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.com· Kazakh Economic University named after T.Ryskulov· Eurasian National University named after L. Gumilyov· Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn· Naryn State University named after S. Namatov, Kyrgyzstan· Polytechnic Institute of Tajik Technical University of Khujand, Tajikistan· Tajik State University of Commerce, Tajikistan· Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management, TurkmenistanFields of education: Agricultural sciences, architecture, urban and regional planning, business training and management of sciences, education, teacher training, engineering, technology, geography, geology, law, medical sciences, social sciences.121 scholarships will be available during the period of 1-34 months, depending on the type of mobility / academic level.Application categoryTarget Group 1:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan or Uzbekistan:• Students who are currently enrolled in higher education institutions in these countries which included in the partnership of Euro Asian CEA.• Teachers need to work at the university during mobilityMobility level: Bachelor’s programme, Master’s programme, Doctorate, Post-Doctorate, Personnel.Target Group 2:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, who are currently studying at higher educational institutions of these countries, but not included in Euro-Asian CEA partnership ORMobility level: Master’s programme, Doctorate Target Group 3:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, who are in especially vulnerable state for political or economic reasons.Mobility level: Bachelor’s programme PeriodCurrently L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University takes part in 5 projects of EC Erasmus Mundus programme.List of projects for 2007-2010 of Erasmus Mundus programme: Erasmus Mundus – External Cooperation Window, lot 9 – 2007; and Erasmus Mundus – European Cooperation Window, lot 9 – 2009.In 2010-2011 academic year the Department of International Programmes has applied for 5 projects of Erasmus Mundus and according to results of selection of projects L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University was a participant of 3 projects: MARCO XXI, ARCADE, TARGAT II. It is to be noted that it is the highest index among higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan taking part in Erasmus Mundus programmes.The main purpose of projects is promotion of higher education in cooperation between EC and Central Asia.Agreement was reached with the Polytechnic University of Turin (Italy), University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and the University of Padova (Italy).Duration of stay at the hosting university can range from 1 to 34 months, assuming the payment of scholarships in the amount of 1 000 to 2 500 euros a month (depending on the type of mobility).With representatives of Bilim-Central Asia an agreement was reached to hold TOEFL and Institutional TOEFL tests as part of the Erasmus Mundus programme in 2012 at L. Gumilyov ENU.In the Erasmus Mundus programme students and teachers of L. Gumilyov ENU have a possibility to undergo exchange training and have internship in the leading universities of the European Community (hereinafter referred to as EC).In the period from September 2008 to December 2011 74 students and teachers of L. Gumilyov ENU were scholars of this programme. According to this figure L. Gumilyov was ranked first among the universities of Central Asia.Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.com"Bilim - Central Asia" Educational Center is pleased to announce a program to improve employees of universities in two directions:1) Academic Sabbatical Grants Programoffers staff of universities (junior and middle level teachers, with PhD or who are Doctoral Candidates) immersion experience in an alternative academic environment, where they will be given the time and resources to focus on their intellectual development, under the guidance of, and in cooperation with a mentor provided (scientific supervisor).The program aims to improve the quality of higher education in the target countries by supporting candidates in development of innovative approaches in curriculum development, as well as the training and strengthening their access to the international academic network.Candidates are invited to improve their research methodology using resources that are not available locally, and collaborating on research projects with colleagues from other countries.Partly focus will be on the intersection of education and research: grantees are proposed to include their research in their teaching, thus enriching educational skills of their students.Grants are offered to candidates from Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal and Tajikistan.The application deadline: February 25, 20132) Global Faculty Grants Program offers employees of universities (with PhD or equivalent) time, money and resources necessary to carry out research leading to publications in internationally recognized scientific journal.The program aims to promote original research to increase the international mobility of university staff in the focus countries.The program supports highly motivated candidates holding responsible and influential positions in their universities, to implement research visits for up to 5 months, at any accredited educational institution of the world.Grants are offered to candidates from Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Palestine, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia.The application deadline: April 1, 2013Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.comThe purpose of scholarshipsis to provide the possibility of obtaining a Master's degree in UK to students who are involved in or intending to continue the work in their home countries, and who have demonstrated excellent academic results and the potential to become leaders, make decisions and form personal opinions.Under the condition of satisfactory progress, the Master degree is awarded.Scholarships enable us to study the following program: Master of Arts on Understanding and Securing Human Rights.The grant includes: tuition for studying, examinations, a monthly stipend for living sufficient for a single student, and other agreed expenses including one economy class air ticket to return home.Scholarships are open to applicants from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.Theapplicationdeadline: January 21, 2013Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.comOpen Society Foundation and the University of Warwick invite citizens of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Belarus and Moldova to participate in the grant program of the Master of the University of Warwick.Co-funded by the Open Society Foundation and the University of Warwick, each grant covers the cost of studying at the University of Warwick, scholarship, accommodation and feeding (for one person only), and a both direction ticket.Grants are provided for the following Master degrees:• MA Creative and Media Enterprises• MA Global Media and Communication• MA International Cultural Policy and Management• MA Gender and International Development• MA Social Research• LLM in International Development Law and Human RightsApplicants must be citizens and residents of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Belarus and Moldova.Candidates must have excellent academic qualifications and advanced English language level.The application deadline: January 28, 2013Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.comThe Master's Program "Politics and Security" is the interdisciplinary academic program in politics, global security and international relations based on international standards of education.The program is designed for young people who want to improve their education and gain the knowledge and skills required for professional or academic career in politics, security, international relations, conflict prevention, international development, etc.The training begins on September 2, 2013 and ends on September 30, 2014.Students’admissionSubmission of documents –till April 5, 2013A successful completion of a higher education institution with degree awarding in policy or related sciences (Bachelor, Master, Expert);Fluency in English;Applicants must be under 32 years old on September 2, 2013;Preferable citizens are from Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.The OSCE Academy in Bishkek covers:Transportation costs within Central Asia to/from Bishkek;Medical insurance (except for citizens of Kyrgyzstan);Monthly stipend of 180 Euros;Cash assistance for accommodation rent in the amount of 95 Euros for nonresidents of Bishkek;According to application of the student handbook is provided to the child.Interested candidates should submit a completed application, a copy of the diploma (s) and inserts to the OSCE Academy in Bishkek by e-mail master@osce-academy.netOnly shortlisted candidates will be invited for test and interview.For more information, please contact by tel.: +996 (312) 54-12-00, 54-32-00 More-mail: master@osce-academy.netAbitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.com• L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University• ZhusupBalasagynKyrgyz National University• Khujand Tajik Technical University of Polytechnic Institute, Tajikistan• Tajik State University of Commerce, Tajikistan• Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management, TurkmenistanArea of study: Agricultural sciences, architecture, urban and regional planning, business studies and sciencemanagement, education, teacher training, engineering, technology, geography, geology, law, medicine, social sciences.Mobility can be implemented in eight EU partner universities.121 scholarships will be available during 1-34 months period depending on the type of mobility/academic level.Statement categoryTarget Group 1:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan:• Students who are currently enrolled in higher education institutions in these countries included in the partnership of Euro Asian CEA;• Teachers must work at the university during the mobility program;Mobility levels: Bachelor, Master, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Programs and Personal.Target Group 2:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which are currently enrolled in higher education institutions of these countries, but which are not included in the partnership of the Euro-Asian CEA ORCitizens have university degrees or equivalent from any higher education institution of the Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan;This applies to individuals who work in government, public and private enterprises, which have a degree of any university in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.Level of Mobility: Master, Doctoral programs Target Group 3:Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistanare currently in especially vulnerable position because of political or economic reasons.Mobility Level: UndergraduateThe aim of the project INOCAST is creating a sustainable regional platform for sharing experiences and best practices in order to facilitate regular dialogue between universities and the business sector, based on mutual understanding and raising awareness level.Duration of the project: 01.12.2013 - 30.11.2016.Reasoning: Currently, higher education is considered as one of the most important incentives for innovation introduction.Especially it is true for institutions of higher education, combined with business structures (corporations, enterprises).Thus, modern universities seek ащк mutually beneficial relationships with business organizations, the production, focusing on the development of research and innovation capacity, the introduction of scientific developments in production.Development of this platform will contribute to the formation of partnerships between universities and businesses to exchange views, information, best practices and resources in the triangle of knowledge.Partner universities:1. UNIVERSITAT AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA, Spain2. COVENTRY UNIVERSITY, UK3. UNIVERSITY OF BORAS, Sweden4. RIGA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Latvia5. BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, Uzbekistan6. UNIVERSITY OF WORLD ECONOMY AND DIPLOMACY, Uzbekistan7. ANDIJAN AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, Uzbekistan8. S. AMANZHOLOV EAST KAZAKHASTAN STATE UNIVERSITY, KZ9. L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, KZ10. KIMEP UNIVERSITY, KZ11. INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYRGYZSTAN, KG12. KYRGYZ STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KG13. KYRGYZ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, KG14. KAZAKH ACADEMY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS, KG15. TAJIK STATE UNIVERSITY OF LAW, BUSINESS AND POLITICS, TJ16. TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF TAJIKISTAN, TJ17. TURKMEN STATE INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, TM18. TURKMEN STATE INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, TMInformation on the partner universities is available on the website http://centresderecerca.uab.cat/inocast/content/partnersResults of the project:· Personnel Training in 14 universities of Central Asia;· Preparation of 14 Innolabs pilot project;· Building the infrastructure for the operation of 14 Innolabs;· Development of an innovative culture among the university community;· Creating a strategy of innovative development in the triangle of knowledge;· Sensitizing public opinion and dissemination of project results;· Ensuring the sustainability of the project results;· Continuous quality control and management throughout the project.Working Group:Graduate, postgraduate and doctoral students of ENU have a right to take part in the international mobility programme.Department of international educational programmes informs graduate, postgraduate and doctoral students on international mobility programmes through faculties and corresponding information resources of the university (website, social networks of the department).International exchange of applicants is performed in accordance with agreements signed by ENU with partner universities.Procedure and conditions of participation of applicants in international mobility programmes are the subject of particular agreements and contracts between the partner universities.In order to send applicants for education abroad a university creates contest committees that perform selection of applicants and define selection criteria for participation in international educational programmes with account of requirements of a hosting higher educational institution/part university.Also students have a possibility of mobility education under grant and fellowship programmes of the European Community (Erasmus Mundus), U.S. Department of State (UGRAD), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) etc.Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.comGraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students of ENU have a right to take part in the international mobility programme.Department of international educational programmes informs graduate, postgraduate and doctoral students on international mobility programmes through faculties and corresponding information resources of the university (website, social networks of the department).International exchange of applicants is performed in accordance with agreements signed by ENU with partner universities.Procedure and conditions of participation of applicants in international mobility programmes are the subject of particular agreements and contracts between the partner universities.In order to send applicants for education abroad a university creates contest committees that perform selection of applicants and define selection criteria for participation in international educational programmes with account of requirements of a hosting higher educational institution/part university.Also students have a possibility of mobility education under grant and fellowship programmes of the European Community (Erasmus Mundus), U.S. Department of State (UGRAD), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) etc.Abitova Gulnar Askerovna,Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 301Karmelyuk Anastasia Vyacheslavovna, Deputy Director Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 407 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31214 E-mail: karmelyuk_av@enu.kzKulumzhanova Aitzhan Muratovna, Department of international activities development Chief Address: 010008 Astana, Satpayev St., 2, educational -administrative campus, office 406 Tel: +7 (7172) 709500, ext. 31336 E-mail: oms.intern@gmail.com"Health of the Nation is the basis of our successful future"N. Nazarbayev"Health Center" of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University was established in accordance with the State Health Development Program for 2011-2015 "Salamatty Kazakhstan", entrusting by the Head of the state in his address to the nation of Kazakhstan, for organization and increase the availability of high-quality ambulatory medical care to students, early diagnosis of diseases, timely effective treatment and introduction of preventive health measures in the life of every student."Health Center" was established by a decision of the Academic Council and acts since December 13, 2011.ContactsDirector of the "Health Center" is the Candidate of Medical Sciences, Doctor of the Highest Category Rahymgaliev Bereke Amangeldinovich.Psychologists - Ibrahim Maral Shayakhmetova - Art Therapist, Clinical Psychologist, Family Counselor; AbylkasymovaZarina.Administrator - Taltenova Klara Dyusenbaevna."Health Center" is located at: 6/7, Abylai Khan Avenue, Astana.Telephone: 36-06-76Telephone of GP #3 branch’s registration office: 36-10-79Telephone of the Branch for Youth Health Centre “Arman kala”“Dawa”:70-95-00 (31152), (31194), located in the main building on the 1st floor.Station of the "Eurasian National University", routes # 3, 13, 24, 45Station of "Abylaikhan" routes #5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 18, 22, 29, 33, 37, 40, 48, 50, 106, 109.2. Activities to promote healthy lifestyles:Prevention of alcoholism, drug addiction and smokingReproductive and Sexual HealthPrevention of infections, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV and AIDSMental healthAcademic cabinet of criminology was established by the Department of Criminal Law disciplines at the ENU in December 2004.The purpose of the cabinet’s creation istransfer skills to work with a variety of criminalistical tools and techniques tothe students, acquiring knowledge necessary for solving the problems set before the law enforcement agencies.The main task of the Cabinet of criminology is to increase verbal interaction in the framework of the educational process, to develop intuitive and other capabilities, to develop practical skills and the use of means and methods of criminalisticalpractice applied in solving the problems of the criminal proceedings.In 2011, technical and criminalistical tools to identify, fixation and seizure of various traces left at the scene of actionwere acquiredfor the Cabinet of criminology to the sum more than $ 5 million KZT.It is widely used in academic process criminalisticalbags for inspection of the scene (with filler), criminalistical bags (without fillers), criminalistical bags for seizure of the olfactory signs, mannequins, computers with monitors, printers and digital cameras, metal detector, metal finder, on-camera lightings, electronic ranging, various reagents for detecting ofhand traces,signs of gunpowder, blood, etc.; aerosols for detecting traces,dactyloscopicpowders (magnetic or non-magnetic), dactyloscopic films, tapes for seizure of fingerprints, powders films for recovering traces of hands, films for removal of micro particles, aerosols for processing traces on the snow, soil and dust.Academic cabinet of criminology was established by the Department of Criminal Law disciplines at the ENU in December 2004.The purpose of the cabinet’s creation istransfer skills to work with a variety of criminalistical tools and techniques tothe students, acquiring knowledge necessary for solving the problems set before the law enforcement agencies.The main task of the Cabinet of criminology is to increase verbal interaction in the framework of the educational process, to develop intuitive and other capabilities, to develop practical skills and the use of means and methods of criminalisticalpractice applied in solving the problems of the criminal proceedings.The Department of Turkic Studies has 3 specialized cabinets on Turkish language studying.The first classroom № 244 is located in educational and administrative building, studies on the practical Turkish language course for students of the 1 year of specialty "Foreign philology: Turkish language" (with knowledge of English), as well as theoretical courses of Turkish language for the 3rd year students (SH - 33) of specialty "Oriental studies: Turkish language" are conducted there.Classrooms of Turkish language #612, #613 are located in the educational building #2 at the Faculty of International Relations. practical Turkish language is taught for students of Turkish groups TK-21 TK-22, TK-11 TK-12 in these classrooms, for the 3rd year students of groups FP-34, IA - 33 of specialty "Foreign philology: Turkish language" (with knowledge of English) specific disciplines of Turkish language are read: "Theoretical Phonetics", "Theoretical Grammar", "Literature of the studied country", "Special Foreign Language, Level C", etc.In addition, Associate Professors of the Department (L.S. Urakova, A.R. Maemerova, Zh. Karini) teach courses of Turkish language courses 3 times a week to all interested at the classroom #244 in 2010 - 2011, classroom #612 in 2011-2012.All classrooms are equipped with the necessary technical equipment (computers, projectors, interactive whiteboards),there is a library, equipped with a methodical literature, textbooks, dictionaries, texts in the Turkish language.The Department of Turkic Studies has 3 specialized cabinets on Turkish language studying.The first classroom № 244 is located in educational and administrative building, studies on the practical Turkish language course for students of the 1 year of specialty "Foreign philology: Turkish language" (with knowledge of English), as well as theoretical courses of Turkish language for the 3rd year students (SH - 33) of specialty "Oriental studies: Turkish language" are conducted there.Classrooms of Turkish language #612, #613 are located in the educational building #2 at the Faculty of International Relations. practical Turkish language is taught for students of Turkish groups TK-21 TK-22, TK-11 TK-12 in these classrooms, for the 3rd year students of groups FP-34, IA - 33 of specialty "Foreign philology: Turkish language" (with knowledge of English) specific disciplines of Turkish language are read: "Theoretical Phonetics", "Theoretical Grammar", "Literature of the studied country", "Special Foreign Language, Level C", etc.In addition, Associate Professors of the Department (L.S. Urakova, A.R. Maemerova, Zh. Karini) teach courses of Turkish language courses 3 times a week to all interested at the classroom #244 in 2010 - 2011, classroom #612 in 2011-2012.All classrooms are equipped with the necessary technical equipment (computers, projectors, interactive whiteboards),there is a library, equipped with a methodical literature, textbooks, dictionaries, texts in the Turkish language.In 2009, a judgment-hallwas openedunder cooperation with the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the Eurasian National University.For example, there was a cession ofSaryarkaCourt of Astanain 2011, and the students were able to read and see the criminalprocesson the real example.The Hall equipped with special furniture, simulating a real judgment-hall.Classes on subjects of the main course and criminal law specialization are conducted for students of "5V05030100 – Jurisdiction”in the hall.The Hall equipped with special furniture, simulating a real judgment-hall.Classes on subjects of the main course and criminal law specialization are conducted for students of "5V05030100 – Jurisdiction”in the hall.Twice a week elective classes are conducted in Urdu language - the official language of Pakistan – at the center of culture and language of Pakistan under the patronage and with the financial support of the Embassy of Pakistan in Astana.Samal Abaevna Tuleubayeva – the Head of the Department of Oriental StudiesGulnara – Laboratorian of the highest category of the Department of Oriental StudiesOffice phone: +7 (7172) 374191The largest assistance in equipping the cabinet of Korean language is conducted by the Korean Cultural Center of the Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Astana.Samal Abaevna Tuleubayeva – the Head of the Department of Oriental StudiesGulnara – Laboratorian of the highest category of the Department of Oriental StudiesOffice phone: +7 (7172) 374191Instruction on creation of profiles in Google AcademyInstruction on creation of profiles all-Russian mathematical portal Math-Net.RUThe all-Russian mathematical portal Math-Net.Ru — is the modern information system providing to the Russian and foreign mathematics various possibilities in information search about mathematical life in Russia. Information system Math-Net.Ru — the innovative project of Mathematical institute of V.A.Steklov of the Russian Academy of Sciences — is the all-Russian mathematical portal providing to the Russian and foreign mathematics various possibilities in information search about mathematical life in Russia.It belongs to the publisher of Elsevier and contains about 10 million articles from more than 2 500 journals and more than 6 000 electronic books, directories, scientific collections.Articles are grouped into four main sections: physical and engineering sciences, natural sciences, medical sciences, and also social and humanities.For the majority of articles the annotation is in a free access, for obtaining full text articles (in PDF, HTML, and also for new editions) the subscription or payment is necessary.Web of Knowledge — service of indexing of quotation and search of scientific articles provided by the Thomson Reuters company.The integrated web - platform of Web of Knowledge provides an access to bibliographic scientific information on all branches of knowledge.The Web of Knowledge database represents 23.000 scientific journals (including more than 11.000 unique headings Web of ScienceSM), 23.000.000 patents, 110.000 materials of the scientific conferences, more than 250 categories of products, archives for the last 100 and more years, more than 40 millions sources and 700 millions of quotations.The built-in complex search all over the content is available, including new databases; constantly indexed data; leading world abstract bases; exact and complete reproduction of search; the improved system of viewing of search results; the analysis of the received results; integration with ResearcherID.More detailed information is possible to obtain on the following links:«ELSEVIER e-books» unites the most authoritative interactive books and journals, providing comprehensive information necessary for researchers, and also possibilities of access to this information and search of the necessary data in it which are inaccessible for the users of printing materials.Thus the quality standards of the information still set the traditional books.Buyers of more than 180 countries of the world, offices in 25 countries, more than 130 million users – scientists, students, various experts – all this «ELSEVIER» today.The publishing house provides access to 11 millions of full text articles from 2 500 journals, 23 thematic collections, 15 000 books, 6 series of directories (164 volumes) etc. SciVerse Scopus User's guideResearches often begins with a problem of studying of its technology in the wide plan.Here ours blog-reviews of various databases which will help you to be beyond the main instruments of search!GoogleScholar a free available search engine which indexes the full text of scientific publications of all formats and disciplines.Google Scholar allows users to carry out search of a digital or physical copy of articles, whether it be online or in libraries."Scientific" search results are generated with use of references from text-through journal articles, technical reports, pre-prints, dissertations, books and other documents, including the chosen web pages which are considered as "scientific".Harzing's Publish or Perish - the program which receives and analyzes the academic quotes.If you have working Internet connection, Harzing's Publish or Perish, it is possible to receive such information in seconds.This program will use inquiries of Google Scholar to obtain data on quotes.If you carry out search, using a name of the author, heading of this edition, group of words or a certain phrase, Harzing's Publish or Perish can calculate document number where it is possible to find the necessary text, in the inquiry, total of quotes which correspond to inquiry, the average number of quotes on the text and is a lot of other detailed data.You are able execute four types of the analysis: analysis of Impact of the Author, analysis of Impact of the Magazine, General Search of the Quote.The scientific universal gadget of Google allows users to look for total of references of the author.Microsoft Academic Search (MAS) is the free academic search engine developed by Microsoft Research, having convenient expanded search.In total more than 105 million indexed pages are declared.SCIRUS is integrated with ScienceDirect that allows to get text-through access to ELSEVIER SCIENCE publishing house magazines (to Elsevier, Pergamon and North-Holland), being in a mode of full access.CiteSeerX a search engine and digital library with special emphasis on computer and information sciences.It indexes more than 750 000 documents.Besides, one of missions of a resource is improvement of quality and ease of conducting scientific researches.The Internet Archive is the noncommercial digital library offering free general access to books, films and to music, and also archival 150 billion web pages.Access of scientists of Kazakhstan to world databasesOn November 15, 2011 Kazakhstan the first among CIS countries signed the license agreement in the field of scientific and technical information with Thomson Reuters (USA) and Springer (Germany) on receiving the guaranteed access to unique information resources of leading companies of the world.The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan is concluded the agreement on providing the scientific organizations with access to foreign resources of scientific and technical information.These are text-through materials of 16 000 books and 2 500 hosts of the scientific magazines presented of 4 000 largest scientific publishing houses of the whole world.In total about 7 000 000 articles and publications.Researches often begins with a problem of studying of its technology in the wide plan.Here ours blog-reviews of various databases which will help you to be beyond the main instruments of search!GoogleScholar a free available search engine which indexes the full text of scientific publications of all formats and disciplines.Google Scholar allows users to carry out search of a digital or physical copy of articles, whether it be online or in libraries."Scientific" search results are generated with use of references from text-through journal articles, technical reports, pre-prints, dissertations, books and other documents, including the chosen web pages which are considered as "scientific".Harzing's Publish or Perish - the program which receives and analyzes the academic quotes.If you have working Internet connection, Harzing's Publish or Perish, it is possible to receive such information in seconds.This program will use inquiries of Google Scholar to obtain data on quotes.If you carry out search, using a name of the author, heading of this edition, group of words or a certain phrase, Harzing's Publish or Perish can calculate document number where it is possible to find the necessary text, in the inquiry, total of quotes which correspond to inquiry, the average number of quotes on the text and is a lot of other detailed data.You are able execute four types of the analysis: analysis of Impact of the Author, analysis of Impact of the Magazine, General Search of the Quote.The scientific universal gadget of Google allows users to look for total of references of the author.Microsoft Academic Search (MAS) is the free academic search engine developed by MicrosoftResearch, having convenient expanded search.In total more than 105 million indexed pages are declared.SCIRUS is integrated with ScienceDirect that allows to get text-through access to ELSEVIER SCIENCE publishing house magazines (to Elsevier, Pergamon and North-Holland), being in a mode of full access.CiteSeerX a search engine and digital library with special emphasis on computer and information sciences.It indexes more than 750 000 documents.Besides, one of missions of a resource is improvement of quality and ease of conducting scientific researches.The Internet Archive is the noncommercial digital library offering free general access to books, films and to music, and also archival 150 billion web pages.Access of scientists of Kazakhstan to world databasesThese are text-through materials of 16 000 books and 2 500 hosts of the scientific magazines presented of 4 000 largest scientific publishing houses of the whole world.In total about 7 000 000 articles and publications.Payments for supply of publishing and cosmetic productsTax and other obligatory payments to budget etcTax and other payments to budget of Republic of Kazakhstan«Kazpost» JSC free of charge receives cash from natural persons and government representatives in the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget of Republic of Kazakhstan. Thus on 7 budget classification codes (BCC).104 102 Tax on natural personal property104 302 Land tax from natural personals on land settlements104 402 Transportation tax on natural personals105 313 Tax for the use of specially protected natural territories of republican value105 314 Tax for the use of specially protected natural territories of local importance105 406 Toll road transportation in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan except tolls of transportation on toll public local roads201 906 Proceeds from the sale of confiscated property, the property has passed freely in the prescribed manner to the republican property, including goods and vehicles decorated in the customs regime for refusal in favor of the stateContact-Center: 1499 Online servicesMoney transfers "Kazpost" offers services for receiving and sending transfers to the Republic of Kazakhstan and CIS and foreign countries.Urgent money transfers orders within the Republic of Kazakhstan "SALEM, TENGE!" - is a convenient way to quickly send and receive money transfers in local currency at the offices of "Kazpost" JSC.The main advantages of urgent money transfers "SALEM, TENGE!":Favorable rates of 1,5%, min. 200 tenge;High speed - money transfer takes place for 1 minute;SMS-notification about the transfer to the mobile number of the recipient;Unaddressed - the recipient himself can choose the most convenient for him to point of delivery;Wide geography of services - more than 2000 points in Kazakhstan;Sending and receiving urgent money transfers without opening an account.The maximum amount of urgent money transfers - 3 000 000 tenge.Type of transferIn the Republic of Kazakhstan there are 45 exchange offices located in central operating areas, post offices.Currency exchange operations are executed under regulatory legal acts of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, internal legal regulatory documentsPayment of wages, pensions and benefits For salaries, scholarships and other cash payments it is necessary to open a current or card account.To open a current account to receive wages individual must submit original identification documents and IIN.For social benefits it is necessary to open a current or card account.To open a current account to receive social benefits individual must submit original identification documents and IIN.crediting to the current account of the client;crediting to the Kazcard VISA payment card;payment by the home delivery to mandatory categories of citizens who have no opportunity to receive money in post offices (list of mandatory categories of citizens is determined by SPPC);payment in rural areas."KazPost" is an agent of RSE SPPC for payment of pensions and social benefits throughout the Republic since 2002.After opening a current account the depositor book and bank account agreement indicating the assigned number which must be reported to the territorial subdivision of SPPC are issued to the Recipient.For transfer of pensions and social benefits the client must submit an application to SPPC for the transfer of pensions and social benefits via bank accounts and cards."KazPost" has the ability to pay of citizens' pension savings from pension funds on pension system through current and card accounts.Find us in social networks Twitter Facebook Vkontakte Youtube InstagramDownload Kazpost official mobile app28. 08. 2014 All online services are now available for iOS and Android usersJSC “Kazpost” has launched a free mobile app MyKazpost.Now you easily and quickly track your postal item, find your zip address, search for your nearest post office and its opening hours, as well as the shortest route to it.Customer evaluation will help us improve the quality of services offered at Kazpost branches;Creating online electronic cards using customers’ photos;Broker services that will allow our clients get up-to-date information about stocks.We are looking forward to get your feedback on MyKazpost mobile app.Information on approval of tariffs on universal postal services of JSC "Kazpost"29. 05. 2015 In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On natural monopolies", the Company is included in the State Register of natural monopolies for the provision of universal postal services.Under the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About mail" universal postal services are postal services of mail service operator for sending ordinary letters, postcards and parcels, collected from mailboxes and (or) accepted in operating windows.The activities of the Company for the provision of universal postal services is regulated by the authorized state body - the Committee of communication, informatization and information of the Ministry of Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - the Committee).JSC «Kazpost» and the Supreme court discussed the issues of information cooperation7. 08. 2014 August 6, in the conference room joint-stock company «Kazpost» took place the working meeting with representatives of the Supreme court of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the framework of realization of the project on informational interaction.In the meeting took part the Chairman of the Board of JSC "Kazpost" B. Musin, Deputy Chairman of the management Board M. Zharylkaganov, Head of the Department for support of court activities of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the apparatus of the Supreme Court) I. Ispanov, head of Department of information technologies and protection of information resources of the Department for support of court activities of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the apparatus of the Supreme Court) S. Omash, as well as members of working groups for this project from JSC «Kazpost» and the Supreme court of RK.Let's remind, that in may of this year between JSC «Kazpost» and the Supreme court of the Republic of Kazakhstan was signed a joint decree, which approved the Scheme of information interactions, including introduction of innovative technologies in the sphere send and post processing.The meeting discussed issues of the current state of information interaction of JSC «Kazpost» and the Supreme court, the first results of the project's launch and the launch of the new service hybrid mail.It was emphasized that to date, the courts of the Republic on the average daily budget is more than 19 thousands of postal items, including ordinary, registered, registered letter with notification, etc.in order to duly notify the participants of the trial of the date, time and place of the court session about 3 thousand letters sent by registered letter with notification.A new scheme of interaction will allows courts to track the current status of postal items through a unique bar mailbox identifier assigned to JSC «Kazpost» shipments of the judiciary.However, in the judiciary there are certain problems connected with the process of identification of shipments, and they turned in JSC «Kazpost» about the possibility of giving the judicial authorities of barcode readers.They also discussed the issue of providing relevant electronic addresses of post offices for automatic direction registries local courts.Previously, these processes were carried out manually by means of paper media, the processing of which was spent considerable financial and human resources.Also the employee of office of court time was required for sending and processing of outgoing mail.This innovation will allow to reduce the budget of 45 million tenge was allocated on the sending of the courts of mail, timely and promptly to notify the public about the date and time of the court proceedings; to facilitate the work of employees of courts and offices of post offices, as well as to optimize the work of JSC «Kazpost» in terms of exclusion delivery reverse email notification, save time on handling correspondence, acceleration of the process of sending it.A separate block on the meeting were discussed the issues on granting special (flexible) of the tariff for sending the correspondence sent by the judicial authorities, and also the issue of automatic conversion and send correspondence in the framework of the launch of the new service hybrid mail.The essence of innovations is that all shipments from the judiciary will be received at the e-mail in electronic form.The main advantage for the judiciary is that they will be spared from having to print and conversion documents intended for distribution, contain necessary for this work equipment and the personnel to be engaged in non-core activities.“Kazpost” JSC imposed administrative sanction8. 08. 2014 «Kazpost» JSC informs that on the date of July 31, 2014 «Kazpost» JSC and the Deputy Chairman of the Management of «Kazpost» JSC in charge of a broker-dealer have been fined under the part 1 of article 193 of Administrative Violations Code. An administrative sanction was imposed by the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan».Share twitter facebook vkontakte Other news28. 07. 2014 15-16 July 2014 in Astana (Republic of Kazakhstan) the joint 49th session of the RCC communications administrations Board (RCC Board) and 20th session of the Coordination Council for Informatization of the CIS member states attached to RCC (Coordination council) was held.Representatives of delegations from the Azerbaijan Republic, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan and observers-experts of RSS from the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania and other countries also were taken part in above mentioned meeting.Also, the participants of the meeting discussed the implementation of Cooperation Strategy in the construction and development of the information society up to 2015 and identified the strategic line of the ICT development in CIS countries up to 2025 and etc.Within the framework of this event, among the employees all CIS countries of the postal sector were awarded with the certificate of honor of RCC, including employees of JSC “Kazpost” Azizat Ospanaliyeva and Kuanysh KenzhebekovaAccording to the Senior manager of the Postal business department of JSC “Kazpost” Kuanysh Kenzhebekova's words, getting such kind of certificate of honor once again is acknowledgment of active work not only of the company on the whole, but also is the valuable contribution of each employee of the JSC “Kazpost”.“It’s very nice, when work of each employee of the company is noticeable.Therefore, obtaining the similar certificate is the motivation for achieving bigger results and professional skills”, - noted also Ms. Kenzhebekova.Let us kindly remind you, that in Astana on 11-12 of June 2014 the representatives of the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the Regional Commonwealth in the field of Communication (RCC) and JSC Sovereign Wealth Fund “Samruk-Kazyna” took part at the Conference on postal financial services and electronic money orders.In conclusion, we would like to note, that Executive committee of RCC in its letter to the JSC “Kazpost” expressed its gratitude and stated about highly appreciated organization of the RCC/UPU Conference not only with warm reception of foreign delegations, but also gave an opportunity to get closer with culture of the Kazakh people and traditions.As the Republic of Kazakhstan became the main organizer of events in 2014, we hope that next year Regional coordinators of UPU/RCC will hold more than one such kind of grandiose event in Kazakhstan.Share twitter facebook vkontakte Other news"Kazpost" became part of the largest players of online commerce in Kazakhstan20. 05. 2014 As emphasized by Chairman of the Board of "KazPost" Askhat Beisenbayev, currently the country is experiencing the intensive growth of Internet commerce.This can be seen as an example of how the volume of parcels handled in "KazPost" proportionally increase.«For example, some 1,400 parcels are handled in one hour of work in the "KazPost" system.And today these logistical processes are under the scrutiny of the company, and their optimization is a priority in the ongoing business transformation», - noted Beisenbayev.Meanwhile, the director of the Kazakhstan Association of Internet Business and mobile commerce (JSIB) Manarbek Abenov noted that the structure of their organization is composed mainly of the largest players in the e-commerce industry.This certificate confirms that "KazPost" really is a member of our organization», - added M. Abenov.Leaders of JSC “Kazpost” received a letter of gratitude from the Vice President of information technologies and e-business development of JSC “Air Astana” – Chamindra Lenava24. 07. 2014 Heartfelt gratitude!The letter emphasizes the active work of the JSC “Kazpost” branch employees on the integration of information systems of the two companies, Director of «Directorate of Information Systems Operation": - Nurlan Kusainov and Head of Information and logistics systems support division - Baurzhan Masakov.According to the Director of “Directorate of Information systems Operation” Nurlan Kusainov a solid work on analysis and launch of integration project of the two information systems of companies was accomplished.As a result of the joint work of employees of the IT block of "KazPost" with employees of IT services and business representatives of JSC "Air Astana", manual work was minimized the quality of reporting improved.Kusainov N. on his own behalf said, "Thank you for the high appreciation of our collaborative work!"The team of "KazPost" wishes Nurlan Kussainov, Baurzhan Masakova and all IT block staff achievement of new victories in the professional field and success in your work!A new post office has opened in Astana18. 05. 2014 Inauguration of the new post office (TSO) № 21 took place in Astana, June 2, 2014 in the "DIAR" shopping centre (Saryarka district, 188 and C 409 street intersection).Every year the number of residents of the capital increases.The new PCB No. 21 production facility meets all requirements for ergonomics and design in accordance with the "KazPost" corporate style.In the new post office, customers can get a full list of postal services - send a letter, parcel or wrapper, subscribe to periodicals,as well as pay for utilities, tax payments, transfer money, get a pension and benefits, open bank accounts and deposits, carry out the acceptance of payments.The opening ceremony was also attended by Deputy Chairman of the Board of "KazPost" Aynura Kunhozhaeva, Chairman of the Municipal Committee of Communications Workers union Alla Dimitrenko.According A.Kunhozhaeva, office № 21 has created all necessary conditions for quality provision of customers with a wide range of services.«Congratulations to all the residents of the capital with the opening of a new post office.I hope that the services of "KazPost" will be in demand everywhere.With the opening of the new post office № 21, we again emphasize that the company is expanding access to its services.Opening new production facilities of public service, we strive to be a reliable postal, financial operator, both in large cities, and in remote villages», - she added.Note that the postal administration is always up to date.Now there are 20 post offices in Astana.«We plan to further expand the network of exemplary post offices across the country, "- said Deputy Chairman of the Boardof "KazPost».The results of the competition for the best miniature dedicated to the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate13. 04. 2015 "Kazpost" JSC informs the results of the competition for the best miniature dedicated to the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate.This competition was held among the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period from February 16 to March 25, 2015.From the given artworks the Competition Committee determined the winner and the winner is Azamat Yernazarov – a painter from Shymkent city.April 10, 2015 in the building of the South Kazakhstan regional branch (Shymkent city) was officially awarded the winner.Director of the branch of "Kazpost" JCS E. Azhiev was awarded the prize, IPhone 6 provided by our partner Beeline Kazakhstan Company."Kazpost" JSC congratulates Azamat Yernazarov and thanks all for taking part in the competition.Share twitter facebook vkontakte Other newsThe Ombudsman May 15, 2010 the Board of Directors "KazPost" has created the Office of the Ombudsman.Ombudsman in organizations is the person entrusted with the complaint review functions, to take measures for the prevention and settlement of corporate conflicts and conflicts of interest, monitor compliance with the legitimate rights and interests of "KazPost" stakeholders.Establishment of an Ombudsman is dictated by the need to strengthen internal control systems to reduce the risk of abuse of their powers by the officials, and to avoid theft and fraud.Corporate ombudsmen are appointed to settle internal conflicts involving employees and management staff of the organization, as well as to resolve external disputes involving customers and other concerned parties.For employees, this institution provides an opportunity to submit complaints, statements, proposals to an independent, neutral person who has the authority to take measures to investigate and make recommendations to the appropriate officials to resolve conflicts.Ombudsman institution is based on principles of independence, accessibility, privacy.The basis of the Ombudsman is a philosophy of cooperation.He has the right to make recommendations and to bring issues for discussion.In this case, the Ombudsman operates completely unbiased, guided not only by law, but also by the voice of conscience, justice.The Ombudsman receives and investigates complaints in cases where, in his opinion, there was a violation of the rights of interested parties, without limiting the jurisdiction of other government agencies, to protect the rights and freedoms of persons under the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan.You can can file a complaint about the refusal to satisfy legal requirements, unreasonable decision and other actions (inaction) and decisions of officials leading to the violation of the rights to the Ombudsman.Ultimately, the activities of the Ombudsman avoids possible lawsuits and retain business reputation of "KazPost".In "KazPost" it is planned to adopt a number of internal documents to determine the mechanism of circulation, consideration and decision on appeals of stakeholders, as well as for the introduction of mechanisms such as whistleblowing.Quality control service and customer supportQuality - one of the strategic priorities of "KazPost", improvement quality of service delivery and servicing is the key objective of each employee.The main activities of quality management department are:Ensuring consideration of complaints received from foreign postal services, applications and complaints from customers on tracing, readdressing, return of international mail;Dealing with customer complaints and appeals;Monitoring the implementation of the established standards and quality objectives, target dates of postal items in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan;Maintenance of work of Contact-center - Information Services of Company's Customers.Basis for continuous improvement of service quality is a system of effective customer feedback.We would be grateful if you let us know your opinion about the quality of service and the company's work in general, writing to us on Email: 1499@kazpost.kzYour suggestions and comments will be considered carefully, and then our specialists will contact you to inform of the result.You can also send us your appeal by completing the form below.Filling this form, you agree to the collection and processing of personal data, according to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On personal data and its protection"Dear visitor!For your appeal to be considered in a timely manner, we ask you to follow our recommendations.The appeal should reflect personal details of the applicant, contact address and telephone number, address and phone of production facility "KazPost" where the client was serviced, summary of the problem, the postal registration number, the amount of money not received and other additional information on the nature of appeal.Not subject to consideration:Applications containing unreadable text, unknown abbreviations.Applications received outside office hours and on weekends are subject to review during business hours the next business day.Dear visitor!For your appeal to be considered in a timely manner, we ask you to follow our recommendations.The appeal should reflect personal details of the applicant, contact address and telephone number, address and phone of production facility "KazPost" where the client was serviced, summary of the problem, the postal registration number, the amount of money not received and other additional information on the nature of appeal.Not subject to consideration:Applications containing unreadable text, unknown abbreviations.Applications received outside office hours and on weekends are subject to review during business hours the next business day.Your question Email Name Contact-Center: 1499 Online services Package TrackingBoard of Directors Hotline Dear customers and partners of "KazPost"!Promotional mailings "KazPost" for more than eight years has been specializing in the market of Direct marketing, offering services in direct mailing of advertising material or Directmail services.Promotional material is sent in the form of mail (letters, parcels, etc.), which can be delivered to your mailbox as the address specified on sending or presented in person.Services are provided on the basis of concluded agreements with the companies, the terms of which stipulate terms and procedures of mailings.Promotional material may be delivered in packaged form, ie in the form of posting, and in the form in which it is presented, ie without packaging.In the latter case, on the part of the Customer - compliance with proper instructions on promotional material address data is necessary, which are discussed at the signing of the contract.Additional services offered by "KazPost " in the provision of direct mail services are:services for automatic printing of personalized letters, their packaging and enveloping;services to provide envelopes, and a certain kind of design to be installed by the Customer;Unaddressed dissemination of advertising material;dissemination of advertising material in the form of an application to a specific publication (magazine, newspaper);Distribution of promotional material through post offices (placement of posters, leaflets in post offices);receiving, delivery and collection of "reverse letters" sent to the company's customers, and payment for the shipment of which is exercised directly by the customer.№16. Green color.Stamps per sheet 10х10=100. Quantity 3 200 000 pcs.№17. Red color.Stamps per sheet 10х10=100. Quantity 4 400 000 pcs.№18. Olive-brown. Stamps per sheet 10х10=100.Quantity 2 400 000 pcs.№19. Violet. Stamps per sheet 10х10=100. Quantity 2 400 000 pcs.№20. Multicolored (Flag and shanyrak).Stamps per sheet 10х5=50. Quantity 2 000 000 pcs.1993. February, 17.Overprint on definitive stamps of former USSR stamps. Designed by V. Koval. Moscow. Offset printing on coated paper (№21) and offset (№22) coated paper by typographical method.Perforation 11.75:12,25.Size 18,5х26.№21. 2 k black overprint – the republic name “Kazakhstan” by diagonal and new face value on the stamp USSR stamp N6298A “Means of transport of the XIX century post”.Stamps per sheet 10х10=100.Quantity 552 700 pcs.№22. 1 k. Crimson overprint –the name of the Republic “Kazakhstan” by horizontal across the national ornament and new face value on the USSR stamp N6145. Stamps per sheet 10х10=100. Quantity 536 000 pcs.1993. March, 5. Space post. Designed by T. Nittner. Offset printing on coated paper.Multicolored.Perforation 13,25.Size 44,5х36 mm.№23. Conventionalized picture of space rocket in flight with the tail of colors of the RK flag on the globe background where Kazakhstan map is outlined. Stamps per sheet 5х5=25.Quantity 800 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 120-00t.1993. March, 22.New Year by oriental calendar (“Nauryz” Holiday) Tauyk zhyly. Designed by O. Kurgan. Offset printing on coated paper.Multicolored on yellow and orange background.Perforation 13:13,25.Size 29х36.№24. Symbol of 1993 “Black hen” in the center of astrological horoscope.Stamps per sheet 10х5=50. Quantity 1 200 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 72-00 t.1993. April, 12. Day of cosmonautics. Designed by T. Nittner. Offset printing on coated paper.Size 53,5х31,5.Perforation 13,25:13.Multicolored on black –blue background.№25. Space station in conventionalized contour of Kazakhstan frontier composed of stars.Stamps per sheet 5х5=25. Quantity 1 200 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 108-00т.1993. August, 2. First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Designed by T. Nittner. Photo supplied A. Ustinenko and G. Budnevich. (KAZTAG).Offset printing on coated paper.Multicolored blue background. Perforation 13,75.Size 55х33.№26. The portrait of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on Kazakhstan map silhouette background with the national flag emblem in the center. Stamps per sheet 5х5=25.Quantity 1 200 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 60-00t.1993. August, 18. Kazakhstan eminent figures 325th anniversary from Buhar Zhyrau Kalkamanauly’s birthday. Designed by T. Nittner. Offset printing on coated paper.Multicolored on pale-yellow background. Perforation 13,75:13.Size 40х26.№27. Portrait of the poet and improvisator Buhar Zhyrau Kalkamanuly. (1668-1781).Stamps per sheet 5х10=50. Quantity 3 200 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 18-00t.1993. September, 24. First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Designed by А. Miroshnichenko. Offset printing on coated paper.Multicolored on violet background. Perforation 13:12,75.Size 51,5х30.№28. First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on the Kazakhstan map background with national flag emblem in the center and State Emblem in the left upper corner bordered by figured frame.Stamps per sheet 6х5=30. Quantity 500 000 pcs. Release (collection) price 120-00t.1993. November, 11. Series “Kazakhstan Fauna”. Rare animals inhabited in the territory of Kazakhstan. " Designed by V. Nikitin. Goznak, Moscow. Offset printing on coated paper. Multicolored. Perforation 12:12,25. Size 37х26. Stamps per sheet 5х10=50. №29. Selivinia. Quantity 1 200 000 pcs.№30. Indian porcupine. Quantity 1 300 000 pcs.№31. Bandage. Quantity 1 300 000 pcs. №32. Kulan. Quantity 1 200 000 pcs. №33. Usturt moufflon.Quantity 1 300 000 pcs. №34. Cheetah - Kabylan. Quantity 1 200 000 pcs. Release (collection) price of the series 126-00 tenge pcs.First Day covers 2012 2012 December, 14. 20th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Bulgaria on the theme "Monuments of Ancient Art".Format: 162 х 115 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors.2012. March, 20.The theme «100th anniversary of academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, the founder of the Institute of Hydrogeology, Hero of Socialist work Ufa Akhmedsafin».Format: 162 х 115 mm Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors.First Day Covers 2010 2010. April, 15.«65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War»Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Beijing factory of signs of post payment (PRC)2010. April, 22.«Nauryz»Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Beijing factory of signs of post payment (PRC)2010. April, 29.Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors.2010. May, 06. «Europe» series on the theme «Children's book»Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Beijing factory of signs of post payment (PRC)2010. October, 22.«Memorable dates, anniversaries and holadays» series, «175th anniversary of Chokan Valikhanov».Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Republican unitary enterprise “Belarusian House of Press publishing house” (Republic of Belarus)2010. October, 28.«Memorable dates, anniversaries and holadays» series, «200th anniversary of Frédéric Chopin».Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Republican unitary enterprise “Belarusian House of Press publishing house” (Republic of Belarus)2010. November, 24. Joint issue of postage stamps "Kazakhstan-Azerbaijan" on the theme “Fauna of the Caspian Sea”.Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors.Printing house: Republican unitary enterprise “Belarusian House of Press publishing house” (Republic of Belarus)2010. December, 21.«Sports» series, «7th winter Asian games».Painter: D. Mukhamedzhanov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Republican unitary enterprise “Belarusian House of Press publishing house” (Republic of Belarus)2010. December, «Fauna» series « Astana oceanarium».Painter: N. Sokolov Format: 162х114 mm. Circulation: 500 pcs. Offset printing in 4 colors. Printing house: Republican unitary enterprise “Belarusian House of Press publishing house” (Republic of Belarus)International philatelic exhibition in Hong Kong № 01-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation – 30.01 - 03.02.2004 Place of cancellation – Hong Kong. Stamps Expo Made by photopolymer way.100th anniversary of national painter Abylhan Kasteev № 02-2004 Design by - I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 28.02.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office of Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Year of monkey № 03-2004 Design by – I. Makienko date of cancellation - 23.03.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Day of cosmonautics № 04-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 12.04.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way 100th anniversary of Kazakhstan railway № 05-2004 Design by – I. Makienko Date of cancellation - 22.04.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. People of the Republic of Kazakhstan № 06-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 12.05.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day. Made by photopolymer way.100th anniversary of International Federation of Football (FIFA) № 07-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 21.05.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Children draw № 08-2004 Design by – I.Makienko. date of cancellation - 20.07.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Summer Games of the XXVIII Olympiad in Athens № 09-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 28.07.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way Pearls of Kazakhstan. Altyn Yemel № 10-2004 Designer – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 11.08.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way 10th anniversary of JSC "Kazakhtelecom" № 11-2004 Design by – R.Zhapalov Date of cancellation - 18.08.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation- first day.Made by photopolymer way. 100th anniversary of the academician Alkei Margulan № 12-2004 Design by – I.Makienko. Date of cancellation - 23.09.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Postage stamp with coupon "Congratulations!" № 13-2004 Design by – I. Makienko. Date of cancellation - 04.10.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana-37. Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. "Happy New Year" № 14-2004 Design by – I. Makienko. Date of cancellation - 23.11.2004 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day. Made by photopolymer way.Made by photopolymer way. 110th anniversary of statesman, poet Saken Seifullin № 16-2004 Design by – I. Makienko. Date of cancellation - 28.12.2004 Place of cancellation- Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day. Made by photopolymer way.Joint issue "Kazakhstan-Mongolia" № 17-2004 Design by – I.Makienko Date of cancellation - 30.12.2004 Almaty General Post Office; Post office Astana -37. Type of cancellation – first day.Каталог спецгашений 2015г.Special cancellation catalogue of 2009 «Let's keep polar regions and glaciers».Design by D. Mukhamedzhanov Date of cancellation - 12.03.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way.«Nauryz» series. Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 20.03.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. «200 years since the birth of Louis Braille».Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 26.03.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way.«Europe» series.Astronomy. Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 03.04.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. «75 years since the birth of Yury Gagarin».Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 09.04.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day. Made by photopolymer way.«April 12 – Cosmonautics Day».Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 12.04.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. Joint issue Kazakhstan – Korea - Mongolia on the theme:"Female jewelry. Earrings".Design by D. Mukhamedzhanov Date of cancellation - 12.06.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day. Made by photopolymer way.15 anniversary of the first space-flight of the Kazakh astronaut Talgat Musabayev Design by D. Mukhamedzhanov Date of cancellation - 06.07.2009 Place of cancellation – Astana-13 Type of cancellation –. Made by photopolymer way«11 years to Astana» Design by Date of cancellation - 06.07.2009 Place of cancellation – Astana-13 Type of cancellation –. Made by photopolymer way.«Armor and weapon of ancient Kazakhstan» Design by. Date of cancellation - 09.07.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day."Memorable dates and anniversaries" series, 100 years since the birth of Maria Lizogub. Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 25.08.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.Made by photopolymer way. 150 years since the birth of Louis (Lazar) Markovic Zamengof. Design by M. Likhobabin Date of cancellation - 15.12.2009 Place of cancellation – Almaty General Post Office; Astana-13 Type of cancellation – first day.own courier service;400 points of reception and delivery of mail«EMS-Kazpost» Service offers:status tracking of EMS mail online at www.kazpost.kz or via a Call-center of EMS Kazpost.Payment by recipient - is the ability of payment of express - items within Kazakhstan by recipient.Rate remains unchanged, ie equivalent to the rate if paid by the sender.additional safeguards to ensure safety and security of Express - shipments, insurance option from all risks of physical damage or loss of EMS items.free provision of branded packaging material;Free courier pick-up from office or home to send express shipments;flexible system of tariffs for EMS mail for clients working on a contractual basis;possibility to organize express shipment of correspondence between the regional offices with payment from one office;Additional services: delivery of courier, postman receipt notifications and a message on the phone, delivery after the first three failed attempts to free delivery.Additional advantages of the express mail:provision of a free specially designed packaging material;Flexible billing system on the fact of provision of services once a month or via advance book;possibility of payment by recipient; free courier pick up;the possibility of courier pick up from office or home and payment in cash;opportunity to submit expedited mail in the offices of Kazpost;Shipping to anywhere in Kazakhstanwith own resources;availability of own fleet of cars, vehicles and direct contracts with airlines;insurance of all EMS-items submitted from risk of physical damage or loss worldwide;delivery notification; delivery by a certain time;payment by recipient; centralized services for companies with branch network.«EMS-Kazpost» provides the service of "Morning & - 10" - guaranteed delivery of items before 10 am to legal entities on routes:Collaboration between Kazpost and EPCCollaboration between Kazpost and EPC Fundamentals of Eurasian Postal Cooperative were laid on October 8-9, 2007, when the delegation of Kazakhstan postal workers paid an official visit to the Mongolian Republic to participate in the establishment of a tripartite KoMoKa Mail Committee (Korea - Mongolia - Kazakhstan).The Committee was established to:ensure the development of mail in postal and financial services by strengthening exchanges and cooperation between the three countries;improvement of mutual relations in the areas of postal financial services and postal information technologies in terms of the mutual interests of the three countries;development and restoration of international postal business between the three countries.The second KoMoKa meeting took place on November 25-26 2008 in Seoul (Republic of Korea) which examined questions about the state of postal web-technologies and discussed strategies of posatl modernization and postal mail IT-technologies.Within the framework of the regular, the third meeting of the postal Committee, that took place on 11-12 June 2009 in Almaty, it was decided on the entry of the Kyrgyz Republic as a full member of the Cooperative.In September 2004, during the 4th meeting of the Committee, which was held in the Kyrgyz Republic, the Committee was renamed into Eurasian Postal Union.Cooperation between "KazPost" and UPUThe Universal Postal Union (UPU) - UN specialized agency, established in 1874 at the International Congress in Bern (Switzerland) to establish a common rules of the organization and functioning of international postal exchange acceptable to all.Combining 192 countries, the UPU is the primary forum for cooperation between postal services, performing advisory, mediating and liaison role, and providing technical assistance if necessary.UPU sets the rules for international mail exchanges, makes recommendations to stimulate growth of mail volumes and to improve the quality of customer service, without interfering with the internal affairs of the national postal services and allowing the Post Office independently set their own prices and manage their e-mail and production staff on the ground.UPU sees its mission in the development of social, cultural and economic communication between people by providing them with quality and affordable postal services.establishment of uniform international postal connections and facilitating the exchange of international mail on the basis of international documents.setting tariffs for the international postal service.settlement of disputes between members of the Union.In 2008, the UPU members adopted the Nairobi World Postal Strategy, which became an action plan for 2008-2012 for governments, postal administrations, regional unions and other bodies of the UPU.The UPU's supreme body is the Congress, representing a collection plenipotentiary representatives of all UPU member countries.Administrative Council (AC), the International Bureau and the Postal Operations Council ensure business continuity between the UPU Congress.Administrative Council, which includes 41 member countries, considering regulatory, administrative, legislative and legal issues.The Republic of Kazakhstan has officially joined the Universal Postal Union on August 27, 1992 During the XXI Seoul UPU Congress (1994), XXII Congress of Beijing (1998), XXIII Congress of Bucharest (2004) and XXIV Geneva Congress Kazakhstan was elected as a member of the Administrative Council of the UPU.Republic of Kazakhstan attaches great importance to cooperation with UPU and is involved in important projects of the organization.Having elaborated and implemented appropriate regulatory framework and concluded a number of agreements on the international express delivery of correspondence with the UPU member countries and large corporate clients in the Republic of Kazakhstan, "KazPost" has created the service of "EMS Kazpost" Express Mail, which in 2009 and 2010 was awarded "gold" and "silver" level certification respectively.Collaboration between Kazpost and State Postal Operators Association "Our postal administration recognizes the importance of the work that develops PostEurop in areas related to postal activities, commercial, technical and economic aspects, in which the interests of all members of PostEurop, and is willing to cooperate in making decisions on European territory, allowing to promote international cooperation and relations with other members of PostEurop ».Chairman of the Board of "KazPost"Postal Administration of Kazakhstan, recognizing the importance of the work that is developed by PostEurop in areas related to postal activities, commercial, technical and economic aspects, has worked extensively on the entry into the organization.At the plenary meeting of the Association of the national postal operators in Europe in Vaduz (Liechtenstein) on October 14, 2010 "KazPost" became the 49th full member of the Association of Post-Europ.Joining the Association has opened up new prospects for Kazakhstan to promote its services to the European market, the establishment of the modern level of postal exchange between European countries."KazPost" also intends to use the European experience to create the perfect postal network, which allows to increase the speed of postal items transition and provide services at a better level.The main area of cooperation between "KazPost and PostEurop Association is the activities to improve the quality of services provided.In this direction, the national postal operator is working on the exchange of experience with European countries on the delivery of postal items and introduction of new services in "KazPost".Also with support of Association issues of the improving the organization of production processes are being addressed.In this area, Kazakhstan focuses on high target indicators specific to the member countries of PostEurop and the EU."KazPost" and the Regional Communication Commonwealth"KazPost" and the Regional Communication Commonwealth Regional Communication Commonwealth (RCC) was created December 17, 1991 in Moscow by Heads of Communications Administrations (CU) of new independent states formed on the territory of the former Soviet Union for cooperation in the field of telecommunications and postal services on a voluntary basis, the principles of mutual respect and sovereignty.In October 1992 in Bishkek (Kyrgyz Republic) Heads of Governments of CIS countries signed the "Agreement on the coordination of interstate relations in the field of postal and telecommunications services," by which the RCC has the authority of interstate coordinating body in the field of telecommunications and postal services.The main objectives of the RCC:expansion of mutually beneficial relations between the RCC administrations to harmonize the development of networks and communications;coordination in the field of science and technology policy, management of radio spectrum, tariff policy on communication services and settlements, training;cooperation with international organizations in the field of communication and information, mutual exchange of information and other.Important milestone in the cooperation between CIS countries was the approval of the Cooperation Strategy - CIS member states in the field of information (24 November 2006) and the Action Plan for its implementation for the period until 2010.Kazakhstan is a member of the organization since the inception of the RCC (1991).Kazpost Dividend Policy 2008 DividendsAs per Samruk-Kazyna Management Board decision dated 24.02.2010 (Minutes of the Meeting № 14/10), dividends on Kazpost regular shares shall not be accrued and paid for lack of net income in 2008.2009 DividendsAs per Samruk-Kazyna Management Board decision dated 19.08.2010 г. (Minutes of the Meeting № 49/10) , dividends on Kazpost regular shares shall not be accrued and paid for lack of net income in 2009.2010 DividendsAs per Samruk-Kazyna Management Board decision dated 26 May 2011 (Minutes of the Meeting № 23/11), dividends on Kazpost regular shares were accrued in the amount of 15% of Kazpost net income in 2010 and paid on 7 July 2011.Transfer of salary from the state institutions on card accounts through the Treasury: KZ50563W350000033584IICTransfers of wages at card accounts by non budget organizations: KZ76563W350000030691Other expenses (not salary) from non-budgetary organizations (UAPF, insurance companies, etc.): KZ37563W350000050114BINReason for the transfer of funds (eg, enrollment of travel expenses or payment of the insurance amount)To top up the card, please tell the IBAN of the card (20-digit account number) and IIN to the cashier.5. In case the the recipient and the sender of cash have cards of the Kazpost, you can use Card to Card money transfer.In the menu of Kazpost ATM funds select the Card to Card transfer and enter the amount and number of the card you want to transfer money from your card to.Charge for service is 100 tenge.VISA International can be opened in any branch "KazPost"Card is issued for free for pensioners and workers of budgetary organization.CardCenter: 8 8000 800 880 - all background information on payment cards, the products and services provided to individuals and legal entities, branches, their time of operation, the location of ATMs and terminals.e-mail: cards@kazpost.kzForms filling samples Samples of forms to be filled by the customer upon submission of parcels for the shipment within the Republic of Kazakhstan:1. Parcel accompanying address, f.116The upper part of the back side of the accompanying address of f.116 is filled by the parcel recipient2. Notification of receipt of the internal mailing, f.1193. List of enclosures in declared value parcels, ф. 107Samples of forms to be filled by the customer upon delivery of international mail:1) Customs declaration f. CN22 (filled when sending small packets and letters with declared value)2) Customs declaration f. CN23 (filled when sending parcels)Information regarding the collection and processing of personal dataInformation regarding the collection and processing of personal dataInformation approval of a unified base rate by sending a registered letter within the Republic of Kazakhstan INFORMATION approval of a unified base rate by sending a registered letter within the Republic of Kazakhstan and the abolition of the basic rate by sending a registered letter to the administrative borders of Almaty, Astana and regional centers and differentiation by type of transport In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On competition", taking into account the order of the Republic of Kazakhstan Agency for Protection of Competition of December 03, 2009 № 366-OD JSC "KazPost" is included in the State Register of the market, the dominant or monopoly position as the subject of telecom market and communication, with a dominant (monopolistic) position at the combined share of more than 35% of domination by activity on the service "by sending registered letters", within the geographical boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan.In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Natural Monopolies and Regulated wounds" tariffs for the service agreed upon by the authorized state body - the Committee of Communication and Information of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - the Committee).PackagingPackaging Packaging of mail must be appropriate to the nature of attachments, duration of way, exclude the possibility of damage to the attachments at processing and delivery, access to it, damage other items, harm employees of mail operator.LettersThe following is used for packaging:for letters - postal envelopes;for letters with declared value - postal envelopes or sturdy paper, cloth, plastic envelopes and other similar materials to ensure the safety of attachmentsThe following is used for packaging: plastic bags, envelopes, sturdy paper, cloth, cases, cardboard boxes, wooden (plywood) or metal boxes;Attachment of parcels can be minimized into a tube shape and additionally sealed (parceled) with paper or other tape, at a length of item more than 45 cm object is necessarily must be wrapped on a solid foundation.The following is used for packaging: As used packaging: shipping carton (cardboard, wood, plywood and plastics) or soft shell.brittle and fragile items are packed in strong packaging and surrounded by cushioning interspersed with sawdust or wood shavings, cotton or other fillers;movies, films, tapes, cassettes, compact discs are packaged in special containers;seeds, sunflower seeds, nuts, dried fruit, flour and other dry substances are packed in bags made of thick fabric, film, durable paper bags and put in boxes or cartons;liquids and solids, easily passing into the liquid state (juices, syrups, oils, jams, honey, berries, etc.) must be in closed containers (except glass), completely eliminating the leakage of the contents, which are packed in boxes and filled with wood shavings, foam , with a cloth in a quantity sufficient to absorb the liquid in the event of damage to the vessel.Cans with fish are sent in the same order.Ordering goods from «OTTO» catalogsOrdering goods from «OTTO» catalogs The "Otto" company is popular in more than 20 countries worldwide, offering its customers the most relevant and high-quality collections, following the latest trends and tendencies of world of fashion.Just see the catalogs to figure it out once and for all.It has everything!What will each of us will get, should he turn to the services of "Otto"? Even at a cursory acquaintance with a variety of goods and services, we found the following obvious advantages orders from "OTTO" catalogs:SAVES TIME - buying the right thing is possible without tiring travel across the shops by making a purchase in our offices, by mail, by phone, fax, e-mail and the Internet;SAVING MONEY - things from the world's leading designers and even for daily wear are 30-40% cheaper. Also there are special catalogs with discounts;HUGE SELECTION - in more than 40 catalogs there are several tens of thousands of various goods: clothing, shoes, jewelry, furniture, textiles, appliances and more;PRESTIGIOUS BRANDS - global brands both mass and elite are represented in catalogs.Any one of us knows such popular brands as Wrangler, Levi's, TomTailor, Buffalo, S.Oliver, Esprit, Adidas, Nike, MEXX, VivienCaron and dozens of companies with a worldwide reputation, the products of which are also represented in the catalogs of "OTTO» concern - Lacoste , Joop!, Escadasport, MarcO'Polo, Bogner, Basler and many others;ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY - all things are strictly controlled for the presence of harmful substances in textiles, which is especially important when choosing clothes for children and people suffering from allergies;Exclusive style - from a huge range it's easy to choose the thing which is not worn by half the town, and also make a wardrobe that radically distinguishes you from the surrounding;HIGH LEVEL OF SERVICE - you just have to wait 2-4 weeks after ordering.After a phone call from "Otto" office employees about the arrival of your package you'll need to get it in the post office and pay for it in there. Everything related to the verification of stock in Germany, paperwork, customs, transport, insurance, delivery from Germany to Kazakhstan, "OTTO" office workers will do it for you;PROFESSIONAL AND ATTENTIVE SERVICE - specially trained officers work in the offices located in post offices.They will determine your size, advise what catalog and product to choose, explain the rules of operation and precautions for use, so your purchase will serve you longer.So open any of the "OTTO" catalogs and be surprised, very surprised, as a child, by an abundance of styles and trends, innovative ideas and directions.All this is done with only one purpose - all "OTTO" employees want to give you FREEDOM OF CHOICE. Choose only what you like! Feel free to mix and combine, play the harmony or contrast to please only your wishes, only the dictates of your heart and mood, forming a complete image and forming only your unique style!Independent Director Selection CriteriaIndependent Director Selection Criteria According to world practice in the sphere of corporate management, as well as pursuant to the provisions of the Republic of Kazakhstan legislation, the Board of Directors must be inclusive of Independent Directors in the quantity not less than one-third of the total number of the Board members.A Director may be considered independent, provided such Director is in conformance to the following pre-requisites:Lack of employment with the company or its subsidiaries and dependent organizations in the past five years;Lack of additional remunerations from the company in the past and present, except of remuneration for performance of the duties of a Board of Directors member;Lack of employment in the same position in other entities, lack of significant relationships with other Board of Directors members, which relationships imply performance of same duties with other companies and bodies;Director does not represent the Sole Shareholder or public administration bodies;Director was not a member of the Board of Directors for more than nine consecutive years.Kazpost Independent Directors are in full compliance with the independence criteria.Board of Directors Performance Evaluation According to the Action Plan for Improvement of the Kazpost Corporate Management System for Year 2011, the company will develop the Policy for Evaluation of the Performance of the Kazpost Board of Directors, its Committees and individual members.The complex and individual evaluation of the Board of Directors and its Committees may be implemented as follows:Own effort inclusive of distribution of questionnaires and organization of interviews;External consultants, professional associations and organizations dealing with the corporate management attestation and rating (Consultants);Combined approach inclusive of own effort contributed in coordination of process performed by Consultants.Training of members of the Board of Directors To be effective, the members of the Board of Directors of the Company provides for the right of board members to involve external experts and to improve their skills, which is enshrined in the relevant policies.August 27, 2012 three independent directors JSC "Kazpost" (Stapleton Nigel John, Kalle Tarien and Adriaan Jan Houwink) participated in the seminar of the Corporate University "Samruk-Kazyna" on "Corporate for members of the Board of Directors of JSC "Kazpost" and improved their skills.Review of regulatory sphere of branchReview of regulatory sphere of branch The committee of communication and informatization of the Ministry of transport and communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan according to the Provision on KSI MTiK RK, (it is approved by the order of the Responsible secretary of the Ministry of transport and communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan dd. April 4, 2012 No. 147), is the department which is carrying out within competence of MTiK RK and according to the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulatory, control and realization functions of field of communication and informatization.State regulation extends on the public services of a mail service relating to the sphere of natural monopolies (according to the Law RK "About Natural Monopolies and Controlled Markets" public services of a mail service are referred to the sphere of natural monopoly) and includes:carrying out of examination of the prices of subjects of controlled market in the field of a mail service according to the order of pricing approved by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan;coordination of techniques of maintaining the separate accounting of the income, expenses and the involved assets by types of controlled services (goods, works) of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of a mail service;control of execution by subjects of natural monopolies in the field of a mail service of tariff estimates;implementation of the analysis of spheres of natural monopolies, to reference of natural monopolies of services provided by subjects (goods, works) within these spheres (in the field of a mail service) to the controlled;carrying out of public hearings on consideration of applications of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of telecommunications and a mail service on the statement of tariffs (the prices, rates of collecting) or their limits;implementation of monitoring of pricing of subjects of controlled markets in the field of telecommunications and a mail service, etc.Also, JSC Kazpochta is included in the State Register of subjects of the market holding the dominating or monopoly position (It is approved by the Order of Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Protection of the Competition (Antimonopoly Agency) dd. December 3, 2009 No. 366-OD) (Further — the Register) as the subject of the market of telecommunication and the Communication, holding dominating (exclusive) position on a cumulative share of domination over 35% on type of activity on services of “delivery, distribution and sending of print periodical” and “on transfer of the registered mail”, in geographical boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also on a cumulative share of domination over 50% on type of activity "cash operations in settlements ", in geographical boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan.According to the order of 23.04.2010 No. 199 of Antimonopoly agency "About inclusion of JSC Kazpochta in the Register" the concept of the settlement includes the cities of regional value, and also the settlements being in the territory of their administrative subordination and rural settlements.In this regard, JSC Kazpochta is subject of controlled market and is obliged to observe a pricing order at controlled markets.Activity of JSC Kazpochta for reception of deposits, opening and maintaining of bank accounts of individuals is regulated by authorized government body on regulation and supervision of the financial market and the financial organizations, including by establishment of separate prudential standards and issue of licenses.Information on subsidies and guarantees of the state JSC Kazpochta is defined as the National operator of mail on the basis of the resolution of the government of RK dd. December 31, 2003 No. 1386 "About the National operator of mail".According to the Law RK "About Mail" duties on providing public services of a mail service are assigned to the National operator of mail.Main Scopes of Investment Activity for the period until Year 20201. Establishment of the branch of the EMS Kazpost courier serviceThe objective of the project is to improve the quality of services to level maintained by foreign companies with global repute and technology, but with prices acceptable to clients.To encourage the interest towards discussed service, the company plans to perform the quality work regarding improvement of the courier service’s business processes.With the present capacity and vast network, the company disposes of all possibilities for further progress in the market of courier services.However, the company needs to ensure more rapid reaction to all changes and market requirements and develop the strategy for development in advance to our competitors.Besides, the project aims to support socially vulnerable groups of population, such as pensioners and handicaps.The equipment of postmen with the new technology will significantly expand the capacity for improvement of quality of services and enlarge the range of the marketed services.Client support at home will become possible: delivery and registration of same, payment of pensions and allowances, collection of periodical subscription, payments, cash transfers and delivery of agent services (booking of air and rail tickets, distanced ordering of goods and commodities and others).Opportunity to use plastic cards, without necessity to leave home (payments from cards through PDA) will promote the distribution of plastic card services in the rural areas, among population with low social status.In general, the company will encourage population’s awareness of modern services available in the market (mobile and Internet banking, interactive services and others).The introduction of new technology based on operation of mobile communicators will bring the following main results:significant improvement in reliability of postal dispatching and cash transfers;increase in the level of automation of a number of operations (reduced time for registration of postal dispatching by means of surveillance system, thus reducing the time for client support), which novelty will increase the production output of the company officials.Shareholders: Kazpost’s sole shareholder is the Joint-Stock Company National Welfare Fund Samuk-KazynaCertificate of State Registration №: № 32730-1901-АО dated 09.01.2009Company Registration Authority: Astana City Department of JusticeThe National Welfare Fund Samuk-Kazyna is Kazpost’s sole shareholder that holds 100% of Kazpost shares.Company shares were authorized and placed in accordance with the shareholder’s pre-emptive right to buy those shares.All Kazpost shares were placed and paid.There are no unplaced authorized shares.As of June 1, 2013 the value of the Kazpost’s securities portfolio totaled 8,136.68 million tenge (at the net market value).The weighted average income rate for temporarily surplus funds got fixed at the level of 5.21%, in January to April.Government securities – 69% of the total value (5,613.90 million tenge), the weighted average coupon rate – 6,21% of annual;Corporate securities – 31% of the total value (2,524.77 million tenge), the weighted average coupon rate – 7,06% of annual;As of June 1, 2013 Kazpost has placed deposits on the total amount of 3 billion tenge in the following commercial banks:“Home Credit Bank” JSC on the amount of 2 billion tenge at 8% per annum;“Tsesnabank” JSC on the amount of 1 billion tenge at 7% per annum.Long-term financing from banks of the second RK level for total amount of 2,176 billion tenge for implementation of the investment projects provided by Strategy of development of JSC Kazpost till 2020 is involved. on structure of assets (for April 1, 2013):In order to finance the postal system upgrade on September 2, 2003 between the Kazpost and the Islamic Development Bank signed a loan agreement and brought the IDB loan.Share capital as of 01.04.2013 amounted to 10 332,95mln.Dear subscribers!"Kazpost" JSC reports on the implementation of a new modern format subscriptions to periodicals.Subscription is available on the website www.postmarket.kz, which launched in the framework of corporate transformation program.Ordering goods from «OTTO» catalogsThe "Otto" company is popular in more than 20 countries worldwide, offering its customers the most relevant and high-quality collections, following the latest trends and tendencies of world of fashion.Just see the catalogs to figure it out once and for all.It has everything!What will each of us will get, should he turn to the services of "Otto"? Even at a cursory acquaintance with a variety of goods and services, we found the following obvious advantages orders from "OTTO" catalogs:SAVES TIME - buying the right thing is possible without tiring travel across the shops by making a purchase in our offices, by mail, by phone, fax, e-mail and the Internet;SAVING MONEY - things from the world's leading designers and even for daily wear are 30-40% cheaper. Also there are special catalogs with discounts;HUGE SELECTION - in more than 40 catalogs there are several tens of thousands of various goods: clothing, shoes, jewelry, furniture, textiles, appliances and more;PRESTIGIOUS BRANDS - global brands both mass and elite are represented in catalogs.Any one of us knows such popular brands as Wrangler, Levi's, TomTailor, Buffalo, S.Oliver, Esprit, Adidas, Nike, MEXX, VivienCaron and dozens of companies with a worldwide reputation, the products of which are also represented in the catalogs of "OTTO» concern - Lacoste , Joop!, Escadasport, MarcO'Polo, Bogner, Basler and many others;ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY - all things are strictly controlled for the presence of harmful substances in textiles, which is especially important when choosing clothes for children and people suffering from allergies;Exclusive style - from a huge range it's easy to choose the thing which is not worn by half the town, and also make a wardrobe that radically distinguishes you from the surrounding;HIGH LEVEL OF SERVICE - you just have to wait 2-4 weeks after ordering.After a phone call from "Otto" office employees about the arrival of your package you'll need to get it in the post office and pay for it in there. Everything related to the verification of stock in Germany, paperwork, customs, transport, insurance, delivery from Germany to Kazakhstan, "OTTO" office workers will do it for you;PROFESSIONAL AND ATTENTIVE SERVICE - specially trained officers work in the offices located in post offices.They will determine your size, advise what catalog and product to choose, explain the rules of operation and precautions for use, so your purchase will serve you longer.So open any of the "OTTO" catalogs and be surprised, very surprised, as a child, by an abundance of styles and trends, innovative ideas and directions.All this is done with only one purpose - all "OTTO" employees want to give you FREEDOM OF CHOICE. Choose only what you like! Feel free to mix and combine, play the harmony or contrast to please only your wishes, only the dictates of your heart and mood, forming a complete image and forming only your unique style!Tariffs and accompanying formDelivery by a certain time For delivery of the "from door to door" principle to a certain time we offer "Guaranteed Delivery" service.With efficient courier service «EMS-Kazpost» we guarantee fast and secure delivery of urgent documents and goods across Kazakhstan.Guaranteed and reliable delivery at the time is the perfect solution for urgent shipments, including documents to be delivered in the morning.Additional services possibility of EMS insurance against all risks of physical damage or loss.Free branded packaging material;free visit of the courier to office or home to send express shipments;opportunity to organize express shipment correspondence between regional offices with payment from one office;centralized service for companies with branch network.Tariffs and accompanying formExpress delivery to Russia "Express-premium" on the territory of the Russian Federation is a new «EMS-Kazpost» service of express delivery of shipments to Russia with guaranteed delivery timesTariffs and accompanying formCourier delivery within the city Intracity express package delivery - EMS parcels weighing up to 2 kg.Delivery is carried out by private courier to the recipient's addressShipping within the maximum-possible coverage in the citydelivery at a convenient time for the recipient, the opportunity to pay the recipientA wide range of additional servicesCalculator for EMS delivery cost across Kazakhstan Select a shipment name Select weight Weight (in kg) Select the point of departure Select the destination Your weight (in kg) Amount of the declared values, in tenge Total amount: KZTCalculator for EMS delivery cost outside of Kazakhstan Select a shipment name Select weight Weight (in kg) Select the destination Your weight (in kg) Amount of the declared values, in tenge Total amount: KZTAccompanying formsf.116 accompanying formDear clients of JSC «Kazpost»!You are in section of tracking of registered mail.The number of postal item consists of two Latin letters defining mail type (a parcel, registered small package etc.), nine digits of your dispatch number and two Latin letters defining originated country: US - the USA, DE - Germany etc (for example, СР922953771US, RА713489030DE).Results of your request will be sent to an email address that you specified."Kazpost" JSC consumers satisfaction questionnaireService quality level study.Dear customers of "Kazpost "! We thank you for visiting our website and we offer to evaluate the level of quality of service in "KazPost" post offices.Please select the answer to each question most suitable for you and mark it.We highly appreciate your opinion on each issue.NOTE!User profile can be filled no more than once per quarter.Start interviewDear customer, thank you for contacting JSC "Kazpost"!Your information will be processed by our experts as soon as possible.Additional services Ordering goods from «OTTO» catalogsLegal and Regulatory Base Laws of Republic of KazakhstanOrders, decrees, rules and regulationsCareer6. Bring the Internship registration form, proposal and confirmation letter to BCB Internship Coordinator in order to open registration.7. Pay for the Internship course.You can find additional information about BCB Internship: Office #302-3, Dostyk building Tel: +7(727) 270-44-40 ext.2269International Changellenge Cup 2015International Changellenge Cup 2015The LLB program allows the student to have 7 electives (See the list of available elective courses in the law program below).Questions may be addressed to the Law School Coordinator (Office 120, New Academic Building).The suggested program plan below provides all required courses plus time for the 3 electives a student is allowed, although please note that individual courses may be offered in different semesters:International Changellenge Cup 2015Kim, Pavel Administration Manager, LC Email: pavelkim@kimep.kz Office: 223 Dostyk bldRazakberlina, Mariya Program Development Manager, WLP Email: rmariya@kimep.kz Tel: 237-47-75 Ext: 2319 Office: 208 Dostyk bldYerkimbekova, Karlygash Finance and Logistics Manager, WLP Email: yerkim@kimep.kz Tel: 237-47-75 Ext: 2671 Office: 229 Dostyk bldAssociate Professor (PhD, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA)Her research interests include: teacher development, teaching of literature and writing, composition studies, psychological issues in literary studies, women’s writing and feminist studies, international film and new forms of academic writing.M.A. in Economics, KIMEP 1996-1998Diploma in International Financial reporting (DipIFR, ACCA)Contact info: Tel: 270-44-40 Ext: 2110 Office: 322 / Dostyk bld Email: Serzhan@kimep.kzContact Information:Phone: 2 70 44 40 (ext: 2288) Office: 351, Dostyk bld. E-mail: aostrovs@kimep.kzBiography:KIMEP University, Abai avenue 4, Office 203 (Valikhanov Building) Almaty, 050010 Kazakhstan Email: finaid@kimep.kz Tel: +7 (727) 270 43 162 Abay Ave, Office 401 Almaty, Kazakhstan 050010 Tel.: +7 (727) 270 42 26 Fax: +7 (727) 270 44 59 e-mail: cdd@kimep.kzWork schedule: Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM till 6:00 PM without lunch time Address: 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 4 Abay Ave. Valikhanov building office 203 Tel.: +7 (727) 270 43 16 E-mail: finaid@kimep.kzCorporate Development DepartmentWork schedule: Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM till 6:00 PM. Lunch time from 1:00 PM till 2:00 PM Address: 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2 Abay Ave. Dostyk building office 402 Tel.: +7 (727) 270 42 27, +7 (727) 270 42 26, +7 (727) 270 44 46, +7 (727) 270 43 96 Fax: +7 (727) 270 44 59 E-mail: cdd@kimep.kz (trilateral contracts), grantmng@kimep.kz (grants from companies and sponsors)Contacts of the Center of Bologna process and academic mobility Department of recognition and nostrification Address: Astana city, 14 Beibitshilik street, Business Centre “Shahnaz” (6th floor), Tel. +7(7172) 278-299, 278-291 Email: cbpiam@mail.ruIts mission is to develop well-educated citizens and to improve the quality of life in Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region through teaching, learning, the advancement of knowledge in fields of business administration and social sciences, and through community service.Location: International school MIRAS Kuishi Dina str. 32-34 Contact person: Shalabekova Aisulu (cell: 7014466616).In addition, KIMEP University aspires to serve the international community by welcoming foreign students and faculty, and by developing extensive international linkages.In addition, KIMEP University aspires to serve the international community by welcoming foreign students and faculty, and by developing extensive international linkages.Fax: +7 (727) 270 44 71In addition, KIMEP University aspires to serve the international community by welcoming foreign students and faculty, and by developing extensive international linkages.In addition, KIMEP University aspires to serve the international community by welcoming foreign students and faculty, and by developing extensive international linkages.tel.: 727 270 42 26, E-mail: cdd@kimep.kzIn addition, KIMEP University aspires to serve the international community by welcoming foreign students and faculty, and by developing extensive international linkages.March 14, 2015 (Saturday) from 14.00 to 16.00March 14, 2015 (Saturday) from 16.00 to 18.00Location: School #2, address: Kostanay, Dulatov str., bld #72Contact tel.in Almaty: 8 (727) 270 42 13, 8 (727) 270 43 20Contact person – Kamilya Jeldenbayeva, cell 8 777 002 19 18, e-mail: kamilya@kimep.kzOpen House Day, Bishkek, March 13March 13, 2015 (Friday) from 17.00 to 19.00March 14, 2015 (Saturday) from 15.00 to 17.00Location: National Library of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek city, Abdrakhmanova street, 208Contact tel.in Almaty: 8 (727) 270 42 13, 8 (727) 270 43 20Contact person – Natalya Miltseva, Director of Department of Student Recruitment and Admissions, e-mail: shars@kimep.kzKIMEP, 4 Abay Ave. office 203 (Valikhanov building) Almaty, 050010 KazakhstanKIMEP SERVICES FOR YOU – Information tables: 1. MA in Economics (MAE) Program3. MA in Foreign Language: Two Foreign Languages (MAFL) Program4. Master of Business Administration (MBA) Program5. Master of International Relations (MIR) Program6. Master of International Law (LLM) Program7. Master of Public and Municipal Administration (MPMA) Program8. ExMBA, Mini-MBA, Professional and Certificate Programs by Executive Education Center9. Undergraduate and Graduate Admission procedures and requirements10. World Languages and Preparatory Courses11. Dual Degree Programs and International Exchange Opportunities12. Your career perspectives in KIMEP UDate and time: November 29 2013, 19.00-20.30Venue: KIMEP University, Hall 1, New Academic Building, 2 floorDr. Naqvi’s research is published in leading international journals – the American Economic Review, Canadian Journal of Economics, Journal of International Economics, and Economica.Open House Day and Entrance Examinations in Zhezkazgan city 2–3 March 2013March 2, 2013 (Saturday) from 14:00 to 17:00Entrance Examinations: March 3, 2013 (Sunday) from 10:00am to 15:00Location: Gymnasium #26, address: Zhezkazgan, Abay str., bld # 30Contact tel.in Almaty: 8 (727) 270 42 13, 8 (727) 270 43 20Contact person – Kamilya Jeldenbayeva, cell 8 777 002 19 18, e-mail: kamilya@kimep.kzOpen House Day, Tajikistan, April 26-27Aegis Media School: Ramil MykhoryapovBusiness-case competition in Kazakhstan: Changellenge Cup Almaty 2014Get registered till the 7th of November at: http://changellenge.com/kzKIMEP Talks Intellectual Event 2014International Educational Fair, Busan-Seoul, South Korea. 25-31 MarchInternational Educational Fair, Busan-Seoul, South KoreaStarting March 25 till March 31, 2014Location: School #2, address: Kostanay, Dulatov str., bld #72Contact tel.in Almaty: 8 (727) 270 42 13, 8 (727) 270 43 20Contact person – Kamilya Jeldenbayeva, cell 8 777 002 19 18, e-mail: kamilya@kimep.kzWorking in offices including International Relations, Admissions and Recruitment, Corporate Development and MarketingParticipants in the program will work 12 hours a weekInterested students should visit the Office of Financial Aid in room #203 of the Valikhanov Building, or contact it at 270-43-16 or finaid@kimep.kz.SAT Courses (Scholastic Aptitude Test)Class time:English for All (from Beginner to Upper Intermediate) 28 800 KZT (42 academic hours)Kazakh for Foreigners/ Russian for Foreigners/ Foreign Languages 28 800 KZT (42 academic hours)English for Students grades 8-11 27 000 KZT (36 academic hours)English for Kids 14 000 KZT (10 academic hours)Preparation for KEPT Course (KIMEP English Placement Test) 27 000 KZT (36 academic hours)BSc, Scientific OfficerBackground Aida, a graduate of KIMEP BSc in Business Administration and Accounting program, joined the Department in 2010, having three years of previous working experience in the areas of telecommunications (Transtelecom) and banking (BTA Bank).Contacts Phone: 270-44-40 ext. 2151 E-mail: a_aida@kimep.kz Office 404a/ Dostyk buildingProcurement Department is responsible for purchasing and delivering office equipments, equipment parts, stationary, leaflets, brochures, detergents, household goods, electrical and plumbing materials and others.Bazarbek Zhaksybekov Head of Procurement department Phone:+7 (727) 237-47-57 (ext. 3025) E-mail: bazarbek@kimep.kzOn-request surveysEngineering DepartmentEngineering Department monitors service of buildings and facilities, waterworks, sewage, air conditioning and ventilation and heating systems equipment, thus ensuring uninterrupted supply of water, electric and heat power.*Survey results are presented in detailed data tables in KIMEP University Intranet, without producing a separate report.1. General provisions and legal status of JSC ‘KIMEP’2. The subject, goals and objectives of the activities of JSC ‘KIMEP’3. Founders4. Rights and obligations of the shareholders5. Shares of JSC ‘KIMEP’6. Management of JSC ‘KIMEP’ (Bodies. General Meeting of Shareholders. Board of Trustees. Executive Committee. Councils)7. Officials of JSC ‘KIMEP’8. Affiliated persons of JSC ‘KIMEP.’ Order of providing information on affiliated persons9. Faculty, research and support staff10. Admission to JSC ‘KIMEP,’ students and attendees11. Organization of academic and research activity12. System of education and curriculum structure13. System of assessment of student learning14. Public organizations15. Branches and representative offices of JSC ‘KIMEP’16. Financial statements and audit of JSC ‘KIMEP’17. Reorganization and liquidation of JSC ‘KIMEP’Alexander Klimenko Housing Manager Tel.: +7 727 2374773 Ext: (1022) Cell: +7 707 718 55 61